Technique : revue industrielle = industrial review, 1 avril 1933, Avril

[" re ar RSS EE ES ES \u2014\u2014=\u2014= er mt ees re = fn le mje \\1 : EC 3: (lp = ke bi réf burt NI ~~ e LC DS SO SN SN, REVUE : ; In INDUSTRIELLE 5 J 3 Lp S SS Ur \u20ac SIN IT INDUSTRIAL e // S / i] IF / /// ! REVIEW i¢ w / / / \u2014~ 7 iE NS > / \u2014 > / Ivy {it ie < AN / ) IT F NN SS SSSS \\ 7 / /, SN / / L $ NU AE x NINN NI \u2014~ SFA LAs \u2026 / Jil A az a \u2014 MONTREAL AVRIL « APRIL VOL.VIII - 1933 - No.4 br Lad ca PRES MERE a gael il rade bang \u2014 JE is] pi 1 T\\e TR EP MD: \\o \\ ( vel {IE io el ss TE mM to 10 Wi I Ne Rit Sa Page(s) manquante(s) ou non-numérisée(s) Veuillez vous informer auprès du personnel de BAnQ en utilisant le formulaire de référence à distance, qui se trouve en ligne : https://www.banq.qc.ca/formulaires/formulaire_reference/index.html ou par téléphone 1-800-363-9028 TECHNIQUE REVUE INDUSTRIELLE Mensuelle - - - excepté juillet et août Le Numéro - - - - - - = .10 Abonnement: Canada - - - - par année $1.00 Etranger =.par année 1.50 Publiée sous le patronage de L'HON.ATHANASE DAVID et sous la direction de AUGUSTIN FRIGON Directeur Général de l\u2019Enseignement Technique dans la Province de Québec ARMAND THUOT, Gérant INDUSTRIAL REVIEW Published monthly - except July and August One copy EE .10 Subscription: Canada - - - - - Other Countries, - - - per annum $1.00 per annum 1.50 Published under the patronage of HON.ATHANASE DAVID and under the direction of AUGUSTIN FRIGON General Director of Technical Education in the Province of Quebec ARMAND THUOT, Manager Adresser toute correspondance : 1430, rue St-Denis Montréal TECHNIQUE Address correspondence to : 1430 St.Denis Street, Montreal Avril 1933 LES TRAVAUX DE VILLE TELEPHONE CABLE DISTRIBUTION.WorLD\u2019S FIRST MAN-MADE COAL MINE ~~ Now UNDER CONSTRUCTION LES CHARPENTES D\u2019'ECHAFAUDAGE .LINK DISCONNECTING BOXES .COURTES NOTIONS HISTORIQUES SUR LE LETTRAGE AUX COLLABORATEURS DE « TECHNIQUE » ScREW MACHINE TooLs PRESSIONS STATIQUES DANS LES LIQUIDES NATIVE ELEMENTS (Part ID) .ADAPTABILITÉ DU MOTEUR À HUILE LOURDE AUX CHASSIS DES VÉHICULES INDUSTRIELS HYDRO-ELECTRIC Power DEVELOPMENT (Part XIII) .BIBLIOGRAPHIE CONDUITE DES VÉHICULES MOTEURS HONNEUR À LA TYPOGRAPHIE .L'ENSEIGNEMENT DU DESSIN À L\u2019ECOLE PRIMAIRE SOMMAIRE \u2014 SUMMARY THE NEw VIEWPOINT TowARD EDUCATION FOR WORK April, 1933 PAGE .Colonel R.I.Rees 145 Fernand Caillet 148 .Edgar Baker 152 .John A.Maloney 154 E.Morgentaler 155 H.C.Hoban 158 Ernest Rouleau 162 .165 Alfred Jacques 168 Blaise Bramah 172 S.H.Ross 176 Armand Grenier 180 Norman Jupe 182 185 Jos.Carignan 186 Jean-Marie Gauvreau 188 Jean-Marie Gauvreau 190 PAGE DES DIPLOMÉS \u2026.192 GRADUATES\u2019 PAGE 193 ASSOCIATION DES ÉLÈVES DE L'ÉCOLE TECHNIQUE DE MONTREAL .194 Imprimé par la Section d'Imprimerie, Ecole Technique de Montréal Printed by the Printing Section, Montreal Technical School 4 Vient de paraitre Dictionnaire Larousse Complet Edition Canadienne (303° Edition) avec 3 3 Nouveau supplément 9 M i canadien Nouvelle édition,revue, i H : Ar EE corrigée et considérai ES na SRE CRE CIS RE CRT CSL a om N ! blement augmentée.i : Dictionnaire Le seul dictionnaire \u201cAIRE = français À er à Renfermant les noms SSE i La rousse approuvé par le les plus nouveaux de la ] ir 2 _.i Conseil de langue francaise.3 : C om Pp fet eu ç 4 i l\u2019Instruction Publique 3 Cd EOINOINSO) de la Enrichie d\u2019un nouveau L in Il UBRAIRIE BEAUCHEMIN UMITÉE Province de Supp ément cenadien bt MONTREAL Québec _ revu et mis à jour.i | \u2014 1 En vente chez tous les libraires be 5 | § - oy in Me der a a i il, S ple HAWINIGAN l'ECHNICAL fi \u2018him INSTITUTE d ä ,Ç ad I FOUNDED 1912 tha : By Mr.J.E.ALDRED, President of Shawinigan Water & Power Co.\u201ca Under the guidance of a Committee of Management composed ofthe Managers of Soc the Local Industrial Corporations, Subsidized by the Local Industries, Provincial ple Government and the City of Shawinigan Falls.te hold DAY CLASSES \u201clg, 1.Regular four-year Technical Course, the final year the equivalent (dy ; of Senior Matriculation.mal 2.Trade Courses for students without sufficient preparation to follow 0 I course Number 1.1 3.Special courses in Automobile Mechanics.nt : Van NIGHT CLASSES one Course in Machine Shop Practice, Carpentry, Oxy-acetylene Welding, \u201ca Chemistry, Automobile Mechanics, Electricity, Drafting, Mathematics, iy Industrial English and French.Ng, For further information apply to hy ~~ 3 SHAWINIGAN TECHNICAL INSTITUTE hg \u201cos a iv Patronize our advertisers tt Ue, hg.el au TECHNIQUE \u2018REVUE INDUSTRIELLE \u2014 INDUSTRIAL REVIEW oL.VIII AVRIL \u2014 APRIL N° 4 Education for Work The New Viewpoint Toward \u201d Which is needed to fit into the present period of industrial and economic change As told to Rose C.Feld By COLONEL R.I.REES Assistant Vice-President, American Telephone and Telegraph Company | cident in the lifetime of an indi- | vidual.Most of us who have given e subject any study have come to realize hat education is a continuing process ending only when ambition comes to a alt.\u201d » Those were the opening words of a dent interview I had with Colonel R.I.Rees, Assistant Vice-President of the Ame- : | NORMAL education is but an in- oH can Teléphone and Telegraph Company, _ 4 member of its Personnel Department.here are no boundaries or limits to effort \u2014*Ik that job, proving thereby, perhaps, that ol.Rees is one of those rare people who pplies his own philosophy to himself.The difibject of self-education is as important ) him as to the man in any of the plants ÿ offices who may come to him for help advice.His greatest interest at present that of adult education.As a member of e executive committee of the American ssociation for Adult Education he has ple opportunity to dig into a field which the present time, more than at any other, holding the attention of the industrial orld.Colonel Rees does not lend himself to a ÿrmal interview.He is the sort of person ho likes to think aloud, who does not em his thoughts into phrases of hide- bund assertiveness, who feels that there e various aspects to every subject and at one, in honesty and open-mindedness, i st give attention and respect to all.ducation to him means many things.: means training for work and living, jmeans guiding youth to find itself, it pans helping the adult who for one reason (1) From \u201cTrained Men\" Summer 1932.or another is unfulfilled or mal-adjusted in his job to the opportunity for fulfillment and adjustment.We talked of many things but dwelt particularly on the subject of adult education in its various aspects before it reaches the job, on the job, and readjustment for one reason or another to a different job.\u2018In this business of education,\u201d Colonel Rees continued after his initial remarks, \u201cmany things are involved.We cannot touch on all of them.But two things stand out as essentials.We are going through a period of adjustment, of change, of industrial and economic reorganization.It is vastly important for our young people to face life with a point of view that is sounder and more constructive than many of us have held in the past.We must develop a public opinion that believes in the dignity of work, in the social value of all types of labor whether it be that of the man in the shop or the man in the office.No man should be ashamed of his job unless there is something basically wrong in the union between it and himself, unless, if I may say so, the job and he are mismated.But granted that the job is the right one for him, either as an introduction to better things or as a permanency, he should feel respect for the work he does and for himself as a worker.\u201cTogether with a new point of view toward labor, we need a new point of view toward preparation for labor, toward education for work.It is important for all of us, and particularly for parents and educators, to assimilate the fact that there are as many differences in individuals as there are individuals.Six boys at school or six boys in an off.ce or plant may have, on super- [ 145 ] Avril 1933 TECHNIQUE April, 1933 Ki ficial observation, the same average intelligence, may hold the same sort of jobs, but these six are six individual units.Fach is different in some way and each, if allowed to grow, to educate himself in his own way, will strike a place where he is completely happy in a career sense.\u201c\u201cAccording to some educators, and I am inclined to agree with them, there are four fundamental points controlling the career approach and career realization of every individual.One, interest; two, aptitude; three, ability; four, capacity.If you can discover the interest and aptitude of an individual, you are on the high road to starting him on the right career, provided, of course, he has the ability to follow through.A surface interest is not enough.I may enjoy music or art but I may have no aptitude for it.It is not my \u2018vocation\u2019 in the strictest sense of the term.It would be very foolish for me, therefore, to talk or even think of making the career of my life poetry or painting.\u201cAbility enters the picture at this point.Lo I possess the powers which under proper guidance and care will lead me to the goal I desire, the one that absorbs my interest to the exclusion of other things?Satisfied in these three major essentials, I am ready to go on to the next point.\u201cCapacity.How far can I go?That doesi:\u2019t depend on my wishes alone.It depends on my make-up, my intellect, my skill, my personality, on a score of other things which, developed to the highest point will help me reach the greatest degree of fulfillment possible for the sort of person I am.What I mean by this is that it is foolish to say that every person in a classroom or plant, let us say, can, if he wishes, be a college president or head of a national organization.It is\u2019nt true.All aren\u2019t fitted and endowed in the same manner.All can achieve happiness or success but happiness and success must, by the nature of the differences in human beings, be different for each.For one man it may be superb skill in handling an intricate piece of machinery; for another it may be outstanding ability in planning a bridge.\u201cHow is one to discover the proper channel of a life\u2019s career, this broad highway where interest, aptitude, ability and capacity merge into the reward of successful achievement?Again, that must mean dif erent answers for different people.Often, I am asked whether a college education is the open door to economic fitness and [ 146 | security.For some men, yes, for some men, | bal no.Today among the ranks of the unem.je ployed the college man is notc onspicu- #' ous by his absence.He is there together Ta with the man of no education and some education.\u201cI hold the rather unpopular notion ' that too many of our boys are sent tof college, that for many of them it is a waste | of years that, if anything, retards rather than advances them in their life work.Just as some men are fitted for special types of work so are some boys fitted for college.To others it gives a false importance, personally and socially.This doesn\u2019t mean that I would discourage the youth who wants to go to college if he really feels that it will do something for him, culturally or vocationally.}@ If he can afford the experiment, let him go, by all means.Let him stay as long as his: interest and ambitions are kept alive, buf] when they are dead or when he feels he is more interested in trying his recognized] ¥: aptitudes or ability at something definite} js or concrete, let him get out.The work hej! is interested in will give him something} more specific in character, more definite in its approach to the career he wants tof create, than additional hours of study in subjects that only serve to add hours to the time he must serve before he gets his official discharge.Nothing is as bad as associating education with boredom and dulness.\u201cThe mistake many men make is to! believe that their education is \u201cformal when they are through with their forma studies.That, as I said at the start, is all wrong.Education really begins when a man, finds himself in the job that holds hi interest, not only for the pleasure and! rewards it gives himto day, but for thet:#, possibilities and opportunities it opens inf the future.| \u201cNot so long ago,\u201d Colonel Rees con- ! | tinued, \u2018\u201cThe American Society of Mechanical Engineers received a letter from | a young engineer employed in a responsible ! | position, that I found highly interesting.As he put it, he was \u2018peering over the fence 4.for an opportunity for growth and advancement.\u201d He asked advice on what.process ] to follow, what books to read, with whom \u2018 #4\" to talk.That young man, needless to say, + had the right idea in tackling his future.\u201d J: \u201cWhat answer was given him?\" I asked | 4\" Colonel Rees.N He called for his secretary-and asked her ) to bring him the carbon copy of a letter A\u2019 Avril 1933 TECHNIQUE April, 1933 which he had drafted.It is impossible to give it in full but here are some of the \"things Colonel Rees wrote: \u201cYou have recently taken on a position Rof responsibility in engineering work and your inquiries indicate that you realize gyour advancement depends upon continuing education and growth.\u201cI shall suggest to you first, that you ®begin with immediate things; study your job, consult with your immediate superior, Zand determine first those things which contribute to your efficiency in your present WrBwork.This may, in the beginning, demand intensive study of special engineering sub- !ifjects.It means that you should focus on he mastery of all things pertaining to the job.If you have a degree of management bresponsibility having to do with the control of personnel, it might be important for sifyou to study problems in management .land human relations.tf \u201cMany educational institutions throughout the country afford apportunities for night work, both in formal attendance and las extension work.Your problem of educa- Thi tional development might be met by taking nifladvantage of these means.\u201cYou show wisdom in your inquiry, \u2018With whom may I talk?\u2019 Through discussion we may make the valuable ex- #periences of others our own.I have already suggested talking with your superiors as to definite measures for growth within your job.Discussion with associates, superiors, coordinates and subordinates, will broaden your comprehension of the ideals, policies, #1 and broad objectives of your business and in other walks of life.~ It is obvious that the young man who evoked this letter had intelligence and Initiative.What about the man who is not as fortunate as this one or who doesn\u2019t fit into the job he holds?I asked Colonel Kees.\u201cI believe in what I call vocation- exposure\u2019\u2019, he answered, \u201cletting an indivi- § dual give his interests and aptitudes a tryout, letting him see whether he is right in believing he has abilities along certain lines and whether he feels that his capacities there- In will be satisfying to him as a life-career.In a perfect state, vocation-exposure should begin at a very early age.A friend of mine in Washington is trying it out on his ten year old son.He is taking him to all the various activities in the Capital, the law Courts, the House of Representatives, the Senate, the telephone exchanges, the police mal mg [ 147 ] departments.He is also planning to take him through nearby industrial plants where he can see the wheels go round, to see whether he has any definite tendency or leaning in any particular direction.\u201cWith most people, with adults, it means other things.It may mean getting a job in the field a man thinks he will be happy; it may mean changing that job several times when he is assured that it is the wrong one for him to hold.It ought to mean talking to people who can help him find the place in life he is looking for, who can guide him to an over-powering conviction that there is a place for him in the sun of economic happiness and that he can find it and make of it all of which he is capable.\u201cSociety is becoming cognizant of this duty toward its members.In several centers over this country, the machinery has been set up to help those out of work help themselves so that in the future they will be safe-guarded against similar mishaps.Industry has much to learn on this particular problem but we won't go into that.It is men and jobs, or rather, men and career objectives with which we are here concerned.\u201cMinnesota is doing exceptionally interesting and constructive work in this field.It is making personal studies of men out of jobs to find out whether they were in the right job to begin with, whether they had done anything to fit themselves for holding that job and advancing according to their capacity to more important jobs; whether, in a word, they were vocationally harmonized.Also, it is making an occupational survey of industry, seeing what fields will be closed in the future and what new fields will open up.Their objective is helping men to locate themselves in careers that will be permanent in growth and security.\u201cOne important phase of this work is what is called the \u2018three o'clock clinic\u2019 where men lend themselves as individual subjects to a group of experts including personnel officers, psychologists, psychia- trists\u2014people who are capable of digging into the basic causes of personal maladjustment.A man may be out of work because the job he left was an accidental one, taken not through interest and inclination, but because it meant a weekly pay envelope.To get another like that would be repeating an initial mistake.In (Continued on page 151) Avril 1933 TECHNIQUE Les travaux de ville Par FERNAND CAILLET Instructeur, Section d'imprimerie, Ecole Technique de Montréal IX MENUS du Nouveau (?) Manuel de Typographie, édité pour la premiére fois en 1897: « .Le menu devrait son origine au duc de Brunswick.Son chef de cuisine avait l\u2019habitude de lui remettre une liste de tous les plats et le duc la consultait afin de réserver son appétit pour ceux qu\u2019il préférait.C\u2019est l\u2019explication qu\u2019il donna à un de ses voisins au cours d\u2019un dîner en sa résidence de Ratisbonne (1541), et les autres convives trouvèrent l\u2019idée du maître-cuisi- nier si ingénieuse qu\u2019ils l\u2019adoptèrent et la protégèrent.Dès lors, l\u2019usage des menus se répandit en Allemagne.» Se non è vero.Il semble de prime abord qu\u2019étant donnée la diversité des modèles de menus, aucune règle fixe ne puisse présider à leur confection.Du menu peint à la main pour dîners d\u2019apparat (véritable pièce de collectionneur) jusqu\u2019au menu de restaurant, monotone et banal; en passant par toute la série des menus gravés, lithographiés, ornementés d\u2019arabesques et de cartouches; la variété est telle que nous admettons qu\u2019il est impossible de fixer un modèle standard concrétisant la manière de traîter ce petit accessoire de tout banquet bien organisé.Aussi bien, nous contenterons-nous d\u2019envisager le menu du point de vue du typographe, nous efforçant d\u2019en faire ressortir seulement les diverses caractéristiques, les grandes lignes, laissant à chacun le soin de l\u2019exécution des détails et de la présentation générale, sur lesquels le compositeur peut donner libre cours à son talent, son goût ( I nous en croyons Emile Leclerc auteur et son tempérament artistique, tout en ne s\u2019écartant jamais des grandes règles typographiques (harmonie, choix du caractère, équilibre, etc.) qui s'appliquent aussi bien aux menus qu\u2019à toute autre composition.Un des détails qui, dans notre opinion, est souvent perdu de vue, c\u2019est l\u2019étroite relation harmonieuse qui doit exister entre la décoration de la table, l\u2019éclairage, le jeu des couleurs et le menu lui-même.Nous admettons tout de suite que, dans la majorité des cas, le compositeur n\u2019est aucunement renseigné là-dessus; mais la vérité nous force à admettre également qu'il n\u2019essaye presque jamais non plus de se renseigner.Le menu est peut-être un infime détail dans la bonne ordonnance d\u2019une fête gastronomique, mais n\u2019est-ce pas justement dans l\u2019étude approfondie et minutieuse des détails que la maîtresse de maison ou le maître d'hôtel se révèleront des gens de goût ou des allobroges?, ; + Et, pour cette raison d'harmonie, votre menu ne devra pas être trop petit.Les caractères employés, par leur ténuité, seraient difficilement lisibles, principalement à la lumière artificielle, sans tenir compte de l'influence possible des cocktails sur les facultés visuelles des convives.Les lignes en devront être généreusement blanchies; | séparant largement les divers services dont voici l\u2019ordre: Potages, Hors-d\u2019oeuvre, Relevés, Entrées, Rôtis, Légumes, Desserts, Vins, Café et Liqueurs.Si ces titres sont | omis, le détail qui devrait les suivre devra être groupé; les potages ensemble, séparés | par un bon blanc du groupe des hors- d'oeuvre, etc.) Le menu ne devra pas non plus être d\u2019un | | format excessif.Il serait embarrassant, risquerait de masquer la verrerie, prendrait trop d\u2019importance dans l\u2019ensemble.Si les menus sont imprimés sur papier de couleur, cette couleur devrait harmoniser | avec l\u2019ensemble des couleurs (lumière ou décoration) qui forment l'ornementation.S'ils sont imprimés sur des cartes de différentes couleurs, il faudrait que la personne en charge de la décoration les disposent de telle sorte que les règles de l'harmonie des | couleurs soient respectées: que les mauves | | alternent avec les jaunes; les verts avec les | roses tendres les saumons avec les bleus! pâles, etc.| Si des encres de couleurs servent à l\u2019im- ÿ pression, les couleurs vives seront réservées : aux repas ayant lieu le soir, à la lumière! artificielle; les couleurs tendres ou descendues n\u2019auront leur plein effet qu\u2019à la lumière; ¢.solaire.Les teintes d\u2019encre jaune ou jaune- orangée ne seront pas employées si les\u2019 [ 148 ] April, 1933 L in 7 ; menus doivent être lus à la lumière artifi- 4 cielle, celle-ci ayant tendance à les atténuer 4 encore.Il peut arriver que le client remette à l'imprimeur des menus passe-partout, avec june décoration, un motif imprimés d\u2019a- /vance.Le compositeur devra tenir compte à la fois du sujet, de la couleur et de la tonalité générale pour choisir le caractère jet la couleur d'encre appropriés pour rehausser encore si possible la décoration; jou, tout au moins, pour éviter de la gâter par une typographie inadéquate.Nous avons sous les yeux une série de menus de quatre pages en usage à bord des transatlantiques d\u2019une grande compagnie ide navigation.La première page, en plusieurs couleurs est un petit bijou de goût let de présentation.Seulement, si l\u2019on veut [rester sur cette bonne impression, il ne faut jpas ouvrir le menu pour le consulter; c\u2019est un véritable désappointement: caractères WÇusés, fautes grossières, impression grise et mWhuileuse; le typographe, dirait-on, s\u2019est miBévertué à gâter ce que la première page a ride charme et de grâce.Et ceci n\u2019est pas, ipgtant s\u2019en faut, une exception.WF Sile mot « Menu » est imprimé il devient dÿla partie proéminente du tout.Il peut être , iffornementé de vignettes, entouré d\u2019un motif cer | quelconque, composé en capitales de fan- ofitaisie, même si ces caractères pêchent un der (peu au point de vue lisibilité, puisque cette w#|qualité n\u2019est pas indispensable au titre; tous lÿles convives sachant bien que c\u2019est un menu [qu'ils ont sous les yeux et non pas un carnet difide bal.La même loi s\u2019applique (nousl\u2019avons facia dit dans un autre article) au mot dll « Programme »; et les menus, au point de | vue typographique ont beaucoup d\u2019affinité ui avec ces derniers; le menu étant en quelque 1 sorte le programme d\u2019un repas et le pro- (gramme pouvant être considéré comme le ÿ menu d\u2019un spectacle.De même que pour { les programmes et pour la même raison { (impression faite très souvent à la dernière minute) les marges ne doivent pas être 4 trop étriquées; elles doivent être assez larges pour laisser aux convives suffisamment d'espace pour manipuler et consulter le menu sans se tacher les doigts sur l'encre à peine sèche.Dans la disposition des lignes composant le détail du menu, on évitera les lignes de { même longueur ou de longueur presque égale; il faudra dans certains cas, pour obvier à cet arrangement disgracieux, mettre sur la même ligne plusieurs plats; en ayant S0IN cependant de se souvenir que ces mets, TECHNIQUE [ 149 ] April, 1933 différents entre eux, doivent cependant faire partie du même service (potages, hors- d'oeuvres, relevés, etc.) Il y a tendance à confusion entre les hors-d\u2019oeuvres et les entrées et si nous comprenons qu'il n'appartient pas au typographe de trancher la question en s\u2019immisçant dans la cuisine, il n\u2019empêche que souvent le client demande à être renseigné.Voici ce que Larousse nous dit: « Les hors- d'oeuvre sont de menus mets (radis, beurre, olives, anchois, saucisson, etc.) que l\u2019on sert au début d\u2019un repas, après le potage et avant le premier service.» Quant à l'entrée, «.elle prend place entre le relevé et le rôti.C\u2019est le plat qu\u2019un cuisinier habile soigne le plus.Les principales entrées sont celles de viande de boucherie, de gibier, de volaille ou même de poisson si l'entrée est substituée au relevé.» Si, en plus, il y a des relevés, l\u2019ordre du menu sera donc: Hors-d\u2019oeuvre, Relevés, Entrées, etc.Nous reproduisons ci-dessous l'ordonnance générale d\u2019un menu, indiquant les coupures de lignes nécessaires pour éviter les lignes de même longueur.MENU POTAGES Potage velouté, Perles du J apon Julienne HORS-D'OEUVRE Radis Beurre Olives Anchois Saumon RELEVÉS Langouste, Homard à la Parisienne Cuissot de chevreuil ENTRÉE Ris de veau à la Financière ROTIS Poulardes cresson Gigot Pré-Salé Dindonneaux à la broche LÉGUMES Asperges en branches, Haricots verts Petits pors à l'anglaise Salade DESSERTS Fruits, Pâtisserie, Bonbons VINS Madère, Médoc, Sauternes Champagne CAFÉ ET LIQUEURS Avril 1933 TECHNIQUE al April, 1033 J ~ Il est entendu que ce modèle n\u2019est pas donné comme échantillon de ce que doit être la typographie d\u2019un menu, mais simplement pour aider le compositeur à séparer les différents services, tout en groupant le détail de chacun de ces services.Comme nous le disons plus haut, si les titres des services étaient supprimés, on respecterait quand même l\u2019ordre de ces différents services en augmentant le blanc entre chaque groupe afin de les bien distinguer.Si le blanc entre les différents plats qui sont sur une même ligne est supérieur à un em-cadrat, la virgule n\u2019est pas nécessaire pour les séparer; si, au contraire, ils ne sont séparés que par l\u2019espacement régulier de la ligne, la virgule s\u2019impose.© a Syndicat des Marchands de Vins.Lorsqu\u2019on sh saura que ces deux menus sont entièrement i : construits avec du matériel typographique nt et qu\u2019il a fallu tourner ou couder des filets # /* pour arriver à reproduire ces allégories, on | suf] ne sait quoi le plus admirer: de l\u2019habileté Win technique du compositeur ou de la bonté | gag d\u2019âÂme du patron qui laissait à nos prédé- ao cesseurs le temps nécessaire pour exécuter [f= 0 de telles fantaisies.Heureuse époque où la gt «feuille de temps » n\u2019était pas inventée.gm Avouons cependant que nous ne sommes ful.pas en faveur de tels tours de force.Il nous fin: a toujours semblé que le typographe assez Jan habile pour construire un dessin avec des ur pr morceaux de plomb ou de cuivre plus ou fn = moins torturés devrait avoir la même ha- ffrjurl bileté et beaucoup plus de facilités à l\u2019exé- 9m cuter avec une plume ou un pinceau; et in le prix du cliché que l\u2019on en pourrait faire Ju Wy: (amiens, © © = à A e oe BANQUET % du 6 décembre 1706 ne serait pas supérieur au prix payé au compositeur pour l'exécution de son petit « puzzle ».Et puis, n\u2019oublions pas que,! pour le commun des mortels, ces tours de force typographiques ne représentent touti entar mé ome ike lam 10 E S + % 2.à SH MBNUL © Potage velouté s+ Perles du Japon + Julienne Hors-d'œuvre variés Filet de Bœuf sauce madère Tomates bordelaises Salade de saison Bombe Renaissance & Pêches flambantes à la Lefeuve & So, Macon, Bordeaux, Clicquot NC 9 Café, Liqueurs x 0 be Lu Re ures, bal à Ÿ Cette réduction ne donne qu'une assez faible idée de l'original, qui mesure 584\" de diamètre.Un fonds crème, fort probablement en linoléum, en fait ressortir les détails.De plus, plusieurs filets légers dessinant le creux de l'assiette ont disparu a la reproduction; l'original étant imprimé en bleu pâle et cette couleur étant très peu actinique.Pour clore ces quelques renseignements, nous ne résistons pas au plaisir de reproduire (considérablement réduits) deux modèles de menus exécutés il y a près de trente ans par un typographe parisien (1).On verra avec quel souci le compositeur a traité son ouvrage pour l\u2019apparenter au sujet.Dans un cas, une assiette symbolise le Syndicat des Faienciers et dans l\u2019autre, les deux verres et le carafon évoquent bien le (1) Nous croyons, sans en être absolument sûr, que l\u2019on peut attribuer ces deux fantaisies à Victor Breton, auteur du Manuel pratique de composition typographique, duquel ils sont tirés.Lorsque l\u2019on connaît la maîtrise de Breton dans la coupe des filets, ces modèles semblent assez bien dans la manière du maître qui se plaisait, par dilettantisme professionnel, à triompher des plus grandes difficultés d'exécution.au plus que des dessins grossiers et mal faits.fre \u2018 Il faut absolument être «du bâtiment » pour apprécier à leur juste valeur les difh- île BEE LMR 3 | j SYNDICAT BANQUET ve de des er Marchands de Vins | Section Parisienne rly de la Seine 14 Mai 1905 ton er! Cned 2 Frs 5 Vins rouges Vins blancs Qi Het ( Bercy.grande ent Charenon bhine 1999 i but T ntm 0e Cote ao od | Sa\u201d Eire te [we du fig ol ef |] peer | es on 50 \\& ee ay \u201c Si Mag se 2 peaux rout?i lig 9 Glace vaudose gh 4 Desserts variés 1.Tog ol CAPE + LIQUEURS 8 \u201cvel 4 by n J ü I NS = ECC ng i, Dans l'original de ce menu, mesurant 614\" les 2 reflets de la carafe et des deux flites & champagne §™ 6 sont représentés par des fonds ajourés en linoléum.yp Ils ont naturellement disparu dans cette reproduc: ft de, tion en noir.i [ 150 ] Avril 1933 TECHNIQUE April, 1933 (cultés d\u2019ordre technique que le typographe a du surmonter pour l'exécution de ces tableautins.Menus du jour et à la carte.\u2014 Complètement différents des menus dont nous venons de parler, ces deux genres sont employés principalement dans les restaurants.Le menu du jour, d\u2019un format ordinaire de 514\" x 815\" ou de 6\u201d x 9\" est imprimé sur papier.Il porte en tête la réclame du restaurateur | (nom, adresse, téléphone, spécialités de la maison, etc.) et la partie inférieure est blanche; devant être remplie chaque jour, 4 a la machine a écrire, en polycopie ou tout autre procédé similaire.Cette partie contient, sans plus, le détail des mets servis ce jour-là, (soit au déjeûner, soit au diner).Le menu à la carte est plus spécifiquement une liste de prix.Le détail de tout ce qui peut être obtenu sur commande y est inscrit avec le prix correspondant en regard.Imprimé ordinairement sur carte mince, {| il comprend quatre pages.Sur la première, {traitée comme un titre-annonce, se trouve ila réclame du propriétaire.Les pages d\u2019intérieur (2 et 3) sont réservées à la nomen- clature des différents mets offerts au consommateur; et sur la dernière page, on trouve ordinairement la carte des vins et le prix correspondant à chacun d\u2019eux.* x 4% Cet article étant l\u2019avant-dernier de la série des travaux de ville, nous clôturerons cette série, en mai et juin prochain, par une explication de la théorie et de l'emploi des couleurs, dont nous avons dit quelques mots déjà, dans un article paru en décembre dernier.C\u2019est à la demande de plusieurs lecteurs que nous attaquerons ce sujet qui a déjà été présenté de splendide façon en anglais par notre regretté collaborateur Frank Rhodes (1).Nous essaierons de le compléter si possible, mais il faudra nous excuser si des répétitions inévitables se présentent.Il est assez difficile en effet d'écrire sur le même sujet, basé sur des principes absolument fixes, sans tomber dans des redites qui peuvent sembler du plagiat.(1) Theory of the use of color, TECHNIQUE, juin 1928.The New Viewpoint Toward Education for Work (Continued from page 147) \u2018other words, the clinic finds out for a man whether he is a re-employment case who (is merely out of a job because of the general § conditions of industrial adjustment, or whether he is a man who needs to be retrained along his own personal lines of interest, aptitude, ability and capacity.\u201cRetraining sounds like an enormous task but it isn\u2019t.One of the tenets of education is that we go from the known to the unknown.The known may be the technical knowledge of the job or it may be the knowledge, newly discovered for him, § perhaps, of his real interest and aptitudes.§ In a manner of speaking, all of us are retraining ourselves in some way as we go through life, provided, of course, that we go through life progresssively and con- Structively.\u201cBut narrowing the subject down to its more integral meaning, retraining means taking advantage of the vast number of 1 opportunities for further education the world of today offers.There are evening schools, extension courses, libraries, and correspondence schools.Some industries have their own classrooms dealing with their problems.Here, in our own organi- [151] zation, we have over three thousand men I should say, taking courses of various kinds.The man who really wants to make a place for himself, either on a new job or by promotion to a better one, need have no difficulty in harmonizing himself with the changing scheme of things.\u201cThere is only one thing sure in our present society, one thing that all men can depend upon with faith, and that is the certainty of change.The man who has assimilated that truth is the one that will least feel the desperation of ineffectuality when he is faced with a career problem.It ought not to be a very difficult truth for him to accept once he absorbs the fact that industry in its progressive form is no different from an individual recognized to be progressive.Both seek the shortest and quickest path to growth and expansion, both retain a flexibility of power and vision that call for change and improvement.\u201d Autrefois, dans l'imprimerie, lorsqu\u2019on se servait de lettres comme signatures, on donnait à la feuille O, le nom de feuille de malheur, car il était dit que cette feuille ne pouvait être tirée sans qu\u2019il arrivât quelque accident.Pour y remédier, il était d\u2019usage d'augmenter le nombre des feuilles de passe, et pour que la légende ne se perdit pas, les compagnons imprimeurs ne se faisaient pas faute de provoquer les anicroches justificatives de cette tradition dont l\u2019origine est inconnue. Avril 1933 TECHNIQUE April, 1933 Telephone Cable Distribution By EDGAR BAKER Graduate, Montreal Technical School FIRM handling a certain well known commodity, improved its business by inaugurating a system of rapid and frequent delivery to retail stores.This together with a \u2018\u2018catch phrase\u2019\u2019 and suitable advertising, brought before the public, the fact that they could always be sure of obtaining a fresh article.The important part of the plan, was the method of delivery or distribution.Other firms who are obliged to pay attention to the method used in distributing their products or commodities, are the bakeries and milk companies.These are perhaps the commonest examples that may be found in any of the larger communities.These are facts that are more or less self-evident to any thinking person.There are, however, two companies whose methods of distribution are rarely thought of.Possibly this is because the means of distribution are always at hand waiting to be used and is just taken for granted.I refer to the telephone and power companies.The average individual sees the wires that enter his or her house, and the pole or cable-lead that they come from.Farther than that, all the general public sees or knows of, are wires and cables and they come from a power-house or central-office.The purpose of this article is to give a rough idea of the problems and practices that a telephone engineer must take into consideration when installing new cable or replacing old or inadequate plant equipment.If it were possible to start with a district already built up, the problems confronting the engineer would be greatly simplified.Fortunately or unfortunately, as that may be, this is far from being the case.The ideal arrangement would be one in which there were no spare cable pairs, no bad pairs and no one waiting for service.It is easy to see that this condition is far from what is found in actual practice.To begin with, spare cable pairs represent idle plant equipment, which means additional overhead expense.This is another way of saying, \u2018Money tied up in unproductive equipment.\u201d On the other hand, a sufficient number of spares are desired to allow expansion and to replace any working pairs that may develop trouble.It may not be considered worth while opening the cable to repair these pairs.From the foregoing, one can readily see that the district or locality is as important | a factor as any thing.The arrangement of a | cable lead serving a business district would be entirely different to that serving a suburban area.It would also differ from that serving a residential section in a large city.Although the three types of districts call for different methods, the similar part of all three is the number of stations per unit | of area.It will be seen from this that the i engineer must know something about the number of telephones in the district, the type of service, and the possibility of «kW J is {00 J ft gp Ried! i pa ih SE pis fecabl etd Js the apte br gi growth.A large portion of this information he may obtain from statistical records.The of amount of statistics used by a large tele- # phone company would be surprising to the § average person.Having obtained the information desired, .the next problem is to determine size of cable required.Incidentally, the type of construction must be taken into account, whether aerial or underground, also the chances of interference with or from the property of other companies or private individuals.In some cases, due to the condition of the existing cable, it may be necessary to replace it entirely.When this is the case, cable of a suitable size is placed and led direct from the office or bridged into a main lead.At other times relief is provided by bridging in, or \u2018splicing\u2019, additional outlets.These, outlets take the form of can-tops, (for poles), wall terminals and boxes.The pole and wall terminals are of two sizes, 16 and| 26 pairs.The boxes are only used to ter-' §: minate large cables of from 101 to 404 pairs.They are usually found at the junction of the aerial and underground cable.fi The commonest sizes are the one and two § hundred pair boxes.In addition to pro-: À viding extra outlets, new cable may be provided to serve a portion of the area.A typical case is shown in sketches A & [152] TECHNIQUE April, 1933 B.This is for a typical residential district This should serve as a fair illustration of a city.When the cable was first in- of a simple plan.H stalled to serve the six streets shown, the When one of the larger modern office {district was only partially built up.The buildings is built, a cable of suitable size ÿengineer making a survey of the locality is led direct from the Central Office to decided that a hundred pair cable (actually it terminating in a terminal-box in the 101 pairs) would eventually be needed on basement.From all floors in the building, rad each street.For the present needs it was smaller cables are run down to this ter- prie permissible to bridge two streets together.minal box.As a matter of fact, there may [Ihe cable lay-out was in the manner shown pe several floor boxes on one floor, depend- Jin sketch A.ing on the size and shape of the building.| As the district grew the cable became The connections between the house cable @icongested.It was decided that an addi- and the underground lead are made by tional three hundred pairs was needed to means of cross-connecting jumpers.This supply the area with satisfactory service.is to increase the flexibility of the system, no WoL | Mg : ?} § $ \" > © 8 Q ir LS so = 3 S 5 LS IS S ,Ç 319 .x » cm a à ÿ$ EE 6 A rn ND } \u201c SN I IE | NE J Ye SIR S S ~ SIR 8 it tt = S $ > S J it tf = S Li tr: jte Tr tel tot Val À S S | s 21S S elo S je! $|S Rg IS Ni 2 AS 21S uf! QS SIN ! Q So Siw 0 QUI ; Ul ! NN & S Uw N IS Xi NE NE D |N IS SS 915 = SI = Sim DIS S 600 pairs 300 purs Now, a three hundred pair cable could have making it possible to connect any house been run in to the third street and the pair to any underground pair.The wiring fourth, fifth and sixth streets cut away on each floor may be run in conduits or from the old cable to the new.However concealed by moulding.knowing that the old cable had received But even in this case, the all important several injuries from time to time, in the question is, \u201cHow many telephones will it section between the first and third street, be required to serve, both now and in the it was decided to replace it entirely, with a near future?\u201d new six hundred pair cable in this section.It is difficult for any one engaged in a Incidentally, to prevent the congestion of technical occupation to give another a very underground cable ducts, it is not good clear conception of his work without using policy to have too many small cables too many technical terms and phrases.underground.When this was placed, the If I have only succeeded in causing you to Streets were \u2018\u2018unbridged,\u201d providing a full think of the vast net-work of telephone hundred pair for the use of eachstreet.cable in this city, and the amount of plan- The district is now served by the plan ning and care it requires, I shall feel that shown in sketch B.I have accomplished something, [ 158 ] Avril 1933 TECHNIQUE N.i World's First Man-Made Coal Mine Now Under Construction By Joun A.MALONEY Publicity Director, Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, Illinois in Jackson Park, Chicago, a full-sized operating bituminous coal mine is now under construction as the major exhibit for the opening of the Museum of Science and Industry, founded by Julius Rosen- wald.The Museum is to open its doors to the public on May 1st, 1933.Much effort has been expended in evolving the plans for this unique reproduction of a full-sized coal mine in the Museum in order that such a degree of accuracy may be attained in both the mechanical and geological details that not only the public but students and members of the coal industry will find it a real mine in every detail.On the first of May the visitor entering the Museum building will find himself in front of a full-sized mine hoist, manned by an engineer and reeling five hundred feet of cable.Beyond the hoist will be the head frame of the mine which will rise sixty five feet above the main floor.Beyond the headframe stands the huge fan which ventilates the mine beneath.The fan housing is fitted with explosion doors and parts of its metal housing are cut away and enclosed in glass so that the visitor can actually see the operation of blowing the 30,000 cubic feet of air per minute required for this mine.In accordance with good mine practice the man- escape way is also adjacent to the fan housing.At three-minute intervals the cage or the skip will appear at the top of the head- frame; the cage ready to take thirty people into the mine itself and the skip dumping seven tons of coal which it has raised from the shaft bottom.Ascending the stairs around the headframe the visitor will enter the cage and descend into the 500-foot shaft.As the cage approaches the center of the shaft a blast of cold air and the musty smell of the coal mine greets the group.The cage rushes on to the bottom of the shaft.Arriving there the visitors leave the cage and inspect the pump room where water trickles in through ditches and 1s pumped out of the mine.The office I the rehabilitated Fine Arts Building [ 154 ] of the mine superintendent is also open for inspection and the visitors view the wall charts that indicate the position of both men and cars in the mine.At a glance they see in graphic form the layout of the mine through which they are about to go._ Next the group sees a rotary dump taking full-sized loaded mine cars, turning them upside down and righting them empty.The cars pivot on their couplings and hence the dumping is a continuous operation.\u2019 As the cars pass into the rotary dump they] are automatically weighed.Ascending a short ramp the visitors find a regulation mine train, consisting of an electric locomotive and two cars, ready to take them on a trip to the working face to see the coal} actually being mined.When the cars aref loaded with people the engineer throws the control lever and the train moves forward into the main haulage way and the trip} to the working face has begun.After a three-minute ride through the} semi-darkness of the haulage way the train stops and without leaving the cars the visitors watch the operation of the short wall cutter and the coal getter in a low seam.When this operation is completed and the geological formation of this type of coal has been explained, the train moves on to the next working face which is a room-and-pillar mine.Here the group leaves the train to walk through rooms that have already been mined and which are supported by pillers of coal.A modern Jefirey arc wall cutter is operated for their benefit making a cut ten feet wide.The coal that has been blasted out the night before is gathered by the ingenious arms of the Joy loader and carried by the conveyor to a car which is drawn by a gathering fh locomotive.A post drill is also in operation preparing the holes into which dynamite | will be tapped after the day shift leaves the | mine.As the visitor proceeds up the counter § gangway, he is able to look up and down 1 the chutes that have been worked through an inclined seam and this gives him a clear 4 (Continued on page 167) Je, April, 1933 il cher; ran dub shies reuvre \u20ac ré font chalet ais et à jrs ville zérrells [ existe age, © travail, 2 dans 1 la ré i empl Hl ce ARMENT civer lane | \u2018Étusté, ion, UN étae HL Dro rage 2, L code * fy sah it vig bi, |} Le pre P lrg à S fem \" ds : if aoril 1033 ~ TECHNIQUE April, 1933 Les charpentes d\u2019échafaudage (1) Par E.MORGENTALER Chef-Instructeur, atelier de menuiserie, Ecole Technique de Montréal i PREMIERE PARTIE | A charpente des échafaudages est une 0 | branche très importante dans l\u2019art fy du bâtiment, importante par les res- «Jbonsabilités encourues, au cas où la main- ho {'oeuvre et la résistance du matériel em- , Mployé font défaut.Aussi la construction u;iles échafaudages est soumise à des règle- iments et des inspections dans nos princi- nf pales villes afin de protéger des pertes or matérielles et les vies humaines.Il existe une variété de formes d\u2019échafaudage, chacune appropriée à un genre ile travail, mais en général on peut dire :Jaue dans tout échafaudage on doit recher- i cher la résistance du point d\u2019appui, du de pois employé, des attaches et l'indéfor- _ Bmabilité de l\u2019ensemble.rate pi ing | ec SCRETAIEMENT.as .nA Etayer un batiment c\u2019est lui donner mo- ¢ fmentanément des soutiens en bois pour 'empécher de s\u2019écrouler, soit par suite de sa vétusté, soit par suite de vices de cons- pf truction.4 On étaie aussi un bâtiment lorsque l\u2019on qfveut procéder à des changements ou à de ,| grosses réparations qui peuvent menacer #temporairement la stabilité de la construc- pd tion.Co Le code civil ordonne que toute per- 5 sonne faisant une excavation soit tenue responsable des dommages causés à la pro- #priété voisine, du fait et par suite de ces travaux.Il devient nécessaire dans certains de cas, de prendre des mesures pour soutenir @les murs des édifices voisins par des supports temporaires.| 4 Quelle que soit la solidité d\u2019une construc- i tion dès qu\u2019il s\u2019agit d\u2019y travailler sous la base, on doit étayer avant de ne rien entre- \u2018Jprendre.Ce sont toujours les charpentiers Jui posent les étais.Ces étais sont de plu- # sieurs genres suivant le cas où ils sont em- } ployés.En principe on ne doit pas chercher à ÿ faire des économies et l\u2019on ne saurait trop y} prendre de rrécautions pour éviter les tasse- à ÿ ments ments qui menacent la stabilité d\u2019un édifice.| La! a) 1) Le règlement No 999 de la Cité de Montréal règlemente la constructions et I' inspection des échafaudages.Si l\u2019étaiement d\u2019une construction est une chose sérieuse, l'enlèvement des étais est encore plus important.Avant d'effectuer ce travail on doit prendre connaissance de tous les points d\u2019appui et n\u2019enlever les étais qu\u2019au fur et à mesure qu'on a pu se rendre compte de la solidité des ouvrages.Fic.1.\u2014Arc-boutant ARCS-BOUTANTS.Les arcs-boutants sont en principe, des arcs de pierre qui soutiennent extérieurement la poussée des voûtes d\u2019une église entre ses murs.Par analogie on a donné ce nom d\u2019arc-boutant à toute pièce de bois, quoique droite, qui sert à arc-bouter une construction quelconque qu'il s\u2019agit de soutenir.Les étaiements par arcs-boutants sont employés surtout contre les murs qui menacent de s\u2019écrouler.La Figure 1 montre un simple arc-boutant.Le haut de l\u2019étai porte dans une niche faite avec soin dans le mur; par le bas il porte sur une semelle de bois établie sur un bon sol.[ 155 ] U vi Avril 1933 TECHNIQUE April, 1933 Pour qu\u2019un arc-boutant soutienne efficacement un mur il faut qu\u2019il opère une forte pression en poussant et en levant au point de contact, ce qu\u2019on ne peut obtenir qu\u2019en donnant de la raideur dans la pente des poteaux placés en arc-boutant.c\u2019est-à- dire en rapprochant le plus possible le pied de chaque étai de celui du mur.Ces étais ayant toutefois une longueur suffisante pour que leur inclinaison par rapport à l'horizon ne soit pas moindre que 65 degrés.Pour raidir un arc-boutant, c\u2019est-à-dire pour l\u2019amener à une pression propre à soutenir le mur, il faut faire glisser lentement son pied sur la semelle.S\u2019il s\u2019agit de soutenir un mur en mauvais état, il faut se garder de frapper l\u2019étai avec une masse de fer ou de bois ce qui occasionnerait des secousses dangereuses qui pourraient aboutir à la chute de la construction.Il faut donc le faire avancer par l\u2019effort d\u2019une pince.Si plusieurs arcs-boutants doivent servir au soutien d\u2019un mur, il faut les raidir ensemble et de la même quantité, faire attention de ne pas dépasser la raideur nécessaire au soutien que l\u2019on veut donner au mur sans cela, on risquerait de le renverser du côté opposé à celui sur lequel 11 menace ruine.En général les étais se maintiennent par le seul effet de leur frottement sur les semelles, mais il est prudent afin de prévenir tout glissement de placer une calle en forme de coin sous le bout inférieur de chaque étai.On fixe ces coins en les clouant sur les semelles.Lorsque des charges excessives doivent être soulevées on emploie des vérins.La Figure 2 montre la méthode suivie pour étayer une façade en pierre taillée et brique.GRADE LEVEL On a pratiqué des niches dans le mur de façade pour y placer en hauteur 6 blocs en bois dur a,a,a.D\u2019autres blocs b,b,b sont entaillés dans les montants D, laissant un espace pour y loger des coins servant à com 7 \"MUR 7 VERIA = ; SCREW TACK \u2014R 8 777 Fic.2.\u2014Arc-boutant raidir les blocs a,a,a dans leurs niches Les pièces C sont boulonnées aux montants D.Les arcs-boutants S,S,S sont soulevés TAE WALL CORBEL OUT RELACHEMENT DU MU \u2018 - \u2014 TE a xi& - c-o.c.JM p 0 p 3X3 = 7 ; /, / 4, / / ; Pa 1 TA I H 7 74 ! I / \u201c 7 ./ = y 11030 / M 27 AV 7 3 1 1-74 / VLC i _ TH NE K rela\u201d | }| / - Par F_ \u2014~F Le I \u2018 lu / anse / Sm 1 NOUVELLE FOMDATIOM vd > CT.XI MEW FOUNDATION Ve P Ne P vl\u2026_- H J \u201c3 ph L F1.3.\u2014 Chevalement;sous fondation [ 156 | | J qi 195 7 i i dé \" ji ak = = = à Opéra de |-Le a ea sem =r April, 1933 i Avril 1033 par des vérins appuyés sur le blocage T iid bien calé sur le sol.Le serrage des six @ vérins doit se faire bien ensemble afin d\u2019api @ipliquer une raideur uniforme à chacun des \u2018M arcs-boutants.On doit prendre soin de creuser les niches dans le mur prés du niveau des planchers afin que le mur ne céde pas sous la poussée - des arcs-boutants.CHEVALEMENT.Lorsqu'il s\u2019agit de reprendre un mur par Klen dessous ou de faire des changements dans les ouvertures ou de descendre le mur de fondation à un niveau inférieur, on soutient wile mur par des chevalets pendant le temps nécessaire au travail.La Figure 3 représente un cas typique d\u2019un chevalement sous un mur qui doit être descendu de plusieurs pieds dans le sol.Les opérations de travail sont faites dans \"l'ordre suivant: 1.\u2014 L'excavation principale pour le mur pest faite jusqu\u2019à quelques pouces du fond de la semelle S du mur M.| 2.\u2014 On creuse des puits P P P P de 3 à :4 pieds carrés jusqu\u2019au niveau approximatif ide l\u2019excavation projetée.Chaque puits est protégé contre les éboulis par un cloisonnage ibien étayé P P.Dans un sol résistant le | puits peut être creusé à 2 ou 3 pieds du mur.| Dans un sol mou cette distance devrait être la même que pour la profondeur.3.\u2014 Au fond du puits on place une plate- forme F F composée de gros bois portant }jsur une base en madriers.Cette plate- forme sert d'assise au poteau O supportant une des extrémités de chevalet Aid Si le plancher du sous-sol de l'édifice est tif assez résistant on pose une plateforme R ji de même genre que celle en F F.Cette { plateforme sera placée à telle distance de l'excavation projetée pour former un angle de pas moins de 30 degrés.5.\u2014 On étaie par une cloison L L vis-à-vis de cette plateforme R telle qu\u2019indiqué par | une ligne pointillée sur le croquis, et de facon à ne pas nuire à la construction de la ; nouvelle fondation.6.\u2014 Ayant préparé les deux supports pour chaque extrémité du chevalet A, on ÿ creuse le trou pour y passer le chevalet.{ Celui-ci porte à l\u2019extérieur sur le poteau O | et les deux blocs M et N.A la base du bloc on pose deux coins K pour le raidissage | du poteau.A l\u2019intérieur le vérin agit pour ï soulever le chevalet A.Le chevalet peut 9 Être une pièce de gros équarrissage ou bien + Une ou plusieurs poutrelles d\u2019acier.\\ PRAIRIE RAL TECHNIQUE 7.\u2014 Les chevalets peuvent être placés à des écartements variant d\u2019après les ouvertures, la composition et la charge du mur de l'édifice à supporter.Dans tous les cas la charge supportée par chaque chevalet doit être soigneusement calculée afin d\u2019établir de manière sûre la dimension des chevalets et leur écartement.8.\u2014 Aussitôt que la charge est soutenue par les chevalets, les parties du mur en suspens peuvent être enlevées et l\u2019excavation exécutée jusqu\u2019au niveau V.La vue de face de la figure 3 montre par une forte ligne en zigzag le relâchement de la brique sous la poussée verticale du chevalet.Cependant la maçonnerie peut être retenue en place par la cohésion d\u2019un bon mortier, et l\u2019on évite la dislocation du mur suspendu dans le vide, par FrG.4.\u2014 Etayage cantilever l\u2019emploi de barres d'acier ou de chaînes attachées aux chevalets.Dans le cas où l\u2019on ne pourrait se servir de chevalet se projetant à l\u2019intérieur de l'édifice à cause du genre d'occupation de celui-ci, on emploie la méthode dite cantilever montrée figure 4.Le chevalet A agit comme un cantilever, une partie de la charge du mur est supportée par l\u2019étai incliné B et l\u2019autre partie par le chevalet en C.Le chevalet est balancé sur le montage de gros bois.L\u2019arc-boutant B est raidi a sa base par un coin en bois dur.7, DIR ÿ WEDGE Nag A 7-77 NELDLE -C CHEVALET C\u2019est à Guillaume Le Bret, imprimeur à Paris, qu\u2019est dûe, en 1546, l'invention du guillemet.Il était alors figuré par deux virgules côte à côte qu\u2019on ne retournait pas.Ce n\u2019est que bien plus tard que fût gravé le signe spécial employé aujourd\u2019hui pour enfermer les citations.Les Anglais et les Allemands remplacent les guillemets par deux apostrophes et deux virgules retournées\u2026 et nous les imitons malheureusement trop souvent dans la Province de Québec, même dans nos éditions et journaux français.[157 ] | 8 I a ses Avral 1033 TECHNIQUE .i i, April, 1933 1% Link Disconnecting Boxes By H.C.HOBAN, A.M.I.E.E.Henley Research Laboratories T is not uncommon for an engineer to object to the installation of a particular piece of plant on the grounds that it is too big and will occupy too much valuable room.This is particularly so in the case of electrical distribution equipment.Every square foot of floor space should be utilized to its fullest extent, whether it is in the stores, station, or manhole, and it is with ] the latter position that we are chiefly concerned in this article.The functions of a link disconnecting box, although simple, necessitate its immediate accessibility, be it for the purpose of isolating a faulty cable section or putting a length into commission, and for thisreason it cannot be tucked away into any odd corner.It is possible, however, by careful design, to construct a box of small dimensions without detracting in any way from the efficiency associated with the larger boxes.With this latter object in mind, a number of experimental boxes were constructed; these were subjected to suitable tests and where necessary the construction of the [ 158 ] fet ip jo 8 Jar alle models was modified in order to remove # any defects which were made apparent as # a result of the tests.Particular attention was paid to the facility with which the box could be installed under field conditions, : and any operation which would be likely to present some difficulty to the joiner | was simplified.This procedure led to the adoption of such features as the cable connector buckle, the mechanical \u201c\u2018cable- grip\u2019 bond, wedge tightened links, etc, in the final design.| Before describing the tests that were actually conducted on the completed box, a brief description of some of its constructional details may be of interest.Fig.1 illustrates the method adopted of securing the contact pillars to the cable §.conductor whilst they are being sweated together.When the oval-shaped buckle is, say, at position \u2018\u201c\u2018a\u2019\u2019, the limbs of the cable connector are sprung slightly apart, thus it is a simple matter to introduce the cable D conductor into the circular opening.When §% the conductor is in position, the buckle {§.f is driven down to its final position at \u201cb\u201d » Avril 1933 TECHNIQUE HSH OO TT HUO RS EN April, 1933 4 vhere it causes the limbs of the connector 0 press firmly on to the conductor.Thus the assembly 1s held securely whilst the ointer is enabled to sweat the whole junction solid.A second very novel feature in the design )f the link system is the compact form of che link itself.The clamping device can be sperated by a screwdriver held vertically, 4 hus avoiding the necessity of providing a space at the side of the link for the mani- @bulation of a spanner.This clamping device 's shown in detail in Fig.2.#ÿ' The link consists of two wedge section 8 oars (A) which are held together by a stain- ess steel spring clip (B).A wedge clamping piece (C) is provided at each end of the pars, this wedge being operated by a screw member (D), the head of which is easily accessible at the top of the fitting.The arrangement provides an effective means of ensuring a good pressure contact be- \u2018ween the faces of the terminal pillar and the link.In order to keep the resistance losses within the box at a minimum, high con- luctivity copper strip is used for the con- luctor fittings and busbars.An insulating frame built up with Bakelite sheet held together with moulded Bakelite corner pieces is inserted between the links to prevent accidental contact between terminals; the lower edge of this separator A is embedded in the compound during the hlling operation and thus becomes an integral part of the box.The well-known Henley diving-bell cover, cablegrip glands, etc., have been incorpo- brated in the new boxes, these features having proved entirely satisfactory after years of use under all manner of conditions.CONSTRUCTION.- | Three boxes of the design detailed above Were constructed, and these were subjected to a complete series of tests to determine fitheir efficiency.The sizes of the boxes are f given below :\u2014 0.06 square inch 5-core 4-way.0.12 square inch 5-core 4-way.0.25 square inch 5-core 4-way.Each box was jointed to a length of low- {tension cable, and observation was made ÿ during the jointing process of the facility with which the boxes could be jointed.À mains engineer, who incidentally had 4 Many years\u2019 experience in the field with all classes of jointing, was present during f the whole of the constructional work and he expressed the opinion that the boxes are extremely simple to make up and should present no difficulties under field conditions.TEMPERATURE RISE.Each box was subjected to a current- heating test and the results obtained are illustrated graphically in Figs.3, 4 and 5.100 125 Frc.3 150 Fic.4 60 40 20 300 Frc.5 350 The curves indicate the temperature attained by one of the inner links (the hottest part of the box) after the current has been applied for four hours, a period representing approximately the practical conditions of peak loading.The continuous rating of the 0.25 square inch box is also shown in Fig.5.The values of temperature rise given by the curve are the maximum attained after prolonged periods of current loading.An examination will show that these results compare favourably with the working temperature of paper-insulated cables of the equivalent conductor sections.PRESSURE TESTS.Each box was subjected to a pressure of [ 159 ] Avril 1933 TECHNIQUE April, 1933 2,500 volts, the pressure being applied between bunched cores and earth and between individual cores.The boxes withstood this pressure satisfactorily for fifteen minutes.Next the boxes were subjected to a three- phase voltage breakdown test, and the results obtained are given in the table below \u2014 Three-phase Box breakdown.Remarks 0.06 square inch 15.6 kV Flashover in air 0.12 square inch 13.6 kV between adja- 0.25 square inch 17.3 kV cent links.The reason the 0.06 square inch box gave a higher breakdown value than the 0.12 square inch box is that the wedge Fic.5 (0) (b) These illustrations show the wiping action produced as the link is withdrawn from the terminal pillar.(a) Wedge section bars gripping tightly on to terminal pillar (the left-hand bar is cut away to show action of screw tightening device).(b) The link nearly clear of the terminal pillar.Note the flared edges which act as arcing tips.(c) The link just clear of the terminal pillar.The two bars have been closed together by the action of the stainless steel spring on the left.clamp links of the latter box project nearer to the top of the Bakelite separator thau do the spring links of the smaller box, consequently the flashover distance in the smaller box is slightly greater.The ad- = vantage gained by thus permitting flash- H over in air before, say, a puncture of the dielectric in the box or the cable, is that, should a voltage surge occur, flashover in [160 ] air between the links will take place and the risk of damaging the interior of the box |; or cable is avoided.A more detailed description of the link disconnecting boxes now follows: Whilst in many respects the general design\u2014particularly of the cast-iron ex- terior\u2014is similar to the existing range of Henley Link Disconnecting Boxes, several new features have been introduced, the most outstanding of which, perhaps, is the link fitting (Fig.6).As mentioned, this consists of two wedge section bars held together by a stainless steel spring clip.Wedge Underside view of interior, showing the brass bushings to the terminal pillars and the busbars of tinned high conductivity copper.clamping pieces operated by screw membereg close these bars tightly on to the terminal pillars.The lower edges of the bars are flared outwards to act as arcing tips, whilst the spring causes the two bars to close and produce a wiping action as the link i rechercher une profondeur moyenne he bnvenant à la surface entière considérée : est celle du centre de gravité G de cette FrG.1 ême surface.D'ailleurs, une expérience prt simple qui suffit à démontrer le rôle apital que joue cette quantité h, dans évaluation des pressions statiques, con- lut comme suit: « La force pressante P xercée par un liquide de poids spécifique ® ur une surface S quelconque immergée, quivaut au poids d\u2019une colonne de ce nême liquide ayant pour base cette surface , et pour hauteur la distance verticale h, e son centre de gravité G au niveau libre », ge que traduit l\u2019équation P=Shçæ Surface libre Fic.2 On pourrait encore évaluer les pressions Ptatiques totales au moyen de certaines considérations géométriques.Ainsi, que l\u2019on ÿ-onvienne de représenter par ST = how la pression normale au point S (Voir Fig.2), (elle en O (point de surface libre) étant nulle (réduite à un point), il s'ensuit que NM correspond à celle exercée en M,que la surface du triangle MNO est proportionnelle également à la somme des pressions normales élémentaires développées sur la droite OM, et que pareillement le volume prismoidal OMNPQR apprécie la totalité des pressions que subit normalement, en ses différents points, la surface rectangulaire OPQOM immergée.On peut donc concevoir, à simple inspection, que la pression totale intéressant la surface rectangulaire ABCD située en contre-bas du niveau libre, est proportionnelle au volume ABCDEFGH.Fic.3 De même l'examen attentif de la construction de la figure 3 nous fait entrevoir, que le volume ABCDEF est représentatif de la pression totale développée normalement par le liquide, sur la surface triangulaire ABC immergée.Les volumes OMNPOR (Fig.2), ABCD EFGH (Fig.2) et ABCDEF (Fig.3) sont appelés « volumes de pression statique».Fic.4 Evaluons maintenant ces « volumes de force » pour le cas de quelques surfaces simples immergées.[ 173 | FETE ANR A EAN NN A RE EN CT EN HEN bhi teat albii] big ects trente NADINE ONDES SALAS AE ME RE BPE MN BL EEE NPE MAEM RI EM I A NE QE | Avril 1933 TECHNIQUE April, 1933 Li a) Rectangle ABCD vertical et adjacent a la surface libre (Voir Fig.4).Pression en A=0 Pression en B =BF=p=ho Pression totale P =volume ABCDEF \u2014 Lgho Xx bh = 222.2 FrG.5 Fic.6 i i b) Triangle BAC vertical, à base BC horizontale, avec sommet À au niveau de surface en (Voir Fig.5).Pression en A=0 Pression en B =BD=p=he Pression totale P =volume ABDEC 2 =14h xhæb= ke : c) Triangle BAC vertical à base BC adjacente au niveau libre (Voir Fig.6).Pression en B =0 4h Pression en A =AD=p=ho on Pression totale P = volume DAB œ lw =\u2014 1 \u2014= e Lobh X 3 6 =r Bp | H#=\u2014== | TA 5 A | an JG UN b pb LG Me D C H { a Poh \u2014] FiG.7 Fic.8 d) Surface plane circulaire verticale, de diamétre d et tangente au plan du nivea libre (Voir Fig.7).Pression en A =0 | Pression en B =BC=p=de Pression totale P =volume ABC ; _ 7 do_ dio b 47%2° 8 IN Si, au lieu d\u2019affleurer la surface libre du liquide, ces mêmes surfaces étaient situées / à une profondeur h,, en contre-bas de ce niveau, le problème ne cesserait de s'inspire: ÿ du même principe comme on va le voir, bien qu\u2019offrant apparemment moins de simplicité a) Rectangle ABCD vertical, situé à une profondeur h, en contre-bas du niveat + de surface libre (Voir Fig.8).1\\ Pression en A =AE=p,=h Pression en D =DI=p,=h,e | 174] 1 vril 1033 TECHNIQUE April, 1933 Pression totale P =volume ABCDEF]I = vol.ABCDEFGH+ vol.EFGHIJ =b(h,\u2014h,) Xh,e-+b(h;\u2014h,) X __b(h}\u2014h%)o | (h,\u2014h,)æ 2 FiF.9 F1G.10 b) Triangle BAC vertical à base BC horizontale, avec sommet A à h, en contre-bas +f 1 niveau libre (Voir Fig.9).Pression en À =AD=p,=h,e Pression en B =BE =p,=h,0 Pression totale P =volume ABCDEF = vol.ABCDGH+ vol.DGEFH \u2014h h,\u2014h = 20h ye, Bal pn, © _ b(@h%\u2014h,h,\u2014h}) © | = 6 c) Triangle BAC vertical et renversé, à base BC horizontale et située à h, en contre- ps du niveau libre (Voir Fig.10).Pression en B =BD=p,=h 0 Pression en A =AE=p,=h,e Pression totale P =volume BACDEF = vol.BACDGF +vol.EDGF = tn) xh, 20a) x (Rah) w b(h%+h,h, \u2014 2h) @ 6 d) Surface plane circulaire et verticale, de diamètre d, et dont le point le plus haut 74st à h, en contre-bas du niveau libre (Voir Fig.11).Pression en À =AC=p,=h,0 Pression en B =BE=p,=h,0 Pression totale P =volume ABEC = vol.ABDC+vol.EDC \u2014 2 _ 2 \u2014 | = Zh) xh, 0+ E02\u201d h,) o (Be Je _ T (Ag \u2014 h1)*(h,+h,) ® nd?® (2h, +d) | 8 ou 8 Voila pour la valeur de ces volumes de force, correspondant aux pressions statiques totales exercées sur les surfaces simples considérées.C\u2019est là le premier item du programme NY, que nous nous sommes proposé.Ces pres- NN sions statiques totales étant évaluées, le _ moment serait maintenant venu d\u2019en déter- : miner les points d\u2019application, ne fusse l\u2019espace plutôt restreint qui nous est accordé.\u2014 p=hw \u2014d Nous remettons donc au mois prochain la Fic.11 suite de notre étude.[175] FCT PTOI THIS RT TOPE Laiaidiaialaiy! RE RMI ARR TI IE NAN ETC RER FETES PEER IS ET PERTE OCT DICO HD EEE NN OC SE A RE FRE EEA Avril 1933 TECHNIQUE April, 1933 Native Elements By S.H.Ross, M.sc.Professor, Montreal Technical School PART II \u2014 METALS OLD (Au), although found chiefly e in the free condition is commonly alloyed with small amounts of silver and at times with traces of copper and iron.California gold contains between 10 and 15 per cent.silver.The greater part of native gold is about 90 per cent.\u2018fine\u2019 or contains 10 per cent.of other metals.Gold containing unusually high percentages of silver (25 to 40 per cent.) is known as electrum.Native gold is found in disseminated scales or grains, in arborescent (branching) forms or in large nuggets.It is seldom definitely crystallized.The colour of gold is variable in tints and shades of yellow depending upon purity, becoming paler with increase in the percentage of silver present.It is the most malleable and ductile of metals and the heaviest (specific gravity 19.3) with the exception of platinum and osmium.Gold is slightly harder than the thumb nail and to enable it to resist ware it is alloyed with copper and silver.It is insoluble in ordinary mineral acids but soluble in aqua regia, giving chlorauric acid (H.Au.Cl).It is distinguished in nature from other yellow minerals by its malleability, its insolubility and its great weight.Although gold is a rare element, it is found widely distributed in nature, occurring in small amounts.It is to be found most commonly, in situ, in quartz veins and, in secondarv deposits, in ditrital sands and gravels known as placer deposits.It is also present in small amounts in sea water.Cold occurs almost wholly as the native metal, the only class of compounds which it forms in nature being the tellurides, a comparatively rare group.The compounds of gold are extremely unstable and the metal separates from them with the greatest ease.The chief source of gold is the gold- quartz veins.It occurs in these veins usually as very small specks scattered uniformly throughout the quartz gangue.The con- teats of these veins have been deposited from ascending mineral-bearing solutions.In the majority of veins the gold is so finely divided and uniformly distributed that it presence in the ore cannot be detected with the unaided eye.With the value of gold at $20 a troy ounce, ore which contains one per cent.of gold by weight would be worth}: about $6,000 to the ton, while an ore con-§ taining only 0.01 per cent.gold would still}, be a rich ore, having a value of $60 pe ton.Ores are now mined at a profit which contain only 0.001 per cent.of gold and yield $6 to the ton.So it might be quitelf impossible to detect the presence of goldÿ in a valuable ore by any ordinary tests.A definite estimation of the amount of gold#.present by means of a careful assay is thé only way usually to determine the value of an ore.Occasionally, under favorable conditions, the gold may collect in larges amounts in nests and pockets in the veins#,.In the quartz veins, the gold is frequently c associated with sulphides, particularly witk@\"\" pyrite (FeS,).Ores that contain the gol free from intimate association with sul phides are known as \u2018\u2018free-milling\u2019\u2019 becaus their gold content can be recovered b amalgamation with mercury on plates ove: which the finely crushed ore runs from thy stamp mill.Where sulphides are presen: in any quantity all of the gold cannot bi removed bv amalgamation, and a chemica process, either cynidation or chlorination § must be used, either alone, or in additio to the amalgamation.Native gold, on account of its gre weight, is mechanically sorted in funni water from the lighter material of the sand and gravels in which it may occur and | concentration frequently takes place i stream beds, gold placers being formec Sand bars, etc., may contain rich place : deposits.Irregularities in the bottom of | stream frequently act as natural riffles an catch behind them the heavier gold travelin along the bottom of the stream.In genera such deposits will be richer as the strear is ascended and the original veins fror which the gold has been derived are af proached.In California, changes in th elevation of the country have caused [176] | -\u2014 fs. ! loril 1033 ~~ TECHNIQUE April, 1933 | earrangement of the drainage, and in laces old gravel beds are to be found to-day ipon hillsides.At Cape Nome, Alaska, he beach sands contained gold, and by the iction of the waves the gold has been toncentrated to form placer deposits.| Gold is used chiefly for coinage and ewelry.Gold coins of the United States ronsist of nine parts gold and one part opper.For jewelry purposes copper and ilver are alloyed with gold to increase its lardness.The gold content of such alloys s expressed in \u2018karats\u2019.Pure gold is \u201824 karat\u2019 fine.14 karat gold consists of [4/24ths gold and 10/24ths other metals.The most important gold-producing coun- Piries of the world in order of rank are as \u2018ollows: South Africa, Canada, and United States.The value of their output of gold \u2018or the vear 1931 is £45,741,748, $55,715,120 and $49,527,200 respectively.About one half of the California production and all Jf Alaskas\u2019 comes from placer deposits.\u2018§/The region known as the Rand, near \u2018Johannesburg in the Transvaal, South Africa, is the most productive gold district in the world.Native silver (Ag) like native gold is rarely if ever pure.It commonly contains Padmixtures of gold, copper, and other \u2018Jmetals in extremely variable proportions.Unlike gold, silver occurs not only native, ¥ but in common compounds.The sulphides, § sulpho salts, and halogen compounds are best known but these minerals are best considered separately.~ Small cubes and octahedrons of silver are the most common crystals.Acicular (needle-like), arborescent, and thread-like structures, plates and scales are also commonly met with.Pure silver is almost perfectly white tarnishing to brown, gray or black colours.It has the same hardness as gold and is malleable and extremely ductile.[tis also an excellent conductor of heat and electricity._ Silver is easily fusible and readily soluble In nitric acid (HNO;), giving on addition of hydrochloric acid (HCl) a curdy white percipitate of silver chloride.It is deposited from solution by the action of a clean copper plate.When an electric discharge passes between the ends of two silver wires, held under water, silver is dispersed at the points and forms a colloidal suspension.i Sulphur compounds in the air tarnish the surface of silver producing silver sulphide 1?(AgS), as do also eggs, secretions from the skin and vulcanized rubber.Silver, like gold, is widely diffused in nature.It occurs usually as small irregular flakes and masses disseminated through various vein minerals, and is often invisible.It is found associated with native copper and ores of copper, lead, arsenic, cobalt and nickel.While native silver is not an uncommon mineral, the larger part of the world\u2019s supply of the metal is obtained from its various compounds, Most of the native silver occurring in nature is probably secondary in origin, having been derived by reduction from some of its compounds.It is rarely found as nuggets.Norway has furnished a great deal of silver in the form of crystals and large masses, some weighing 750 pounds.It is found in large quantities as platy masses, associated with various cobalt and nickel minerals, at Cobalt, Ontario.Many masses from this locality were 95 per cent.silver and weighed from 600 to 1,000 pounds.Native silver is used for coinage, jewelry, and ornemental purposes; also in physical, chemical, and surgical apparatus.For use in silver ware and coins the metal is alloyed with copper to make it harder.American coins contain 90 per cent.of silver, \u2018\u2018900\" fine.British coins formerly contained 92.5 per cent., which is the proportion in sterling silver.On account of their similar melting points, silver and copper alloy readily in all proportions.Copper in small amounts has no effect on the colour of the alloy.An alloy containing 50 per cent.silver and 50 per cent.copper is yellowish in colour.One containing 30 per cent.silver and 70 per cent.copper is red.Silver solder contains 66 per cent.silver, 16 per cent.copper, and 16 per cent.zinc.It is used in jewelry working.Oxidized silver is brass silver- plated by dipping in a bath of silver one ply, and then put in ammonium sulphide and rubbed.It is supposed to keep a constant colour.Silver amalgams, consisting of silver and mercury, are used extensively in dental work.The world\u2019s total production of silver in 1931 was 195,204,341 ounces.The mines of the United States produced 30,932,050 ounces, Canada 20,558,216 ounces.The price of silver varies greatly and is now about 24 cents an ounce.Native copper (Cu), often containing small amounts of silver, bismuth, mercury, etc., occurs free in considerable amounts, particularly on the Michigan shore of [.ake Superior.Crystals are rather com- [177 ] Avril 1933 TECHNIQUE | April, 1033 poi mon, but usually in distorted and branching and arborescent groups.The tetrahexa- hedron, cube, and dodecahedron are the most common crystal forms.It is usually in plates, scales and irregular masses often weighing many tons, and in twisted and wirelike forms.Copper is red by reflected and greenish by transmitted light.In ordinary air, copper becomes slowly covered with a green basic carbonate.Due to tarnish and decomposition products, the colour may be superficially black.It is highly ductile and malleable and is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity, only surpassed by silver.It has the same hardness as silver and gold.Copper dissolves readily in nitric acid, and the solution is coloured a deep blue colour on addition of ammonium hydroxide (NH,OH) in excess.It melts at a temperature of (1083°C.) and is slightly volatile imparting a green colour to the flame.The minerals of copper are much more numerous than those of silver, and represent a wider range of composition.Native copper is commonly, if not always, a secondary mineral, either deposited from solution or formed by the reduction of some solid compound.It is found widely distributed in copper veins, usually in small amounts, associated with various copper minerals, most commonly with the oxidized ores.The most notable deposit of native copper known in the world is on Keweenaw Peninsula in northern Michigan.The copper is found in veins, in amygdaloidal belts, and as a cementing material in sandstone conglomerate.This last type has furnished the most important ore deposits, some of which have been worked for considerably over a mile in vertical depth.The copper has not only acted as a cement to bind the conglomerate together but has often replaced quartz pebbles and even boulders a foot or more in diameter.Frequently the copper encloses nodules of native silver, which were evidently precipitated first and then enveloped by the baser metal.Copper is associated with hydrated silicates and other low temperature minerals.The mines were worked superficially by the Indians and have been actively developed since the middle of the eighteenth century.Most of the copper of the district occurs in very small irregular specks, but notable large masses have been found, one weighing 420 tons.The ores average about 1 per cent.of .does copper.Arsenic is always objection- \u2018various purposes, for example in the manu- copper and are easy to treat.By means of crushing, washing, and concentrating with § gigs and tables the metallic copper isili¢F readily extracted.It is then smelted and refined, cast into ingots and sold as \u2018\u2018lake\u201d copper.Copper is used very extensively in com- gi merce and industry.There are at least fr 600 uses for copper where it is practically fs indispensible.On account of its resistance: git?to the action of weak acids, copper is used.@ for kettles, stills and evaporating pans, for covering roofs and ship\u2019s bottoms, and for coins.It is also used for electrotype reproductions of medals, engraved plates, of type, etc.Great quantities of the metal are used for electrical wires and cables.# Traces of other metals greatly reduce the | conductivity.Thus 0.03 per cent.of arse- § nic lowers the conductivity abour 14 per cent.The qualities of copper are modified for, Jin.special purposes by alloying it with other: metals.Brass contains from 18-40 per cent.zinc and melts at a lower temperature than: gp.able in brass if present in excess of 5/10 per cent.Because lead softens brass and, lowers its tensile strength, 5/10 per cent.is the maximum allowance for lead.Iron! may be introduced through stirring rods, etc., but less than 15 per cent.is not objectionable.Sulphur, introduced by the fuel is very objectionable.Tin is added for facture of condenser tubes.Tin hardens and increases the strength of brass in addition to making it less liable to corrosion.Ferromanganese hardens, increases the tensile strength, and raises the elasticity of brass.Golden brass, used for gilding, contains 80 per cent.copper and 20 per cent, zinc.French gold used for cheap jewelry, % contains 90 per cent.copper and 10 per 4 cent.zinc.Nickel in small quantities 1s not ie objectionable.German silver contains from 19-44 per cent.zinc and 6-22 per cent.nickel, and shows no colour of copper.Bronze contains from 3-30 per cent.tin, also zinc and sometimes lead.On account of its fusibility it was used for castings until largely replaced by cast iron.Gun metal contains 10 per cent., and bell metal 20-24 per cent, tin.The world\u2019s production of copper in 1931 was 1,362,147 metric tons.The leading copper producing countries in 1931 were: United States 475,945 metric tons, Chile }! 224,998 metric tons, South Africa 153,618 [ 178 ] RT Tro M = Jarl 1933 Be tric tons, and Canada 132,117 metric tp ns.The price of copper fluctuates greatly Wad is at present (1932) about 7 cents per li, bund.8\" | Platinum (Pt), named from the Spanish .\"ord meaning silver, usually contains iron ly ip to 19.5 per cent.) and smaller amounts #9 © iridium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iy ppper and at times gold.The amount of Si setallic platinum present seldom exceeds \\ ) per cent.It crystallizes in the isometric stem in cubes, but crystals are rarely uf bund.It usually occurs in small grains rd nd scales, sometimes in irregular masses wf nd nuggets.It has a scratch hardness ef ear to that of a knife which is unusually «wf igh for a metal.It has about the same pecific gravity as gold (19.3) and is malle- ble, ductile, and sectile.Silver-white to | lark gray in colour, it is determined by its igh specific gravity, infusibility, and in- olubility.Infusible at ordinary tempera- ures, having a melting point of (1755°C.) t is fused and welded with the oxyhydrogen low pipe.Platinum is a rare metal which occurs Imost exclusively native, only one rare tompound, sperrylite (Pt.As), being known.Itisfound in quantity in only a few .ocalities in stream sands as placer deposits.In these alluvial deposits it is associated with gold, iron-nickel alloys, chromite, and the rarer metals of the platinum group.Its original source is problably usually in basic igneous rocks where it is sparingly disseminated.Subsequent concentration of the platinum in the sands resulting from the disintegration of these rocks is necessary for the formation of workable deposits of the metal.Platinum was first discovered in the United States of Colombia, South America, where it received its name.In the United ÿ# States small amounts are found in the of black sands of the rivers of the Pacific fé Coast.A recent discovery of platinum in of veins was made in Nevada.of On account of its small chemical activity i 1t 1s used in electrical apparatus and for a making wire, foil, and crucibles and other qt vessels for use in laboratories.Platinum (3 has approximately the same coefficient of gf expansion as glass and is consequently fused into incandescent bulbs to furnish the g electrical connection with the filament in ja the interior.It is used for the measurement ot Of high temperatures by the use of ther- \u2018moelectricity, for spark plugs in explosive LE Motors, and in the manufacture of false TECHNIQUE MHA EMMA EMM MMT LSI MEM I A HHS EE April, 1933 teeth and in fillings for teeth.The metal is employed most extensively, however, for jewelry, chiefly as the setting for diamonds.For the year 1930 the production of platinum in troy ounces from the most important producers is as follows: Columbia 46,232, South Africa 45,500, Canada 34,024, and the United States 5,348.There are no official figures for Russia in 1930 but in 1928 the Russian production was about 78,000 ounces.The price of platinum has fallen off steadily in the past decade.In 1920 platinum was selling for $108 an ounce or more than five times the value of gold.For the year 1931 it averaged $35 an ounce.Native iron (Fe), with always some nickel and usually small amounts of cobalt and traces of other minerals, is rare.Found in greater or less amount in practically all rocks, the mineral species, of which iron is a normal constituent, are numbered by the hundreds.It belongs to the isometric system but is practically always found massive.It has about the same hardness as platinum and is malleable and strongly magnetic.The colour of native iron is steel gray to black.Native iron occurs very sparingly as terrestrial iron, and in the form of meteorites.Its most remarkable occurrence is on the west coast of Greenland where it is found included in basalt (basic volcanic rock) varying in size from small disseminated grains to large masses up to 20 tons in weight.Most meteorites contain native iron.The metal sometimes forms practically the entire body of the meteorite, while at other times it forms a cellular mass inclosing grains of the rock.In the stony meteorites, iron is found disseminated through them in the shape of small grains.Meteorites can usually be recognized by their fused and pitted exterior.They are at first coated with a film of iron oxide (rust) which disappears, however, on continued exposure to the weather.HONESTY What honesty is in deeds sincerity is in words\u2014 the best policy.It is a policy, however, to which the artificial habits of society are not very favourable.The forms of politeness, with all their utility, have this disadvantage, that, in teaching to restrain the real sentiments and ideas which cannot conveniently be expressed, they are apt to lead to the expression of others which are not consistent with the truth.SCIENCE What Art was to the ancient world, Science is to the modern.\u2014Coningsby.[179] Avril 1033 TECHNIQUE | April, 1933| AT Adaptabilité du moteur à l'huile lourde aux châssis des véhicules industriels Par ARMAND GRENIER Chef de la section de l'automobile à l'Ecole Technique de Montréal, et diplômé de la même institution OUS ne reprendrons pas la description du principe du Diesel; ceci a déjà été fait par M.E.Laplante dans le numéro de mars 1932 et M.Arthur S.Suddes dans celui de novembre 1932.Rappelons simplement que le Diesel peut fonctionner soit suivant le cycle à deux temps, soit suivant le cycle à quatre temps.En effet, le moteur Diesel n\u2019absorbe que de l\u2019air pur.Il échappe au reproche que l\u2019on fait au moteur à essence à deux temps, savoir: causer une perte importante de combustible en rejetant dans l\u2019atmosphère une partie des gaz carburés qui ont pénétré dans le cylindre, du fait des ouvertures d'échappement se trouvant découvertes en même temps que celles d\u2019admission.Le Diesel employé sur châssis industriel consomme du gaz-oil, du fuel-oil ou du Diesel-oil.Nous reviendrons plus tard sur les qualités et caractéristiques de ces différents combustibles.Signalons cependant qu\u2019un gaz-oil Shell spécial, produit obtenu par distillation du pétrole, répond aux caractéristiques suivantes: Densité a 15°C.0.854 Inflammabilité Luchaire.110°C.Pouvoir calorifique supérieur.10,830 Point de congélation.\u2014 16°C Point initial de distillation.245°C Point final de distillation.369°C Ce gaz-oil a l\u2019avantage d\u2019être ininflammable aux températures ordinaires.Ainsi j'ai vu l'expérience classique suivante: éteindre une allumette enflammée en la trempant dans un récipient de gaz-oil.C\u2019est là un essai qu\u2019il vaut mieux ne pas tenter avec de l'essence! Donc avantage capital: sécurité absolue contre l'incendie.Le Diesel ayant un taux de compression bien plus élevé que celui du moteur à essence (on sait que le rendement thermique est fonction du taux de compression) aura un rendement thermique supérieur à celui de ce dernier.Ainsi on a constaté, d\u2019après des essais faits sur deux camions de 55 tonnes, travaillant dans des conditions identiques: l\u2019un mu par un moteur à essence et l\u2019autre par un Diesel, que le premier con- Î KF | ie | Es sumait pour environ $4.00 d\u2019essence pur I 100 milles de parcours, tandis que le dernier consumait pour .70 de fuel-oil, pour » le même parcours.L'économie est en partie} dûe au fait que le moteur Diesel parcourt|srù une plus grande distance qu\u2019un moteur a1 Jil essence avec un égal poids de combustiblef ¢ travaillant dans les mêmes conditions, bien entendu.De plus, l'essence coûtant-qù re; approximativement .26 le gallon et le gaz- qui oil n\u2019étant vendu que .08, il y a a actif\u2019 wy arelem Lu \u2018me \u201catème 4e {aur lis évoblèm i Cou Moteur 6 cylindres à l\u2019huile lourde Panhard-Levassor.du Diesel une économie considérable.IR, ; est cependant bon d'ouvrir, à ce sujet, une jy parenthèse: si l'essence est vendue à .26 le À, ; gallon, c\u2019est qu\u2019elle est frappée d\u2019un impôt en de .06 le gallon, qui ne touche pas dans les dy mémes proportions le fuel-oil.Eo En face de ces qualités: sécurité contre a l'incendie, diminution de la consommation, Bi; combustible meilleur marché, le Diesel pré- i, sente un certain nombre d'inconvénients.§.D'abord les pressions considérables qu\u2019il #.: : .= 2 * RAT met en jeu exige des parois très résistantes, fn.donc lourdes, qui ont conduit pendant des in années à un poids prohibitif.Les progrès #, mécaniques, liés à ceux de la métallurgie, #., ont permis de réduire considérablement cette servitude.C\u2019est ainsi que dernière- #.ment on a fabriqué des moteurs d\u2019avions n d\u2019une puissance de 500 C.V.pesant 1102 Ibe Ÿ tout compris.Un tel moteur doit pouvoir.étant donné que le prix est fonction du §.{ 180 ] wil 1033 4 & Joids, ne pas être vendu plus cher qu'un t@ioteur à essence d\u2019une puissance corres- #ondante.Le moteur à huile lourde tourne _Qaturellement lentement; les améliorations | tpportées aux systèmes d'injection du com- ustible ont permis d\u2019obtenir des vitesses e 1800 tours par minute qui, considérées -omme faibles sur châssis tourismes sont J | arfaitement adaptées au régime sur châssis # dustriels.Un autre inconvénient du Diesel réside + ans les difficultés de mise en marche.| \u2018e problème peut être résolu de différentes # manières.Une des solutions les plus simples TECHNIQUE Agril, 1933 ; La première du genre aux Etats-Unis, le châssis industriel de l'Indiana Motors Corp.muni d\u2019un moteur 0%.Diesel Cummins à six cylindres, soupapes en tête, alésage de 4 7/8 pouces par 6 pouces de hi: course, 672 pouces cubes de cylindrée et développe 125 HP à 1800 tours par minute.consiste dans l\u2019emploi d\u2019un démarreur à inertie genre Bendix.Enfin le Diesel a le défaut d'utiliser un combustible malodorant, répandant des odeurs qu\u2019il est difficile de supprimer.Reste maintenant une question importante: celle de la sécurité du fonctionnement.Le moteur Diesel est-il plus ou moins sûr et aussi régulier que le moteur à essence ?Jusqu'à ces derniers temps, le moteur à essence était d'un fonctionnement plus régulier.Mais est-ce toujours vrai?J'en doute, après le succès des différentes réalisations, telles que Junkers, Renault, Pan- hard-Levassor, Berliet, etc.3 : Courtes notions historiques sur le lettrage (Suite de la page 164) Jif lers ou le quart du trait fort.Dans la 14 lettre K l'intersection des deux obliques se 4} [rouve quelque peu au-dessus de la mi- ÿ auteur de la lettre.Le point le plus large ÿ les courbes se trouve sur la mi-hauteur des etties, ceci est important, les commen- y] Fants éprouvent toujours de la difficulté à iq Çe sujet; bien remarquer les lettres rondes bu contenant des lobes: BCD GOPORS.«| Minuscules romaines \u2014 Les imprimeurs taliens se servirent de ces lettres dans le cours du x1° siècle, pour aller avec les majuscules romaines.La différence la plus remarquable entre ces lettres et leurs aînées consiste en ce qu\u2019elles sont constituées d\u2019un plus grand nombre de courbes; comparer a, b, e, f, m, n, t, avec leurs correspondantes majuscules, AB EF M N T.Ce qui a ÿ déjà été dit au sujet des traits fins et forts É s'applique aussi aux minuscules.Les em- d Pattements sont nécessairement plus petites, ceux-ci doivent être uniformes; ils sont quelquefois obliques au sommet des lettres bdhliretc., ou arrondis.Quoiqu'il en soit de leur forme, on ne doit pas employer ces différents styles simultanément dans une même carte; le genre adopté doit être le même d\u2019un bout à l\u2019autre.Une analyse détaillée de ces lettres n\u2019est pas nécessaire, car une inspection de la vignette ci-jointe sera suffisante.Remarquer les lobes de b d q getc., ils forment les 24 et quelquelois les 3/5 de la hauteur totale de la lettre.La hauteur d\u2019une minuscule comparée à une majuscule varie entre A et 5/7.C\u2019est en examinant attentivement les initiales en deux couleurs du Psautier de Mayence, imprimé en 1457, par Shoeffer, que Congrève découvrit que les deux couleurs de ces lettres étaient imprimées d'un seul coup; s\u2019emboitant, elles étaient encrées séparément.Congréve imagina un procédé basé sur ce principe pour réaliser des impressions en couleurs d'un aspect trés particulier.Le nom d\u2019impressions à la Congréve est donné à ce genre de tirages polychromes utilisé surtout dans le Nord de la France.[ 181 | Avril 1033 TECHNIQUE April, 1933 HH Le v g's OF Hydro-Electric Power Development Eo By NORMAN JUPE A Graduate, Montreal Technical School oe PART XIII \u2014 AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATION f ; ITHOUT some form of automatic WW voltage regulator it is impossible to take care of the heavy swings in voltage caused by fluctuating power and railroad loads.Even in the case of a purely lighting load it is exceedingly difficult to properly take care of the voltage by hand regulation, especially at peak loads.The present tendency of designing generators for high internal reactance, in order to reduce destructive short-circuit currents, results furthermore in a rather poorinherent regulation of the generators.Many different forms of automatic regulators have been devised and the most commonly used and successful of these is the Tirrill Automatic Regulator.The regulation, is ettected entirely in the field circuit of the exciter, by rapidly opening and closing a shunt circuit across the exciter field rheostat.Let us first consider the elementary regulator shown in Fig.1.Consider the instant, as in the illustration when the line pressure is below normal, the voltage coil contacts open, and the relay contacts short-cir- cuiting the exciter field rheostat.The alternator voltage is in the act of building up.The instant the line voltage attains its normal value, the relay coil (2) is excited and the relay contacts open, causing the exciter voltage to start to drop.The alternator voltage, however, does not cease to increase at this instant, since the exciter voltage is still above the value necessary to maintain normal generator voltage.That this is the case is evident when it is considered that, in the act of building up, the exciter has been supplying a voltage equal to the drop in the alternator field, plus the inductive drop or counter E.M.F.due to the increase of F16.1.\u2014Elementary A.C.regulator.[ 182 ] in this type, flux in the field line.This latter value will depend on the rate at which the exciter buildé Ç : up.Therefore, at the instant the alternator voltage becomes normal, the exciter voltag is in excess of the value necessary to main tain the normal line voltage by the amount equal to the inductive drop in the alter nator field.The alternator voltage, there: fore, continues to increase for a time, eve after the relay contacts have opened.By the time the alternator voltage has dropped to normal, the exciter voltage is then well§ below that required to maintain normal\u201d line voltage.The alternator voltage is therefore, carried continually above anc below its proper value; in other words hunting takes place.From the above it will be seen that the simple regulator sketched out above re: quires some additional element to bridge the alternative field inductance, and it is ir the methods employed to do this that thé regulators which work on the principleg.of short-circuiting the field resistance vary in construction and operation.The samé# effect of the inductance of the alternato field winding is operative in case of th regulators in which a control magnei operates a mechanism for moving a rheosta| § arm.| TIRRILL REGULATORS Regulator D.C.Vibrating Magnet.\u2014 This works on the exciter field.The main con: tacts with this type of regulator are acte on by two sets of control magnets, on connected across the exciter bus and tendin to move the main contacts farther apar as the exciter voltage rises, and the othe: : 1 acted upon by A.C.potential and curren coils.Suitable springs in counter-weight: Ju allow the proper adjustment to be made! fu When the main contact closes, it energizes fi, the relay magnet, thus closing the relay Iu, contact, short-circuiting the exciter rheosta FL and raising the exciter voltage and con Jy sequently the generator voltage.The ust by, of the exciter voltage as one of the mai! #: control circuit prevents the generato voltage \u2018\u2018overshooting\u2019\u2019, for as the excite: I: voltage rises to bring up the A.C.voltage RA RM ere en A EE Liste tn aa de tt Ï nw {oril 1033 TECHNIQUE April, 1933 ke D.C.control tends to keep the main ing and vibrating relays, constitutes a 4éntacts apart and so reduce the voltage vibrating system when the circuits are #ain.properly energized and the control ele- d'The compensating current winding of ments balanced.For a given line voltage Aie A.C.solenoid is provided with a dial there is a definite pull upward of the Witch to give any amount of compensation vibrating magnet core when the vibrating iquired for the feeder circuit in which the relay contacts are open, and a definite pull of greater value when the relay contacts di ' Main Conjacts eyrr.are closed.When the regulator is connected fy Garde! to the system the rheostat shunting relays és 0 d close the circuit the shunt Dé .pen and close the circuit across the shun PI 5 field of regulating rheostat of the exciter, ¥ | potential F and the effective resistance of this rheostat ad Magnet Trans.& is determined by the time of contact , vd Ex.Field engagement.Rheastat | prie 8X main Contacts ; AC, X A.C « counter | Field Gen.} weights | Rheostat ma 1 / Vibrating on FT\" Ma Fic.2.\u2014 A.C.Tirrill regulator.Magnet h 7 1 par Û 3° A .facts irrent transformer is located.Where it is 5°\" Coe \u2014 ssired to compensate for both resistance 2 = +.Res- hd inductive drop under the varying power Sordènser\u201d = iF Ext ictors a special compensator is provided.1, { modification of the regulator to take care Rheostat res | the large exciters has a number of relay *Relay \u201cPpntacts all operated at the same time I\u201d From the one set of control contacts, the = wb Volt, trans.iy arious relays being shunted by condensers \u2019 3b reduce the sparking.A single regulator 4 hay serve a number of alternators if they } re operated in parallel and if all use the i ame exciter.If two or more exciters are ma.Rh \"Voltage Rac.Field Rh.perated in multiple, a single regulator Relay 9 ill suffice; if not operated 1n multiple, a Fic.3.\u2014 Regulator with A.C.vibrating relay eparate regulator is usually installed for control.ach exciter.| Regulator with A.C.Vibrating Magnet \u2014 AUTOMATIC INDUCTION VOLTAGE his type of regulator does not employ any EGULATORS C.main control magnets, but uses an The voltage of a generator or a number \\C.vibrating magnet relay and its of generators may be automatically main- eneral connections are indicated in the tained at normal for all conditions of load } ttached diagram.The main control mag- at the station bus or at any one center of \u201cJet has its core attracted upwards and its distribution on the system, by means of a J ore stem connected to the floating lever generator voltage regulator.Where there 4 fhich is pivoted to the bell crank of the are a number of feeders radiating from a ,4 Tbrating magnet.The two magnets are station this method of regulation however nergized from the same voltage trans- will not be satisfactory unless all of the 4 ormer and actuates the main contacts into feeders are laid out for negligible voltage ind out of engagement with the fixed con- drop, which generaly is uneconomical.act.The opening of the main contacts This difficulty is overcome by the insertion vill open all the relay contacts and will of induction voltage regulators or boosters.1% nsert the full resistance into the vibrating In principle, the induction type of regulator nagnet circuit, weakening the pull and will is a variable-ratio transformer having two lose the main contacts again.This system separate windings connected respectively # \u2019omprising the main control magnet, the in series with and across the circuit to be \u2019 /ibrating magnet, levers, rheostats, shunt- regulated.The windings are assembled on 1 / [183] Avril 1933 TECHNIQUE A prit, 1933 pi Pa f : | AUTOMATIC INDUCTION VOLTAGE REGULATORS (STATION TYPE) strides have been made |i METHOD OF OPERATION To Bus = uses ll Potential |?Trans- former Line Drop Compensa Limit Switch Y Regulator Control Bus Fuses and Cutout Pilot Lamps -\u20140 F16.4.\u2014 Connections for Operation of a Three-Phase Regulator.with its generator volt-4'@ separate concentric sheet iron cores, one core being stationary and the other arranged so that it can be partially rotated within the former.Usually the feeders are of different lengths and the power demands occur at difierent intervals, so that the voltage delivered at the centers of the several feeders will vary widely.It is practically impossible, therefore, to raise or lower the voltage of the station bus so that the voltage at each load center is proportionate to the demands at that center.In order to provide for satisfactory regulation of the distributing system, it is essential that each feeder be considered as a unit.The system, can be made very simple and economical if care is exercised at the time the initial layout is made and many existing plants could probably reduce the distributing cost and improve their service by investigating their feeding systems with the view toward making them more symmetrical and of uniform regulation.Recording voltmeter charts taken at frequent intervals at various points on each feeder provide a means for detecting voltage irregularities in the feeder, which, if not corrected, may become magnified and not only impair the service butappre- ciably aflect the revenue.During the past decade remarkable in the distribution of | pro energy at high voltage jm Current Transformer over great distances from doped To Load points where power cant Contact Making be generated more econ-| Voltmeter omically and more efficiently.Numerous small: generating stations, here-; À to entirely isolated, have [A been tied together, the §§ less efficient generating fk: equipment in many cases § being dismantled and the! if station converted into ail substation or replaced by if an outdoor substation: fi for the transformation of | local distribution.The'f need for voltage regula- | Resistance tion for the local system, comparable to that obtained from the original generating equipment § 3 ! A EN age regulator has not fi, 7 ~ [s\u2014Seot/iov: Bus Rina \u2014\u2014OÀ euletor 17 i fon EE T c T ut Ran \u2014O\u2014 2 2 and ls mn Me f \u20140 S 7 ; 6 2 ag Fic.5.\u2014 System of Distribution.AT sen been eliminated by the change.In fact #f Li it has been accentuated as the line drop on the local system is unchanged and theft transmission line is subject to variations} which will be impressed on the distributingff¥1 Contact Making Contact Making HUT 1 Voltmeter Voltmeter Resistor Resistor Line Drop Line Drop Compensator Potential ransformer IRS Requlator Bus F1G.6.\u2014 Connections of Two Automatic IRS a Regulators on a Three-Phase System.ka [ 184 ] _ bril 1033 jin, 3 fe ei 1: Un lar j- ly bi: at IL \u2018 id SF ha UT: Ir ds [ y ge ) TECHNIQUE April, 1933 {stem if no provision is made to maintain ie voltage at normal.{By providing a means for regulating the bltage of the individual feeders, economies say be effected in feeder installation costs by the selection of asmaller-sized conductor for the initial installation or for extending existing feeders.Furthermore, by maintaining normal voltage at the center of distribution, it is oft\u2019times possible to increase the load on the feeders without making it necessary to reinforce or replace the existing lines.In order to provide a means of F1G6.7.\u20143-Phase, Self-Cooled adjusting the vol- Regulator Ranging in Capa-