Journal of education, 1 septembre 1862, Septembre

RZUCfOl J ”( lUEERT Ijlllf /SC IEM labJ l£M/V/^ iir*- JOURNAL OF EDUCATION.Volume VI.Montreal (Lower Canada) September, 1862.No- 9.SUMMARY.— Literature: Donnacona, a poem translated from the French by Thomas Cole.—Science: Science m Rupert’s Land.—The Steam Plough at the International Exhibition.—Education : The Glory of Physical Geography.—The Teacher as a Talker.—Official Notices : Amendments to Rules and Regulations concerning Boards of Examiners.—-Notice respecting Municipalities.—Appointments : Council of Public Instruction.—Boards of Examiners.—School Commissioners.—School Trustees.— Erections.Divisions, &c., of School Municipalities.— Diplomas granted by Boards of Examiners.— Notice to Teachers.— Donations to the Library of the Educational Department.—Editorial : Meeting of the Teachers’ Association of the District of Bedford.—Teachers’ Diplomas.—Table showing the Jurisdiction of Boards of Examiners in each County.—Eighteenth Conference of the Teachers’ Association in connection with the Jacques-Cartier Normal School.—International Courtesies and Historical Reminiscences.—Notices of Books and Publications: Miles’ Canada at the International Exhibition.—Sand’s Six Mille Lieues à toute Vapeur.—Mémoire sur l’Université Laval.—Provencher’s Le Verger Canadien.—Les Soirées Canadiennes.— Dawson on Indian Remains.— Letters from Canada.—Agricultural Review.—McGregor’s System of Logic.—Monthly Summary : Educational Intelligence.— Scientific Intelligence.— Wood Cuts : Steam ploughs.—Sarracenia purpurea.LITERATURE DOIÎNACONA.' Translation of the Hou.P.J.O.Chauveau’s poem, inserted in the Journal de Vlnstruc-lion Publique for August and September, 1861.(1) I.Asleep upon her height lay Stadacone, Tall pines and sturdy oaks around In gloomy silence, solitary, lone, Shielding her quiet slumbers sound.Her King, old Donnacona, in his home Built of the bark of birch, appear’d to wait (Dreaming of glories past or woes to come) The sun’s approach from out her eastern gate.His conflicts ended, peace around him reign’d ; Twelve tribes had he subdued and overthrown, Or their allegiance gain’d.His subjects now unbarm’d pursued The hare or partridge thro’ the wood,— Bears were no longer known, Meanwhile he seem’d to rave, and on his bed In a fierce fever lay (1) The original, of which this is a free translation, was published first in the Soirées Canadiennes, a periodical printed at Quebec and exclusively devoted to Canadian literature.The main facts on which these lines are grounded as well as the Indian words and names, are taken from the Voyage of Cartier published under the direction of the Literary aDd Historical Society of Quebec in 1843.Domagaya and Taigurangui were two Indians who accompanied Cartier from Gaspé on his first voyage, and with whom he returned.Cartier says that both these Indians were false to him and gave Donnacona all kinds of warnings which made the king (as the discoverer calls the chief) restless and distrustful.Half dreaming, as tho’ visions dark and dread Disturb’d his rest.He had all night been talking in his sleep, Frowning all day ; And terror seem’d to keep A vigil in his breast ; And he had mutter’d thus in accents deep : II.11 What brings the bearded strangers here-?What do they seek Î Why o’er the ocean vent’rous did they steer With us to speak ?Ah 1 this to know our wise men have essay'd, But tried in vain ; Exhausted ev’ry effort of their trade, But yet in gloomy ignorance remain.Cudoagny is dumb : the dead no more Arise at night, but fear the stranger’s God.Ah ! had 1 known they meant to stay, I might have driv’en the pale-fac’d race away And mark’d their path in blood ; But now my hopes of crushing them are o’er.I could have swept them from the earth, but now They hold the shore, Have built an edifice whose turrets o’er, Their ensigns wave.Had I been brave, I could have taught their chief my pow’r to know ! Shake not my father’s bones within their tombs Low in the valley laid ?I shall not sleep with them ; and, all afraid, Our children’s children ’mid the glooms Of forests hid, dispersedly shall die Unseen of human eye, Cursing a King whom they will blush to name, And black’ning o’er his memory with shame ! Taiguragny ha3 said, these strangers lie ; Their gifts are meant to cheat us and deceive ; They give to-day, to-morrow they will seize, And I shall live my country’s fate to grieve ; And when I die Not one sole forest to my subjects leave : Aye, of the very trees They will make property ! Taiguragny has said, tho’ thron’d in state, Luxuriant living, deck’d with gems and gold, Their King would fain beside, Our country hold.With thoughts of conquest, all his mind elate And fill’d with pride, Our fir-clad heights he longs to gain ; And hopes to find, Hid in our sands, the glitt’ring grain That makes man blind. 130 JOURNAL OF EDUCATION Up with the hatchet ! 0, my sons awake I The war club raise 1 And ye shall see the cowards fly Like sheep in sad amaze Before your rage-lit eye ! Arise ! and for your country fight or die.In vain, in vain, their magic baffles ours, And, o’er our own, extend their martial powers— A mighty God is theirs ! Once as a man on earth 'tis said he came, And bore deep insults, tho’ devoid of blame ; Nor vex’d by human fears He calmly died, beset by those Who should have been his friends, but were his foes.Domagaya has said, no torments known Where the sun rises or he sets 1o rest Beyond yon mountain’s crest, Invented by the subtlest of our race, Could equal those he underwent— Scourg’d, spit upon, and treated with disgrace.The earthquakes rent The earth as he departed—mounting high Into his native sky.” III.So spake the King ; nor was it long before, Torn from his country and his native shore, A captive was he led.His wives and subjects rais’d a ciy— 0 Agonhanna ! anguish in each eye— And Cartier heard and wondered." In pity then, for their exce-sive grief, The noble Captain said: Twelve moons alone (a period brief) And ye shall see your King again.Thus were they sooth’d.A league was made, And Cartier swore That safely o’er the bounding main He would their Chief restore.Twelve moons, nay five times twelve had sped, Summers had come and gone— Their Chieftain came not: and at last When hope was flown, The Stranger on their shore his anchor cast And told them—he was dead.IV.Now, Stadacone, upon thy lofty height No lofiy pines or oaks are seen, The axe hath levell’d all ; But on each lofty spire, or whiten’d wall, Or scarped rock, with mossy verdure green And fam’d for many a fight, A spirit glides at night.Far o'er the waves it comes, from sunny France,— From an old château dim with age, Which has withstood all hostile rage Since Francis first was King.Converted to the faith, he died Believing in the God whose bloody side Receiv’d the lance, His peace with Cartier made.Aud nightly now is heard or seen his shade Over the city hovering.With him come3 Domagaya, tir’d Of serving other lords, And Taigurangui too ; And now we view, In death-clothes dres’t, a spectral crew Tho not with fury fir’d, Nor arm’d with flaming swords.Attendant ghosts around them fly, And fill with joyous sounds the sky, As tho’ they sang “ Hosanna ; " And echo, from the hills beyond, Their clam’rous joy3 respond With Agouhanna 1 Thomas Cols.Teacher.Peninsula, Gaspé Bay North, 12th Sapt., 1862.SCIENCE.Science in Rupert’s Land.The present year has witnessed, in the founding of the Institute of Rupert’s Land, a remarkably interesting il lustration of the changes which are slowly but surely revolutionising this vast continent ; and giving evidence of an intellectual dawn which heralds the period when states and empires of the great northwest are to claim their place in the world’s commonwealth of nations.The meeting for the formation of the Institute was held on the 12th of February, in the Court-room of Upper Fort Garry, where the Lord Bishop of Rupert’s Land, as president of the Institute, delivered the opening address.After alluding to the Universities and other seats of learning in England, and to the influence they had exercised in fostering science, his Lordship referred to the striking contrast presented to the natives and colonists of the Red River Settlement in their field of labour.But, while, as he remarked, ail might feel inclined to acknowledge the Universities and Colleges of Britain, and of Europe at large, as the nurseries of science, where its fitting guardians were to be looked lor; and to recognise that its progress was to be anticipated under their fostering care : “ Have we,” asked the learned prelate, speaking in the name of his Red River auditors, •< Have we any field for such pursuits?Does our land, in its present state, offer scope and opportunity for anything of the kind proposed ?To this our reply is, others think so.Only the summer before last, a party of travellers passed through the Settlement and proceeded northward,—not lured by the prospect of gain ; not attracted by any dazzling commercial speculation ; yet fired, as was obvious to all who met them, with no less ardent enthusiasm, and eager to overcome every obstacle with this one object at heart.They wished, as you will recollect, to gain a spot from which, as they had calculated, they might obtain the best view of a marvellous phenomenon in the heavens.(1) Theirs was surely a praiseworthy ambition ; and you saw in them, that science has her devoted followers, ready to encounter on her behalf any difficulties.The very same summer, I found on my arrival at Moose, that a traveller had preceded me, (2) and gone along the shores of the East Main, sent under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institute chiefly as an Oologist or collector of the eggs of wild birds.And we have yet another f3) in our territory on the Mackenzie River, the Youcon, or the shores of the Arctic Sea, who has spent two or three winters in those solitary regions, gathering specimens of the insects of the land for the same scientific body.Besides those, there have been two or three fully organized exploratory expeditions: that of the British Government under Capts.Pallisser and Blakiston, with its Naturalist, Geologist and Astronomer; and that of the Canadian Government under Mr.Dawson and Professor Hind, with its reports carefully drawn up and digested, and the detailed results submitted to the observation of the public.Such is apparently the judgment of others : they survey the land and look into its treasures and find something to reward their labors.Shall we, however, think only of strangers ; have we no spirit of research among ourselves ?There is one present, (4) who in the midst of a laborious life, has often stolen hours from rest, looking with curious eye into the mysteries of nature, scrutinizing the beautiful texture of the insect’s wing, or minutely examining the wild flower of the Prairie or the Bay.Another too there is, holding the same rank in the Hon.Company’s service, whose best energies have, for many years, been given to the cause ; who has pursued it unintermittingly, whether at Martin’s Falls, at Norway House, or as I last saw him, full of the one topic, on the shores of Lake Superior.The name of Mr.Barnston is not unknown in Britain as that of a scientific collector, and his valuable contribution of insects from this country may be seen in the Entomological Department of the British Museum.” Dr.Schultz, in addressing the meeting, sought to indicate the field of scientific labour to be overtaken by the new Institute, and to stimulate its members to a hearty co-operation by further reference to scientific labours already successfully carried out in their (1) The Astronomical Expedition to take observations of the Solar Eclipse of July 18th, 1860.(2) Mr.Dressier.(3) Mr.R.Kennicott.(4) TY.Mactavish Governor of Aesiniboia, whose valuable collections of Natural History received the thanks and acknowledgments of the Smithsonian Institution in 1861. FOR LOWER CANADA.131 midst :—« First,” he remarked, “ we shall be expected to give accurate scientific information on the Botany, Zoology, Geology, Ethnology, Meteorology, and Physical Geography of this country ; to collect and exchange specimens with Societies of a like character, to publish the results of our researches, to give lists of specimens collected, and to correct the maps ot this country.Here, we shall be expected to impiove the condition of the country by encouraging the Arts and Manufactures, making experiments on the native plants, introducing new plants and seeds ; by establishing a Library and Museum, and if assisted, an Observatory ; and to answer those expectations, what have we done ; what are we doing ; and what can we do ?In the ‘ Fauna Boreali Americani’ I note the following passage by Sir John Richardson: ‘Science is indebted to the exertions of the Hudson Bay Company for all that is known of the Ornithology of the American fur countries,’ and he goes on to specify the labours and contributions of many officers of that company in this country—Mr.Light, M.Islam, Mr.Graham, Mr.Martin, Mr.Hutchins (who made valuable contributions on the habits of the northern birds), Mr.David Douglas, and others.This is what has been done in Ornithology alone ; and Zoology, Botany, Meteorology, and Geology are also largely indebted to those and other observers.For what we are doing now, we need only say that year after year we find in the Reports of the Smithsonian Institution acknowledgments of valuable contributions from Governor Mactavish ; and other Societies and individuals in Britain and Canada are also indebted for specimens to this indefatigable collector.Mr.Donald Gunn, a well known collector and observer ; Mr.Bernard Ross, whose name is well known in Britain and Canada; Mr.Ross the well known Historian of the Colony ; Mr.Bannatyne, who made valuable collections for Professor Agassiz, and many others may in like manner be referred to.And now, what may we do?First, we have advantages for collecting possessed by no other Society of a like character.The most unscientific among us while travelling could note down the appearance of'the country, the character of the soil, the prevailing timber trees, the width, depth, and course of the rivers ; could chip off pieces of the rock, pick up fossils, press a plant, or preserve a skin, and thus make valuable contributions to our Institute.As to the industry of those accustomed to collect, I need only direct your attention to the table before us, where you will notice specimens from the neighbourhood of the Rocky Mountains, from the north shore of Lake Superior, from the Missouri River, from the Athabasca, Great Slave Lake, Mackenzie River, and even from the shores of the Icy Sea.Those beautiful birds are from the Ornithological collections of Mr.Bannatyne; the fossils from the Geological collection of the Ven.Archdeacon Hunter, procured by himself during his residence near the Arctic Circle ; others from Lake Superior, kindly given by the Loid Bishop; the Entomological ¦specimens are from Governor Mactavish; and the collection of curiosities are samples of the workmanship of the Esquimaux, Chippewyans, Sioux, and other Indian tribes j and I am eicour-aged when I see those indefatigable collectors here to-day, willing not only to give their valuable collections to the museum, but to become active working members of this Institute, and to give us from time to time the results of their observation and research.” It is impossible to look upon the foundation of such an Institute, without feeling that here, on the remote confines of civilization, we witness the establishment of an outpost of science, from whence we may look for returns of the highest interest and value.It is situated in the very midst of the diverse Indian tribes of the North West, still in a state of nature; and its President accordingly remarks on this department of investigation : — “ With the Indian tribes and all their ramifications and subdivisions, we shall invite discussion on Ethnology ; with the diversified tongues and dialects which these tribes speak, philology and comparative grammar will claim attention ; whilst with the vast and varied surface of the continent, and its only partially explored northern boundary, physical geography will naturally prove a subject of absorbing interest to all.” The Institute of Rupert’s Land, thus happily inaugurated, includes among its members and correspondents educated men both of the resident clergy, and the officers of the Hudson’s Bay Company, stationed at many important points over the vast country ranging from the Pacific to Lake Superior and towards the Arctic Sea.A great and still unexplored field invites their labours ; and there is no department of science which may not be largely benefited by their combined exertions.There is also another class of labourers, to whom science already owes much, and from whose wisely directed co-operation more may be anticipated.“ Missionaries,” says a recent Christian reviewer, “ ought to be the pioneers and promoters of science, hand in hand with the Gospel, ihrough-out the world.In fact tney have been so.And we believe it will be found on close inquiry, that the most efficient labourers in the purely spiritual field, have been oil the whole, or on the average of numbers, those who also have done most to shed a brilliant lustre upon the missionary character and name in the fields of natural and scientific inquiries and studies.” D.Wilson, LL.D.Canadian Journal of Science.Steam Plough at the International Exhibition.Messrs.J.and F.Howard exhibited in another form an apparatus for cultivating land with a stationary engine and wind lass.They showed, in fact, two sels of tackle—one a working plough, and another a cultivator.With this difference, they consisted'of a 10-horse power, double cylinder, self-propelling, or ordinary portable engine, a two-wheeled windlass, 1,400 yards of steel wire rope, a double-action cultivator, with snatch-blocks, pulleys, &c.and’cul- e_ tivator ; price £220.The windlass which used to be identical with Mr.Smith’s now exists in a much improved form.The winding drums revolve on a very strong wrought iron axle, attached to brackets which carry the driving shaft and a pair of travelling wheels.By a simple lever movement these drums drop out of gear instantaneously, which enables the windlass man to attend to the proper coiling of the rope, on which its preservation so much depends ; and also, in case of accident, to stop the implement at once, without stopping the engine.At Leeds meeting great objection was made to the loss of power which ensued in an endea- vour to keep the slack rope from sledging on the ground.The friction break then used has been dispensed with, and a new snatch block has been introduced to serve its purpose.This ccnsists of three sheaves, two of cast iron, of the usual size, and between, forming a triangle with them, is what may be termed a floating solid sheave, with soft iron circumference, so forged as to enter the grooved periphery of its larger neighbors, and to bite the rope there.This floating sheave is carried bn a radial arm, which centres on the side of the wooden frame farthest from the windlass, ascends between the two sheaves, and allows its charge two or 1S2 JOURNAL OF EDUCATION three inches play on either side.This triangular group is so fixed in front of the wind' tss that the hauling rope inevitably forces the floating wheel to bite the slack rope in the grooves of the opposing sheave.The break may now be said to be transferred from the windlass to the rope, but with this advantage, that the floating wheel in revolving exercises a constraining force on the slack rope, and diminishes the force otherwise required to haul the implement through its work, and to pull out the slack rope at the same time.The cultivator consists of a square frame, holding a series of scarifier teeth, placed back to back, so that they are ready to enter the ground in either direction.It is improved by the addition of a cutting share anil moveable horn fnr bteaking the top crust more effectually.The Leeds turn over plough is quite abandoned, and a very capital one is substituted, which does not leave much to be desired on the part of the employers of the system.It consists of a frame riding upon three wheels, one in the furrow bottom, two on the land used for steerage, two sets of plough on two lever frames, hinged at the forward end of the travelling frame.A shaft, supported by the side standards of the frame, carries eccentrics set at opposite diameters, and by chains from these to the lever frames the ploughs are raised or lowered.The peculiarity is, that though the ploughs balance at half elevation, when one set is in the ground, the other set bears with about half its weight only, and tends to lift the first set out of the land.The remainder of the weight tends to tilt the wheel frame forward.Here, then, we have the different sets of apparatus for working by means of a fixed engine and stationary windlass.I have only omitted one divised by Mr.Fowler, but which is of little moment in comparison with his other sets of tackle to which reference is about to be made.The stationary apparatus is worked in the following manner :—Suppose it is desirable to plough a field of 10 acres.Let ABC D be the corners of the square enclosure, with a gate in the north side, A D, in the corner A.Outside that gateway the engine may be placed, with the windlass holding 700 yards of rope on each drum, on one side driven by a connecting rod, and the patent snatch-block staked down immediately in front of the drums.One rope leads straight down the side A B, passes through an anchored sheave or pulley at B, and fastens to the implement.The other rope makes a sharp bend immediately it passes the snatch block, passes through a sheave anchored in the middle of west side, D C, another at C, and runs along until it joins the implement at B, to which it is fastened.Motion being given to one drum the implement is drawn from B to C at the south end ; when at C the engine is reversed, another drum is brought into motion, and the implement is brought back to B, ploughing or breaking up 30 or 48 inches in width at each bout.¦ -, -c -4^ .Ü43JL1 There are mm stationed at C and B, who shift the anchorages 30 or 40 inches every lime the implement departs from their end ; and thus the plough is perpetually making its backward and forward journey, until the last furrow is turned against the north hedgej D A.Should there be four fields no larger than this to the north and east, they can be similarly dealt with without any great movement of the windlass or engine." The number of men employed may easily be ascertained : the engineman, one for the windlass, two at tire anchors, one to steer the implement, and a couple of boys to move the porters which support the rope and otherwise help.The advantages of this method are manifold, inasmuch a»-, all expenses being calculate I.there is a saving affected.as compared with two-horse ploughing, of from Is 6d to 3s an acre ; a saving which is increased in proportion to the adhesiveness of the soil.The disadvantages of the stationary windlass are only g -en vhen it is placed in opposition to the windlass whicti shifie a 'on r th • head 'and.The crushing of the rope upon itself, -, , it.|1"‘ wi.id'-.s* I he wear of tile rope upon the when the implement objectionable points.ten ii >1 u eess.tmy b- s usl ai lied is at a distance from the engine, all these are Mr.Fowler is the best exponent of the travelling windlass plan.It was this, in fact, which was first to prove the superiority of steam to horse tillage.The actual contrivance which decided this victory is abandoned for one which appeared at Leeds last year for the first time, and took the lion’s share of the prize offered for steam-ploughing machinery.This Leeds prize tackle was at Farningham, in no way altered.Imagine, for the sake of clearness, the same field A, B, C, D, which illustrated Howard’s mode of working.The engine, with windlass or “ clip drum ” slung beneath tiie boiler, propels itsell along the headland from A round to C, carrying the anchorage with it.The latter is dropped at C, and the engine takes up its own position at B.An endless wire rope stretches between, making one half turn round the “ clip drum,” and another round the sheave carried by the anchorage.The “ clip drum” is upon a vertical exis.The single groove in which ibe rope runs is formed of pairs of knuckle joints or nipping pieces, which grasp the rope as it impinges upon them, and free it as it gains the straight line on the other side.The drum is driven by a shaft and pinion from the crank shaft, and the rope, thus prevented from slipping, is enabled to exercise sufficient I power upon the implement to pull it through any difficulty.The For lower canada.133 implement in which the two ends of the rope meet thus plies between the engine and the anchorage, which gradually and spontaneously move forward in the direction of A, D, from south to north.The implement consists of two opposing sets of four ploughs each, balanced upon a pair of light carriage wheels; while one set is working, the other rides in the air.It carnes also a neat contrivance for gathering up the slack rope which acts when the steersman takes his seat.This is redered necessary because of the varying length of furrows.The anchor is made to resist the side strain of the implement worked by the cutting into the ground of six disc wheels.It is moved along the headland at pleasure by the motion of the five foot sheave, which is turned by the ploughing rope.As the plough recedes from the anchor, the heave winds up a rope stretched along the headland, and keeps the anchor opposite its work.One man at the engine, another to steer the implement, and a couple of boys to attend to the porters which carry the rope and to steer the anchor is all the labour this apparatus requires.In this case the implement is near the source of power, and the rope, instead oi making as many as fourteen different bends, as in some other cases, a fact most disastrous to its integrity, makes but two ; there is less difficulty in keeping the rope off the ground, and a better provision for preserving the slack rope tolerably tight.The plough is not the only implement adapted to this apparatus.There is a cultivator which takes 6 feet, and will cultivate from 16 to 20 acres a day, drawn by a double cylinder 14 horse power engine.There is also a trench or subsoil balance plough which performs an operation not to be done by horses at all, namely, the stirring of the soil to a depth of 18 inches.This apparatus, comprising 14-horse power engine and four furrow plough anchor, and 800 yards of steel-wire rope, is priced at .£875.Such a sum prevented its coming into general use.Large farmers were glad to obtain it, and in Russia and Hungary, where manual labour is scarce, or prejudiced, or sluggish, great landed proprietors esteemed themselves fortunate in finding such a strong ungrumbling slave to plough their vast tracts of land.Smaller farmers on their 300 or 400'acres of land, not thinking themselves justified in making such an outlav, patronise the less expensive, though less efficient, machines already alluded to.But Mr.Fowler having no mind to let this custom slip by him, determined to accommodate himself to the passessors of small portable engines, by the invention, first of a stationary, and now of a travelling windlass independent of the engine.This gives the owner of an eight-horse portable engine all the advantages of the other tackle except extreme power, for about £285.For some readers a description of this, the greatest novety at Farningham, may prove acceptable.One of the self-moving disc anchors is fitted with a clip drum instead of a pulley ; the engine horse shafts are taken off, and a connecting iron hooks the engine to the anchor, so that when the anchor travels along the headland the engine follows it.Motion is communicated to the gear work and clip drum of the anchorage by a chain and riggers,"the latter being on the engine crank shaft.It is obvious that the use of a belt which depends upon very nice adjustment of the riggets round which it passes would be quite inadmissible.Everybody in such circumstances suggests a pitch chain, but Mr.Fowler has devised a chain which will work in V shaped riggers, without slipping, made of a compound of iron and leather.This windlass is anchored forward, and gradually coils up the rope which fastens it, and so moves forward in the same way as the anchorage on the opposing headland, the plough or grubber working between.On Thursday little was done at Farningham.The new implements were tested ; there was a great loss of time.On Friday the work done by Fowier and Howard was splendid.The plowing of Fowler we never saw excelled by any team work for regularity and precision of cut.He was at woik upon a piece of tare laud trampled by sheep.We made several observations upon the amount of work being done.They were not of the most satisfactory kind, because no trial properly speaking, was going forward, and the implements were constantly being checked by the crowd of people who paved the way, or required answers to auestions.rowler’s 14 horse power, with steam pressure from 401b.to 501b.rvas pulling the 4 furrow plough, which inverted a slip of soil each ^0 inches wide, to a depth of from seven to eight inches.This operation was performed at the rate of 3jj roods per hour, or acres per day of ten hours.This large tackle, with the 7-tined grubber, taking 6J feet on the following day, did keep work at the rate it is said, of three acres a day.Such an achievement is perfectly unprecedented, but as we did riot ourself make the observation we will not vouch for the fact, though we believe it to be perfectly reliable.Should it be true the fact may be again repeated, and we shall then hear more about it.Mr.Fowler’s small tackle, adapted to portable engines of a small power was at work at a short distance from the above.The engine was a single cylinder portable 10-horse, running with 601b.or 701b.steam pressure, and the implement was a 4 lurrow balance plough, with digging breasts.Each plough lifted a furrow 10 inches by 7j.The late of work was a little more than one acre per hour.Some part of the time a harrow was drawn on the side of the plough ; but as this hid the true nature of the uork, it was removed.Nothing certainly could be more complete and perfect than this operation, which fairly astonished all beholders.It required the labour of three men and two boys, and this work, be it remembered, was upon land where the turning of a furrow of the same size could scarcely be effected with less than three horses.Some calculations with respect to the other sets of tackle were made.One or two concerning the Howard’s we now give, and these for the same reasons as we have stated above, must be received with considerable allowances.This firm worked the grubber with ten horse power double cylinder engine, at 751b.taking 30 inches at the rate of nine acres in ten hours.The land was well cut arid bioken to a depth of seven inches.An engine of the same power, hauling the three furrow plough, which carried three furrows, 10 inches by 7 each, with 701b.pressure, got over three rods an hour, or seven acres and a half aday.The new implement is certainly a capital one, and made regular, beautiful work, with the Kent breasts.The field operated upon was clover lea, good three horse ploughing. 134 JOURNAL OF EDUCATION The novel features of these two sets of course attracted a great deal of scrutiny.Every one wished to see how the Howards had surmounted the difficulty which acted against them at Leeds.Some said that the new snatch block perfectly economised the power lost in holding up and dragging out the slack rope, while others considered that the rope must needs be much worn and bent in passing through it.As this is a question which will be decided in a very short time by experience there is not much need for an opinion.The wear, at any rate, cannot be so great in the case of the travelling windlass with the eight hundred yards of endless rope making a half turn round two sheaves.A good deal is said because Fowler does not plough his headlands.The fact is, not that he cannot do so, but that it proves to be most economical to let the tackle go on to another field rather than be filing about a little bit of land which can be ploughed by a team of horses for less money.If we look far enough, too, it requires no great gift of prophecy to forsee the time when these headlands will be permanent roads, hedges being done away with.Where will the present objection then be ?The support of the rope has been more an object of attention lhan ever, since it is in the wear of this member of the apparatus that the chief expense lies.Howard and Fowler now sustain it thoroughly.Their competitors were some- ’&UÉË.J1 ' " I what careless in this respect, and their expenditure of power compared with work done was consequently much greater.Mr.Smith and those who worked on his plan were upon heavy land at a considerable distance from the station.They experienced however no lark of attention.Their work was useful but it lacked that superiority which belonged to the ploughing, cultivating, and digging already noticed.By way of summary we may say the Farningham exhibition indicates a very considerable advance, tending to further the practice of steam culture amongst the ordinary tenant farmers of this country.This conclusion is confirmed by the numbers of orders taken, especially by Mr.Fowler and Messrs.Howard.We believe between forty and fifty sets have been purchased, many to go abroad, and some to lend their efficient aid for the pulverisation of our tenacious clays.—L.C.Agricultural Review.-.Z - SJSæs* ==£âl ' A»'* J .gas WBÊL EDU C-ATIOHST.Tlie Glory of Physical Geography, Physical geography makes the whole world kin.Of all the departments in the domains of physical science, it is the most Christianizing.Astronomy is grand and sublime ; but astronomy overpowers with its infinities, overwhelms with its immensities.Physical geography charms with its wonders, and delights with the benignity of its economy.—Astronomy ignores the existence of man ;—physical geography confesses that existence, and is based on the Biblical doctrine that the earth was made for man.Upon no other theory can it be studied ; upon no other theory can its phenomena be reconciled.The astronomer computes an ephemeris for his comets; predicts their return; tells the masses of the planets, and measures by figures the distance of stars.But whether stars, planets or comets be peopled or not, is, in his arguments, theories and calculations, of no consequence whatever.He regards the light and heat of the sun as emanations-forces to guide the planets in their orbits, and light comets in their flight— nothing more.But the physical geographer, when he warms himself by the coal fire in winter, or studies by the light of the gas burner at night, recognizes in the light and heat which he then enjoys the identical light and heat which came from the sun years ago, and which with provident care and hands benignant have been bottled away in the shape of a mineral, and stored ill the bowels of the earth for man’s use, thence to be taken at his convenience, and liberated at will for his manifold purposes.The masters of this newly ordained science will teach our sons to regard some of the commonest things as the most important agents in the physical economy of our planet.They are also mighty ministers of the FOR LOWER CANADA.135 Creator.Take a glass of water and ask the student of physical geography to explain a portion only of its multitudinous offices in helping to make this earth fit for man’s habitation.He may recognize in it a drop of the very same which watered the garden of Eden when Adam was there.—Escaping thence through the veins of the earth into the rivers, it reached the sea ; passing along its channels of circulation, it was conveyed far away by its currents to those springs in the ocean which feed the winds with vapours for rains among the mountains.Taking up the heat in those Southern climes, where otherwise it would become excessive, it bottles it away in its own little vesicles.These are invisible, but rendering the heat latent and innocuous, they pa-s like sightless couriers of the air through their appointed channels, and arrive in the upper sky.The mountain draws the heat from them ; they are formed into clouds, and condensed into rains, which coming to the earth make it “soft with showers,” causing the trees of the field to clap their hands, the valleys to shout, and the mountains to sing.Thus the earth is made to yield her increase, and the heart of man is glad.Nor does the offiee of this glass of water, in the physical economy end here ; it.has brought heat from Ihe sea in the Southern hemisphere to be set free for the regulation of our climates ; it has ministered to the green plants, and given meat and drink to man and beast.It has now to cater among the rocks for the insects of the sea.Eating away the mountains, it fills up the valleys, and then loaded with lime and salts of various minerals, it goes singing, and dancing, and leaping back to the sea, owning man by the way as a task master ; turning mills, driving machinery, transporting merchandize for him, and finally reaching the ocean, it there joins the currents to be conveyed to its appointed place, which it never fails to reach in due time with food in due quantities for the inhabitants of the deep, and with materials of the right kind to be elaborated in the workshops of the sea into pearls, corals and islands, all for man’s use.Thus the right-minded student of this science is brought to recognize in the dewdrop the materials of which He who “ walketh upon the wings of the wind” maketh his chariot.He also discovers in the raindrop a clue by which the Christian philosopher may be conducted into the very chambers from which the hills are watered.I have been blamed by men of science, both in this country and in England, for quoting the Bible in confirmation of the doctrines of physical geography.The Bible, they say, was not written for scientific purposes, and is therefore of no authority in matters of science.1 beg pardon ; the Bible is authority for everything it teaches.What would you think of the historian who should refuse to consult the historical records of the Bible because the Bible was not written for the purpose of history ?The Bible is true ; and science is true.The agents concerned in the physical economy of our planet are ministers of His who made both it and the Bible.The records which He has chosen to make through the agency of these ministers of His upon the crust of the earth, are as true as the records which by the hands of His prophets and servants He has been pleased to make in the Book of Life.They are both true ; and when men of science with vain and hasty conceit announce the discovery of disagreement between them, rely upon it, the fault is not with the Witness of His records, but with the “ worm” who essays to interpret evidence which he does not understand.When I, a pioneer in one department of this beautiful science, discover the truths of revelation and the truths of science reflecting light one upon the other, and each sustaining the other, how can I, as a truth-loving, knowledge-seeking man, fail to point out the beauty, and to rejoice in its discovery?Reticence on such an occasion would be sin, and were I to suppress the emotion with which such discoveries ought to stir the soul, the waves of the sea would lift up their voice, and the very stones of the earth cry out against me.As a student of physical geography, I regard earth, sea, air and water as parts of a machine, pieces of mechanism not made with hands, but to which, nevertheless, certain offices have been assigned in the terrestrial economy.It is good and profitable to seek to find out these offices, and point them out to our fellows ; and when, after patient research, I am led to the discovery of any one of them, 1 feel with the astronomer of old, as though I had “ thought one of God’s thoughts,” and tremble.Thus, as we progress with our science, we are permitted now and then to point out here and there in the physical machinery of the earth a design of the Great Architect when he planned it all.Lake the little nautili.Where do the fragile creatures go?What directing hand guides them from sea to sea ?What breeze fills the violet sails of their frail little craft, and by whose skill is it enabled to brave the sea, and defy the fury of the gale ?What mysterious compass directs the flotilla ofthe.se delicate and graceful argonauts ?Coming down from the Indian Ocean, and arriving off'the stormy Cape, they separate, the one part steering for the Pacific, the other standing for the Atlantic.Soon the ephemeral life that animates these tiny navigators will be extinct; but the same power which cared for them in life now guides them in death, for though dead, their task in the physical economy of our planet is not yet finished, nor have they ceased to afford instruction in philosophy.The frail shell is now to be drawn to distant seas by the lower currents.Like the leaf carried through the air by the wind, the lifeless remains decend from depth to depth by an insensible fall even to the appointed burial-place on the bottom of the deep ; there to be collected into heaps and gathered into beds which at some day are to appear above the surface, a storehouse rich with fertilizing ingredients for man’s use.Some day science will sound the depth to which this dead shell has fallen, and the little creatures will perhaps afford solution for a problem a long time unsolved ; for it may be the means of revealing the existence of the submarine currents that have carried it off, and of enabling the physical geographer to trace out the secret paths of the sea.The Church, ere physical geography had yet attained to the dignity of a science in our schools, and even before man had endowed it with a name, saw and appreciated its dignity, the virtue of its chief agents.In her services she teaches her children in their songs of praise to call upon certain physical agents, principals, in this newly established department of human knowledge : upon the waters above the firmament ; upon showers and dew ; wind, fire and heat ; winter and summer ; frost and cold ; ice and snow ; night and day ; light and darkness ; lightning ami clouds ; mountains and hills; green things, trees and plants ; whales, and all things that move in the waters; fowls of the air, with beasts and cattle; to bless, praise and magnify the Lord.To reveal to man the offices of these agents in making the earth his fit dwelling place, is the object of physical geography.Said I not well that of all the sciences physical geography is the most Christianizing in its influences.Lieut.Maury.THe Teacher as a Talker.He should be an easy one.Of all men he most needs fluency of speech.A few disagreeable twitchings of face and sawings of hand have nearly destroyed my interest in the utterance of one of the best thinkers I have ever known.How much more difficult is it, then, for the young mind to maintain an interest in the talking of the teacher who has to labor to work even the most commonplace thoughts into words.What sorer infliction anywhere than a hard speaker ?Is not the wonder that the yuung rogues stand as well as they do, this belaboring with words?The most prudent teacher must talk much, and physically to talk easily is of no slight importance 2.The teacher should be a ready speaker: a minute man in the use of verbal explosives.Not merely or principally in the enunciation of theories in the great assemblies where pedagogues congregate, but before his daily classes.His mind and tongue should be set like the most delicate hair trigger ; he should be able to bring down mental birds, as they flit by, “ on the wing.” 3.A forcible talker the teacher should surely "be, and to be such he must be clear.This is the most important quality in any speaker’s style : how doubly needful in that of him who deals with young, undisciplined minds.And to speak clearly we must think clearly.A wonderful reflex influence speaking and thinking have upon each other.Clear streams don’t flow in muddy channels, and, if you and I can’t use language to make a pupil “see” some point, had we not better inquire if the root of the matter is really in us ?Why do our public men say they “ can’t talk to children” ?Not because their great ideas can’t be compressed enough to enter juvenile minds, but because such minds will be interested in nothing but good and clear sense.A clear, forcible style must also be terse.Every word in a sentence is either a burden or a support.And like a chaste pillar, for beauty or strengh, every proposition should bear no needless weight.“ Who is this that darkeneth counsel with words without knowledge ?” I suppose the truth most be told, the answer must be given:—the careless teacher.When I have heard a speaker make a most excellent point, and then, instead of stopping, continue to qualify the first or make another, until both are spoiled, I think of a painter, who, wanting just to touch some lineament of an already finished picture, finishes it, indeed, as I could, by drop* 136 JOURNAL OF EDUCATION ping his brush upon its face.How much harder it is to know when l to stop talking than how to begin ! But the forcible, successful tea-cher must be earnest.Hear the best authority on this subject : Clearness, force, earnestness, are the qualities which produce conviction in minds of any age.If a teacher stops to take one gape, when attempting to illustrate some thought, be assured, meanwhile his pupils will take two.A teacher’s soul must be in his work, or it will not breathe forth in his words.Ah, we love the calm self-possession of the good disciplinarian, but never would we have it purchased at the price of that enthusiasm which fires up its possessor, even before his little audience.4.An eloquent talker, and this is what he must be, if successful.Yes, let the law sprig laugh, and the young divine sneer at the thought of eloquent tones issuing from the schoolmaster’s desk ;— the man who can stand daily before the piercing eyes and plastic minds of children and feel not interest enough in the truth he is presenting or in the welfare of his immortal charge to rouse in his breast some eloquent fire, has no soul for eloquence.5.A discreet talker, not a long, random declaimer.Truth, pertinent truth and tact, will form the basis of all his eloquence ;—its limit be utility.No man more than the teacher, needs to know just when to speak, what to say, how to say it, or (hardest of all) when to stop.Judgment, judgment is the great thing in every business of life.I would give more for some generals who have handled one regiment, in one battle, than for some others who have spent two score years in military life.Far are we from despising all proper and needful aids to any profession ; we leel two sensibly the need of them in our own, but yet we do believe that unless nature has instituted certain faculties in a man and given him cer tain normal principles, all exotics planted by institutes and watered by normal schools will bear little fruit.I have little patience with those who speak of that quality as the only one the teacher need possess.A wooden man is patient, or at least, insensible.But the teacher without tremendous energy behind his patience is a poor affair.Upon how many and various things the teacher must decide, and the decision, too, must be instant.When should come the gentle reproof, when the kind word of encouragement, when the stinging sarcasm, when the stern command ?And do not suppose we think the teacher should be ever lecturing his pupils, either on morals or class studies.O, the power of silence, the force of a motion or a look !—the pressure of a quiet, self-reliant reserve force upon a school.We envy, at least we would emulate, the power of the man who is so completely master of himself that the worst school can draw from him no word of irritation, whose true dignity and self-respect a legion of bad boys could not disturb.Such an one may strike if occasion requires, but will never scold.Fellow teachers, if you forget all my words, remember those of teachers inspired.“ He that ruleth his own spirit is mightier than he that ruleth a city.” Such an one will rule others.“ Words, fitly spoken, are like apples of gold in pictures of silver.If there be any place where such “ pictures ” should be hung, it is in the school-room, and the teacher is to hang them there.“ For every idle word that men speak they shall be called to give an account thereof in the day of Judgment.” How great the responsability, then, of him whose every word is echoed in scores of young hearts.G.W.Bronson.Rhode Island Schoolmaster.OFFICIAL NOTICES.AMENDMENTS to “ Rules and Regulations for the establishment of New Boards of Examiners and to define the Jurisdiction of old Boards also to “ Rules and Regulations for the Examination of Candidates for Teachers' Certificates or Diplomas in Lower Canada.” The Council of Public Instruction, at its last quarterly meeting: (held on the 12th August, 1862), passed the following Resolutions, which His Excellency the Governor General in Council, on the 22nd of 3aid month, was pleased to approve, viz :— 1.The new Board of Examiners for the Counties of Shefford, Brome, and Missisquoi shall meet alternately at Waterloo, in the County of Shefford, and at Sweetsburgh, in the County of Missisquoi,—the first mee.ing to be held at Sweetsburgh.2.Whenever a new Board of Examiners shall be organized, it shall (unless the appointed time for a quarterly meeting be near at hand) hold a meeting for the examination of candidates as promptly as possible, giving public notice (in English and in French) eight days beforehand, in one of the newspapers of the place of meeting, or if no newspaper be issued there, in one of those published in the nearest locality.The required notice must be given by the person whose name stands first in the Commission.Louis Giard, Recording Clerk.NOTICE RESPECTING MUNICIPALITIES.Education Office, Montreal, Sept.1st 1862.Annexations, divisions or erections of school municipalities shall in future take place only from May 1st to June 15th, each year, and come into effect on the first of July then ensuing ; and all applications of this nature shall have to be transmitted to the Superintendent of Education before the 1st May.By Order, Louis Gurd, Secretary.APPOINTMENTS.COUNCIL OP PUBLIC INSTRUCTION His Excelleucy the Governor General in Council was pleased, on the 12th September 1862, to appoint the Reverend William Turnbull Leach, D.C.L., to be a member of the Council of Public Instruction for Lower Canada, in the room and stead of the Right Reverend Francis Fulford, Lord Bishop of Montreal, and Metropolitan, resigned.BOARDS OP EXAMINERS.His Excellency the Governor General in Council was pleased, on the 12 September 1862, to appoint the Reverend John Torrance to he a member of the Board of Examiners of Three River3, in the room and stead of the Reverend George Heaton, who has left the district.His Excellency the Governor General in Council was pleased, on the 6th Angnat last, to make the following appointments, viz :— Rev.Louis Desjardins, Rev.Alphonse Winter, Priests; Louis George Harper, George Le Bouthillier, Louis Boucher, and Léandre Dagneault, Esquires, to be members of the Gaspé Board of Examiners ; the three first named, in the room of Rev.Silas Crosse, Jean C.Belleau and Philippe Le Bouthillier, Esquires, resigned ; and the two next named (Messrs.G.Le Bouthillier and L.Boucher) in the room of John Fauvel and Owen Thomas Connick, Esquires, whose commission has been revoked ; Mr.Dagneault having been appointed as an additional member.His Excellency the Governor General in Council was pleased, on the 22nd August last, to make the following appointments, viz :— Rev.François Michel, Priest ; Alfred Driscoll, Jame3 Coleman, Jean Delisle, Alexandre Bourgeau, and James McArthur, Esquires, to be members of the Ottawa Board of Examiners, in the room of Rev.Dr.Sykes.Rev.Dr.Lynch, A.Larue, L.M.Coutlée, John Doyle, and John Foran, Esquires, resigned.George E.White, George M.Judgson, François-Xavier Bastien.Robert W.Hardinge ai:d Thomas McVeigh, Esquires, to be members of the new Board of Examiners for the County of Pontiac, to meet at Portage dn Fort.Lord Adolphus Aylmer, Baron of Balrath, Revds.Luc Trahan and Jean Prince, curés, Rev.David Dunkerley, Jean Baptiste Richard, William Evans Jones, A.M., and Thomas Brady, Esquires, to be members of the new Boaid of Examiners for the Counties of Richmond, Drummond and Wolfe,—to meet at Richmond.Revds.Louis Proulx, curé, Honoré Grenier, cuvé, John Nelligan, curé, Honorable Elzéar Duchesnay; Alexandre de Léry, Richard Achille Fortier and Jean Baptiste Bonneville, Esquires, to be members of the new Board of Examiners of the County of Beauce,—to meet at Ste.Marie de la Beauce.Revds.Jean Baptiste Gagnon, curé, Louis Antoine Martel, curé, Joseph Hoffman, curé-, Pierre Alexis Tremblay, Ovide Bossé, Jean Baptiste Pla-mondon, and John Kane, Esquires, to be members of the new Board of Examiners for the Counties of Chicoutimi, Charlevoix, and Saguenay,— to meet at Chicoutimi.Revds.Gabriel Nadeau, cure, Epiphaue Lapointe, curé, François Adelme Blouin, curé, George Potvin, Priest ; François Magloire Hudon, Pierre Louis Gauvreau and Thomas Déchêne, Esquires, to be members of the new Board of Examiners of the County of Rimouski,—to meet at Rimouski.SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS.His Excellency the Governor General in Council, on the 6th August, 1862, was pleased to approve of the following appointments of School Commissioners ; FOR LOWER CANADA.137 County of Lotbinière.—St.Agapit : Messrs.Louis Olivier, Louis La-france, Flavien Demers, Jean Vernet and Denis Fréchette.County of Ottawa.—Hartwell and Ripon : Messrs.Jean-Baptiste Desa-brais, Jean-Baptiste Perrier, Emerie Sabourin, David Groleau and Damase Seguin, County of Two Mountains.—St.Augustin : Mr.Joseph Ovide Gagnon.County of Wolfe.—Wolfestown : Messrs.Magloire Labrecque, Janvier Houde, Victor Pelletier, Patrick Larkin and John Higaty ; with Mr.Louis 0.Paquette as Secretary-Treasurer.His Excellency the Governor General in Council, on the 22nd ult., was pleased to approve of the following appointments of School Com-•missioners : County of Gaspé —Cap Désespoir : Messrs.Benjamin Trachy, Joseph Couture, Louis Lelièvre, Pierre Couture, fils de François, and William O’Brien.Same County.—Percé : Messrs.Joseph Laterreur and Ambroise Lévesque.City of Quebec.—(Catholics) Revds.Z.Charest, curé, B.McGauran, curé and P, G.Clarke, Vicar.County of Joliette.—Ste.Béatrix : Messrs.Norbert Ladouceur, Joseph Jetté, Fabien Bellanger, Godefroy Chaput and Eusèbe Lepage.County of Arthabaska.—St.Vinceslas : Mr.Charles Bergeron.County of Two Mountains.—St.Sauveur: Messrs.Louis Alarie, Godefroy Demers and Louis Beaulieu.His Excellency the Governor General in Council was pleased, on the 12th inst., to approve of the following appointments of School Commissioners, viz.,— County of Ottawa.—St.Etienne: Messrs.Thomas McGoey, Michael Shea, Patrick Davy, Michael Grimes, and James Mullowney.County of Ponctiac.—Waltham: Messrs.François X.Turcotte, Louis Carrel, John H.Coghlan, Patrick Whalen, and John Creighton.Counties of Quebec and Portneuf.—Cap Rouge : Mr.Romuald Bergeron.County of Beauce.—Ste.Marie : Messrs.André Lacroix, and Léon Gilbert.County of Maskinongé.—Hunterstown : Messrs.Antoine Lnfresnèire, Jean Carufel, Pierre Mineau, Joseph Lambert, and Jean-Bte.Collard.County of Richmond.—Stoke : Messrs.Goodman Randall, Anthony Byron, Asa Hall, Joseph Randall, and Alonzo Rolf.County ofBertliier.—Berthier : Mr.Frédéric Nolin.County of Charlevoix.—St.Placide : Messrs.Luc Guay, Joseph Côté, Buchariste Gauthier, Albert Boivin, and Hyppolite Guay.County of Gaspé.—Ste.Anne des Monts : Mr.Joseph Lafontaine.County of St.Johns.—St.Johns: Rev.Charles Larocque, curé; François H.Marchand, Esq., and Messrs.Moïse Thérien, Adolphe Rémil-lard, and John Rossiter.SCHOOL TRUSTEES.His Excellency the Governor General in Council was pleased, on the 12th Instant, to approve of the appointment of Mr.David Côté as a School Trustee for the Municipality of Shefford, in the County of Shefford.ERECTIONS, DIVISIONS, Ac., OF SCHOOL MUNICIPALITIES.His Excellency the Governor General in Council, on the 2nd August last, was pleased, 1.To erect the new parish of Ste.Béatrix, in the County of Joliette, into a school municipality, with the following limits : Bounded on the north-west by the Township of Cathcart, on the south east by the line (trait quarrè) of the 9th Range of the Seigniory of d’Aillebout ; thence, following the said line a3 far as the line between Lots, Nos.22 and 21 of the 9th and 8th Ranges of said Seigniory, to the line of the 7th Range, by which it shall be bounded ; on the north-east, by the main line between the said Seigniory of d’Aillebout and that of Ramsay ; and on the south-west, by the line dividing the Township of Kildare from the Township of Cathcart and the aforesaid Seigniory of d’Aillebout.2.To detach the Township of Stoke from the School Municipality of Windsor, in the County of Richmond, and erect it into a separate school municipality, with the name and limits of the said township.His Excellency the Governor General in Council, on the 6th August last, was pleased, 1.To erect the Township of Garthby, in the County of Wolfe, into a school municipality, with the name and limits of said township.2.To erect the Township of Wolfestown, in the County of Wolfe, into a school municipality, with the name and limits of this township.3.To erect the Townships of Hartwell and Ripon, in the County of Ottawa, into a school municipality, under the name of the School Municipality of Hartwell and Ripon; and with the same limits as the said townships.4.To detach from the School Municipality of St.Gilles, in the County of Lotbinière, the tract hereinafter described, and to erect it into a school municipality, under the name of the School Municipality of St.Jigapit, bounded as follows : On the south by the lands of J B.Laporte and the unceded lands of St.Gilles ; on the west by the lands known as those of des Mères and the Seigniorial line of Tilly ; on the north by the lands of Thomas Têtu, the elder ; on the east, by the lands of St.Gilles, situated on Craig Road.5.To erect the Parish of St.Etienne of Chelsea, in the County of Ottawa, into a school municipality, under tbe name of the School Municipality of St.Etienne, bounded as follows : From the line dividing the Townships of Hull and Templeton, thence running west with the line between the 5th and 6th Ranges of Hull to the road known as the Gatineau Road, west of the Gatineau River ; thence following the said road south to Lot No.4 of the fourth Range, belonging to Thomas C.Brigham ; thence following the road which traverses it on the west and runs along the foot of the Mountain, to Lot No.22, between the 7th and 8th Ranges of the said Township of Hull ; thence following this last Concession to the line of the Township of Eardley, and thence betweeu the 5th and 6th Concessions of Eardley to the lateral line between the 3rd and 4th Lots ; thence following on the north the said lateral line to the Concession line between the 11th and 12th Ranges of the Township of Eardley ; thence east to the line between the Townships of Hul and Eardley; thence following the line between the Townships of Hull and Wakefield, and running east along the line of the Township of Wakefield to the line between the Township of Hull and that of Templeton ; thence southerly along the line to that between the 5th and 6th Ranges of the said Township of Hull.His Excellency the Governor General in Council, on the 22nd August last, wa3 pleased to annex to the School Municipality of L’Assomption, in the County of L’Assomption, that portion of territory comprised in the following limits: From and including the land of Alexandre St.Jean, adjoining that of Napoléon Thibault, to the land of Bénoni St.Jean inclusive, adjoining ihe line of division between the Parish of L’Assomption and that of Repentigny.His Excellency the Governor General in Council was pleased, on the 15th May last, to separate the Townships of Restigouche and Matapedia, in the County of Bonaventure, and to form each into a distinct school municipality, with the names and limits of said townships respectively.DIPLOMAS GRANTED.l’ROTKSTAXT BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR THE DISTRICT OF MONTREAL.Misses Eleanor Gaw and Mary Whitwell Neve have obtained the first class Model-school diploma.(English).Mr.Josiah Ball has obtained a first class Elementary diploma.(English).—5th August, 1862.T.A.Gibson, Secretary.CATHOLIC BOARD OF EXAMINERS FOR TI1E DISTRICT OF MONTREAL.Mr.George Morand, Madame Jean Bte.Roussau (Thersile Miville), Misses Philomène Labelle, Lucie Hudon dite Beaulieu, Joséphine Char-bonneau, Nathalie Bachand, Alphonsine Payette and Louise Lafontaine obtained the Elementary diploma, on the 5th June, 1862.Mr.Ernest Nightingale obtained a first class Elementary diploma (English and French) ; Messrs.Napoléon Latrémouille and Odilon Du-fort obtained a first class French, and a second class English, Elementary diploma ; Misses Louise Martel, Virginie Hamelin, Rose Gravel, Sophie Emma Blanchard dite Renaud, Delphine Labelle and Ph lomène Hnnaud, a first class Elementary diploma (French) ; and Misses Adèle Vautrin, Elizabeth Métras, Adèle Brien Desrochers and Philomène Chauret a second class Elementary diploma (French), on the 5th August, 1862.F.X.Valade.Secretary.SHERBROOKE BOARD OF EXAMINERS.Mr.AVm.Henry Lee has obtained a second class diploma for Academies (English/ ; and Mrs Josephine H.Lee a first class English, and a second class French, diploma for Academies.Miss Virginie Lépine has obtained a second class Elementary diploma (French) ; and Miss Ada O'Connor a first class Elementary diploma (English).—5th August, 1862.S.A.Hurd, Secretary.NOTICE TO TEACHERS.The Catholic Board of Examiners of Montreal will meet on the First Tuesday in November next, at the usual place of meeting, Tritré Street, at 9 o’clock a.m.All candidates for diplomas must come provided with a Certificate of baptism and Testimonials of good morals, as required by tbe Rules and Regulations of the Council of Public Instrue- 138 JOURNAL OF EDUCATION tion.The examination will be conducted according to the Programmes laid down in the said Rules and Regulations.By Order, F.X.Valade.Secretary.DONATIONS TO THE LIBRARY OF THE EDUCATIONAL DEPARTMENT.The Superintendent acknowledges with thanks the following donations : From Messrs.Harper