Congress bulletin, 1 novembre 1970, Novembre

[" L0 1 PUBLISHED BY CANADIAN JEWISH CONGRESS VOL.26 No.6 Comment : VIOLENCE AND DISSENT Les cris de conscience like the voice of the turtle is heard throughout the land.Canada is a deeply troubled country and people are wondering just how much liberty must be limited in order thot it be possessed.It is of passing interest to recall that this is exactly what perturbed Edmund Burke, parliamentarian, philosopher and champion of civil liberties.Some fifty years later it also worried the arch-apostle of liberty, John Stuart Mill, who had to recognize that self-protection of members of society justifies and warrants interference with liberty of action.In wartime it is token for granted.Then, that very cornerstone of liberty of the individual in a society ruled by law \u2014 habeas corpus \u2014 is temporarily suspended.Now in 1970, all over the civilized world and at our own hearth, the situation brings us fairly and squarely into the realm of the individual\u2019s right to dissent, the boundaries of such dissent and the role of representative organizations.One of the outstanding and fairly unique features of our democracy and part of its life-style is the importance of organizations.One, therefore, has to address oneself to two phases of dissent in these troubled times: the individual's and the organization's.The complications of the discussion are enormous and do not lend themselves really to anything but discursive treatment.One can only come to personal conclusions leaving argumentation to the imagination.Let us postulate dogmatically certain conclusions: \u2014Truth is very illusory and does not necessarily emerge from dialogue or confrontation.la any dialogue or debate the victory often goes, not to the proponent of the truth, but to the one who is more skilled in dialectic and oratory and even in the art of polemics.(Cont'd on page 6) Golda Meir in T.oronfo Photographed above at the Beth Tzedec Synagogue, Toronto, on November 1 are from left to right: Monroe Abbey, Q.C., national president of Canadian Jewish Congress; Israel Ambassador to Canada Ephraim Evron; and Israel Prime Minister Golda Meir, who addressed the overflow audience and was the guest of honour.Five thousand members of Toron to\u2019s Jewish community crowded Beth Tzedec Synagogue on November 1 to hear Israel\u2019s Prime Minister Golda Meir.The sanctuary was filled.the banquet hall immediately adjoining was opened up, the chapel, the upstairs mezzanine hall.the vouth as sembly and the basement \u2014 all these additional spaces were used to ac- comodate the overflow attendance.Those out of range of her sight viewed the Israel Prime Minister on closed circuit television in their respective auxiliary hall.(Cont'd on page 4) Postage-paid-in-cash at third class rates \u2014 Permit No.10,019.Bulk \u2014 en nombre.Return postage guaranteed.CONGRESS BULLETIN, 1590 McGregor Street, Montreal 109, Quebec UEAIIN 3 INL HAN ec.MR GEORGES CARTIER BI3LIOTHEQUE NATIONALE 1700 ST DENIS.MONTREAL 99958 129 99 9 0p: p2 MONTREAL, QUEBEC 6,000,000 Jewish Martyrs Permanent Memorial Dedicated Approximately 200 specially invited guests, including Congress leaders and representatives of organizations, assisted in the dedi cation of a Permanent Memorial to the 6 million Jewish martyrs, vio tims of the Nazi holocaust, at Samuel Bronfman House, Canadian Jewish Congress National Headquarters October 4, 1970.The Memorial, a .stained-glass window created by Montreal artist Marcelle Ferron, dominates the Entrance Lobby of the Samuel Bront- man House and is an abstract composition symbolizing not only the martyrs\u2019 sacrifice but the legacy they left behind for continued Jewish survival.The legend .\u201cAnd in their deaths bequeathed to us a life, a life that will endure for evermore\u2019 appears of the left-hand corner of the memorial in Hebrew, Yiddish.English and French.Monroe Abbey, Q.C., Congress president, chaired the event and noted in his remarks that \u2018\u2018The Samuel Bronfman House, which was recently opened in Montreal, is the centre for Jewish activity in Canada.It is fitting that a perma nent memorial to the martyrs of the last world war be housed within its confines.It is a striking and in Montreal on .NOVEMBER, 1970 A cross-section of the invited guests at the Dedication Ceremony of the stained glass window, created by Montreal artist Marcelle Ferron, as a Permanent Memorial to the Six Million Je'vish Martyrs of the Nazi holocaust, installed at Samuel Bronfman House.impressive work of art which will serve to remind all those who enter the building that we must never again permit such horrendous decimination of any race, colour or creed to happen at any time in the future.\u201d - Also participating in the program were: Israel\u2019s Ambassador to Canada, His Excellency Ephraim Evron; Prof.Monford Harris, Department of Religious Knowledge, Trinity College, Toronto; Lou Zablow, a member of Congress National Executive Committee and chairman of Congress Foreign Affairs Committee, Eastern Region, and a leader of the Asso ciation of Survivors of Nazi Oppression; Prof.Arthur Lermer, National Chairman of the Congress Yiddish Committee, who spoke in Yiddisk: Rabbi P.Hirschprung conducted the religious part of the dedication assisted by Cantor Solomon Gisser.Story on Window and more pictures on page 3.CJC Statement on Poverty The Canadian Jewish Congress Statement on Poverty which was submitted by Congress to the Special Senate Committee on Poverty, at their invitation during August 1970, was made public by the Committee on October 15.The brief, signed by Monroe Abbey, Q.C., CJC National President, and Rabbi W.Gun ther Plaut, National Chairman of Congress Religious Affairs Committee, was by way of a general statement advancing broad recommendations, which will be developed in detail after the White Paper on Poverty has been made public.\u2018ongress apprised the Senate Committee, in a covering letter accompanying the brief, that it intends to establish a \u2018\u2018National Committee representative of all segments of the Jewish community, for an intensive study of Jewish commitment to the eradication of poverty, to consider the recommendations of the White Paper.The Com mittee will consider the three ominant factors in any con mporary program of preventing and eradicating poverty, namely, some form of guaran teed annual income; the parti (Cont'd on page 8) Hy Rosenberg\u2019s Book Launched \u201cThe Jewish Community in Canada\u2019\u2019\u2014Vol.1 by Rabbi Stuart E.Rosenberg of Toronto was launched in Montreal at a reception November 5 at CJC National Headquarters, The Samuel Bronf man House, co-sponsored by publishers McClelland & Stewart and Congress.On November 4 the book was launched in Toronto at a dir- ner reception.Mr.Monroe Abbey, Q.C., Cana dian Jewish Congress national president, chaired the reception, which leading members of the community attended.Mr.Jack McClelland and Rabbi Rosenberg delievered short addresses.Rabbi Rosenberg\u2019s book which took eight years to research, write and publish, in an attempt on the part of a single author to write a national his tory for the general reader and not for the specialist yet, at the same time.will undoubtedly prove useful for serious students as well.(Cont'd on page 5) RARE BIBLE PRESENTED Photographed in CJC National Library at Samuel! Bronfman House, Montreal are {from left to right): Saul Hayes, Q.C., executive vice-president of Congress, and Jacob M.Lowy examining the King James version of the Bible published i in 1611, eich Mr.Lowy presented as a gift to the library to mark the opening of the build- @IEVISHA BOQK9MONTH@D NOVEMBER 20® DECEMBER 20 CONGRESS BULLETIN Jewish Education by Stanley M.Cohen It is obviously unfair to offer generalized comments about the state of Jewish education in Canada today.How, for example, can one speak of a city like Montreal, with its highly developed day and afternoon schools, in the same sentence as a city like Fredericton, whose Jewish school-age population is barely enough to sustain a single \u201ccheder\u2019\u2019?How, also, can one examine the \u2018\u2018veshivot\u2019\u2019.with their dedication to virtually a single purpose, using the same criteria that can be applied to an institution like the Jewish People\u2019s Schools, with its progressive methods and integrated curriculum?Thus, it is important to keep in mind that in assessing the gen eral condition of Jewish education in this country, there are obvious exceptions.Recognizing that, what does one find?A generally good system of schooling which is geared primarily to classical objectives but which is in danger of failing to move with the times.We suffer from a failure to define the goals of a Jewish education \u2014 if, in fact, there can be a consensus among Canadian Jews on such goals.But until we clearly understand our objectives, how can we es tablish viable curricula?We suffer from the danger of complacency.We know the high regard in which Jewish schools have been held by the community, both Jewish and general.We know that our pupils have gone on to public school systems or to universities and acquitted themselves admirably.We have a historic commitment to learning and scholar ship.We recognize education as essential to our survival as a people.Yet we are still too preoccupied with making our way in an alien society by citing university admissions statistics as proof of the excel lent job we are doing.We suffer, too, from a failure to recognize that the majority of our children are not immigrants or the children of immigrants.Their goals and values and frustrations are very different from those of pre ceding generations, They have different thoughts about their Jewish particularism in the midst of a pluralist society.They were born after the Holocaust and after the struggle for Statehood.They have not encountered the same degree or type of anti-Semitism that confronted their parents.At the same time, however, their feeling of greater security within the general society has resulted in many of them turning away from the family-centered, community-minded Jewishness of their parents.And many of the things we accepted, they insist on questioning.We suffer from a paternalistic attitude towards parents \u2014 an assumption that the school is always right, that parents should be seen but rarely heard, that if there are members of the boards of directors of our educational institutions who happen to be parents, then parents are adequately represented in decision-making.The theory and the facts do not always correspond.We suffer from a failure of the community.particularly in our larger centres where there is more than one synagogue or school, to recognize its collective responsibility for Jewish education.Our schools jealously guard their individual autonomy, often in the face of the best interest of the overall community.And even in those instances where the community \u2014 through its formal organizations \u2014 is prepared to render financial assistance, we are apprehensive that such a move will automatically infringe on our prerogatives.We suffer from the failure to make Jewish teaching a respectable profession.We do little to encourage young people to consider it as a career.Our teacher-training institutions do not today generally at tract our most capable graduates.The curriculum they offer is still (Cont'd on page 8) NOVEMBER, 1970 Jewish Teachers\u2019 Conference in Montreal A Jewish Teachers\u2019 Conference was held in Montreal November 4/5 sponsored by Congress, Eastern Region, in association with the Federation of Teachers of Jewish Schools.There was a full attendance of the faculties of all schools (day and afternoon) and over 400 teachers participated in the various sessions.The guest of the conference was Dr.Ru dolf Dreikurs of Chicago.an internationally known authority on Dynam- CONFERENCE TEACHERS CONFERENCE behave (according to established standards).\u2018\u201cAs for the tremendous competi tion\u2019\u2019 which feeds the students\u2019 enthusiasm today, it prevents an understanding of different points of view.\u2018We are involved in a collision program where everybody is against everybody else.Et is part of the competitive system where everyone tries to get ahead,\u2019\u2019 he said.SRT el \u201cOne should never talk with children in a conflict situation.Don\u2019t begin talking until the child is willing to listen.That eliminates 70 percent of the talk.\u201d On November 5 the morning ses sion was devoted to a presentation by Dr.Dreikurs on \u201cCollision Course in Education\u201d with Mrs.Anne Moss chairing the session.Mrs.D.Ulin thanked the guest lecturer.The after noon session comprised simultaneous workshops under the following cate QE PROFESSEURS S Photographed above at the closing session of the Jewish Teachers\u2019 Conference held in Montreal are members of the head table and senior teachers who were honoured for 25 years of service to Jewish education.ics of Classroom Behaviour, who also conducted Plenary Sessions on prob lems presented by teachers and dis cussed the special classroom problem related to the dual program of Jewish Schools and the double load carried by sudents.The conference opened at 8 p.m.November 4 with Dr.Rudolf Dreikurs speaking on \u2018\u201cDvnamics of Classroom Behaviour\u201d and \u201cTeaching of a Dual Program\u201d with Mr.Arthur Candib as chairman.During the course of his remarks Dr.Dreikurs said \u2018\u201cToday\u2019s schools - are mistake centred.Our schools teach how to prevent mistakes or how to correct them.Such a preoccupation fosters a competitiveness that eventually destroys spontaneity and creativity among young children.\u201cThe schools show how to turn clever children into stupid adults in the shortest period of time.When a child misbehaves, students and teacher should get together to help, and not punish, him.One contrib .utes to delinquency when one looks down on someone who does not Public Education has yet been attempted\u2014a simultaneous revolution in con tent, in procedure, in attitudes, in administration and above all in the role of the teacher,\u201d he said.\u201cThe need for revolutionary change is, I believe, incontestable, and there is very little evi dence that revolutionary change is within sight.We suffer from the obstinate hangover of the wrong kind of authority, the persistence of the eoncept of static goals.\u201d But education must also be the instrument of improvement for society as a whole and Mr.Goble questioned whether educators are providing a corrective influence on the behaviour of society.Dangers from pollution are so Educators have failed to make education significant for either the individual or society.according to the Secretary General of the Canadian Teachers\u2019 Federation.Norman Goble of Ottawa has been a senior staff officer with Canadian Teachers\u2019 Federation for six vears.a classics teacher for 15 vears and is the father of two sons attending universitv.Addressing the Ottawa chapter of the Canadian College of Teachers.he has called for a revolution in edu cation.\u201cTo change the systems of public education to the point where they will make a signifi cant and successful contribution to the development of young people will require a revolution ary effort far beyond any that Published monthly except July and August by the Canadian Jewish Congress, 1590 McGregor Avenue, Montreal, 109, Quebec, to report on the activities of Canadian Jewry and matters of interest to them.National President Monroe Abbey, Q.C.National Executive Vice-President Saul Haves, Q.C.Press Officer Jean Sadler clearlv documented and so imminent that they are the major factors of our near future, he said.\u201cIs their dominant importance reflected in our education?How far have we gone in developing a curriculum which teaches compre hension of the dimensions of these problems, teaches the skills needed to combat them, and implants the desire to act in ways that will turn us from our present commitment to destruction?\u201d On the question of significance in education both to the individual and society.he said: \u2018Our children are right when they insist that we must look beyond immediate expediency and de cide what it is that we really value.We created nothing if we do not create values.It is our reluctance to face the implications of these facts that has led us into the enormity of failure.\u201d He reminded the College of Teachers that all members of so- cietv, good and bad.pass through the education system.\u201cTeachers have tomorrow\u2019s Canada in their hands.The sad likelihood is that they will neither make it nor mar it.but that it will pass from their hands quite unaffected.\u201d \u201cIn fact, the less competition taught in the school, the better the student will be ablé to cope with it in the \u2018real world\u2019.\u201d\u201d Dr.Dreikurs recommended classroom integration as a solution to the frenzy of seeking the status of the \u201cmoral, intellectual snobbish\u201d student.\u201cIf we can succeed to treat chil dren as a group, they can learn they are each other\u2019s keepers.We have to see what is common among different pupils in a class and to build on that.Let the good student help the poor, and they can move ahead together,\u201d he said.\u201cThat conformity does not mean submission,\u201d he added \u2014 \u2018\u201c\u201cmerely a working with others.Those stu dents who find it hard to integrate have to be understood.We have to ask \u2018why\u2019?\u201d\u2019 The speaker invited the conference to respect the opinions of students saying \u201canyone can change\u2014in fact our job is to promote change\u2014if his own private logic can be reached.\u201d \u201cYou cannot argue with a child,\u201d he said.\u201cYou have to un derstand him.A whole generation of superiors has failed to provide children with insight into their ac tions.gories - a) Hebrew: Afternoon Schools - Discussant, Mrs.Bracha Tritt: Teaching of Tanach - Discussant, Arya Bar Natan.b) English: \u201cComparative Approaches to Pre-School Education\u201d - Discussant, Mrs.Joan Charlab; \u201cComparative Approaches to Elementary Education\u201d - Discus sant, Mrs.Edith Laufer.c) French: \u201cRole of French Specialists in the Implementation of Curriculum of Jewish Schools\u201d - Discussant.Mrs.D.Ryba; d) High Schools: \u201cTeacher- Pupil Relations in the High Schools\u201d.Discussants, Rabbi Israel Armon and Mr.Brian McCarthy \u2014 Chairman: Mrs.Greta Matus.Tribute was paid to senior Jewish educators: Messrs.S.Dunsky, S.Lerner and Y.Shtern, which was conveyed on behalf of the con ference by Rabbi Wilfred Shuchat.Mr.Leon Teitelbaum, chairman of the Education Committee of Con gress, Eastern Region, spoke in recognition of senior teachers of 25 years service.Twenty-four teach ers were so recognized.The confer ence was greeted bv the Israel Consul in Montreal, Mr.P.Shanan.Dr.M.Schwartzben.chairman of the Arrangements Committee for the conference, presided at this session.Proposed Western Association of Jewish Schools A resolution calling for the establishment of a Western Canada As sociation of Jewish Schools was unanimously approved at a two day regional conference on Jewish Education in Calgary November 1 and 2.More than 30 representatives of schools and organizations concerned with Jewish education attended the conference which took place at Calgary's Beth Israel Synagogue.Hymie Baltzan of Edmonton was ramed chairman of an interim committee with Reubin Cipin of Edmonton as secretary and Bernie Goldstein of Winnipeg as treasurer.This committee will correspond with representatives of all the schools and organizations with regard to proposals discussed at the conference.Arrangements will be made for a further meeting to take place in the next 6 to 8 weeks.The resolution calling for the establishment of the association included a number of provisional proposals to be considered by the association.It is envisioned that the association would serve as a coordinating and exchange centre through which schools might deal with problems which they share in common.It was proposed that the association should consider the following matters among others: Teacher recruitment; teacher conferences and inservice training: student enrollment; exchange of ideas on cur riculum; student exchange programs, including mid-winter seminars; tours to Israel and other summer projects: and school finances.The resolution also included a provision to approach Canadian Jewish Congress and the Federated Zionist Organization for assistance and support.The conference was convened on the initiative of Canadian Jewish Congress Western Region.Zalman Selchen.chairman of the Western Region Education and Cultural Committee presided at the opening session.The local arrangements were made by the Calgary Jewish Community Council.Lavy Becker of Montreal served as the guest discussion leader.Chairman of other sessions were Mel Fen- son representing the Keren Hatarbut {Cont'd on page 6) am he TITRE Pa a Lae am ~ get pe ar indo pd amphi gère AF aan?aon! gl bé Jeish Ü fies bo net! feet The Bi in conter dramatie jus, FR ge {he sis vais.\" in lr ope of peaio oi the té ad's d ou in H French: questhe endure il the only Fred Li handsor ture, 50 WOMEN touch.lems in ex reve intheir open 1h fresh em eme.Su long om lished tient o des fo be I, for b tery of | moe fy a, fy Saini Mare Lise Jean Pa wilh Jy Tot, eat edit ets il 15 wy Tele de ill Rating | ate col fan y fv and ty; lige Montres bre Oy Dan fy fgg, &y be gy Fou} ba, ii 5 ah gy Uatjy, Wig, di fing techy \"él Ps eh \u201cha hig mi ü wl ly /.ls, TE gal + 6 head Scho Tr (1) \"Came School 5, Jen posches Discs Franch: nthe lim di 1, Ms, cacher Ho\u201d pu and jrman y Je unsks.whith he co chet pan df f (an phe in TE teach ander Canal a be A pe Ci a NOVEMBER, 1970 CONGRESS BULLETIN Tragedy and Hope in Stained Glass Window at Samuel Bronfman House by Lawrence sabbath Marcelle Ferron's stained-glass window at Samuel Bronfman House succeeds in telling a tragic story in a svmphony of hopeful color.The ver- riere acts as a divider between the entrance lobby and the conference room of the recently completed national headquarters of the Canadian Jewish Congress Museum and Archives building.The multi-purpose structure was dedicated May 24 and the verriere on October 4.The high.floor-to-ceiling window.in contemporary abstract design, is a dramatic burst of reds.blues, vel lows, grevs.violets and white.It serves as a \u2018\u2018permanent memorial to the six million Jews slain by the Nazis.\u201d The artist has fixed forever in transparent glass the tragedy and hope of la condition humaine.Appearing in the lower left-hand corner of the verrière.and not part of the artist\u2019s design.is the legend.spelled out in Hebrew, Yiddish, English and French: \u2018\u2018And in their deaths be queathed to us a life, a life that will endure for evermore.\u201d As if to prove once again that art is the only true international language.Fred Lebensold.architect of the handsome glass and concrete structure, sought out a French Canadian woman to add the final inspirational touch.Some artists show their problems in their work to the onlooker.A few reveal the largeness of their spirit in their creations and in so doing thev open the window of vision onto a fresh and unexpected vista of experience.Such a one is Marcelle Ferron.long one of Canada\u2019s most distinguished artists.She has been the re cipient of numerous awards and honors for her painting and.more recent- lv.for her original research and mas tery of l'art du vitrail, or, to use a more favored expression of the artis an, l'art de la verrerie, the art of stained-glass windows.Marcelle Ferron was born in Louiseville in 1924, studied with Jean-Paul Lemieux in Quebec and with Jean-Paul Borduas during the Forties.An active member of the in fluential Automatistes group.she was one of the signatories of the famed Refus global.She left for Paris in 1953, won a silver medal at the Biennale de Sao Paulo in 1961.Her considerable oeuvre is to be found in leading galleries, museums and private collections.In 1966 the Musée d'art contemporain displayed the first examples of her work in verriere and this Spring gave her a large, retrospective showing.Now settled in Montreal, Miss Ferron is represented bv the Galerie de Montréal where her most recent work is on view in a one- man show.Complètement passionnée, as she savs, by stained glass, she has not painted since 1965: \u2018\u2018It would be a bit of anguish to go back to it.\u201d Painting in the abstract manner has always been Miss Ferron\u2019s stvle and she has carried over this non-figurative manner into verrière.It is typical of the artist.one of a handful of female verriers engaged in this technically complex and difficult medium, that she accepted the Con gress challenge to design a window with a predetermined theme.for a Jewish organization and with a two month time limit.\u201cI was intrigued,\u2019 said Miss Fer ron, \u2018\u2018for I had never done anything like this before.Mr.Lebensold called me to meet with him and Mr.(Saul) Hayes and they gave me the theme.It seemed to call for some thing figurative.I didn\u2019t want to do anything expressionist in style, it had to be in abstract vein and yet, how to convey all those people?A thousand and one ideas occurred to me.I have some Jewish friends and I know the word for peace.I wanted to stay closer to the spirit of the Jewish past than to have an expressionist approach and so I thought of taking each of the let ters of Shalom and portraying them as destroyed.In this way they would be symbolic of the destruc tion of the Jewish people.\u201cThe red colors that surround the broken letters represent the fire which consumed the people.The upper section is \u2018le soleil a moi,\u201d my sun of hope.Connecting the two areas is a bolt of lightning that is both functional to the design and symbolic of the eternal hope that rises from out of the destruction.And so the colors become lighter and brighter as the design moves upwards.\u201d Miss Ferron says she is not a religious person in the socially acceptable meaning: \u2018\u2018I did a window for the Eglise du SacréCoeur in Quebec.It has 10 narrow panels and an abstract design somewhat in the style of my verrière for the ne A Permanent Memorial to the Six Million Jewish Martyrs of the Nazi Holocaust in Métro station, Champ-de-Mars.Yes, the church knew I was not a practicing Catholic and the priest said to me \u2014 \u2018The Church has worked with great success with mécréants, unbelievers like your self.\u201d * And she smiled, a smile that was alive, warm with colors of the memorial window before which we talked.As outspoken in speech as in her work, Miss Ferron observed that she had \u2018\u2018no direct feelings about the Nazi murders because I must relate to that as a non-Jew, but I can re spond on the human plane.Rel} gion for me is an expression of phi losophy dealing with life, with death.1 don\u2019t have a rational pen sée about those things.In my sense, yes, there is something reli gious about this work.my aim here was to find the spirit of the motif in order to work out a design for the space alloted to me.Of course I would have liked a larger area but this size (24 feet high, 10 wide) was quite satisfactory for what I had to do.No doubt it would have been better to have worked with the architect before the build the Entrance Lobby of Samuel Bronfman House.ing went up but you have to realize that this colored wall is just one problem for the architect and cer tainly not a major one for him.It was a matter of seeking out the right approach for what I wanted to say.What finally emerged was a transposition d\u2019une destruction.\u201d However.before arriving at the final details of the design.Miss Ferron submitted a preliminary sketch in the form of a rough outline on paper.\u2018\u2018a few scribblings because I don\u2019t be lieve in making a full scal esquisse.they selected one of the three ideas and that left me the rest of the month to complete the final design which was accepted.\u201d One month's time remained to plan the actual working procedures at her workshop in the Superseal Corp.glass factory in Sainte Hyacinthe.The cooperation between commercial venture and artist has been a close and rewarding one for all parties.Miss Ferron has been studying the ancient art of stained glass since 1965 in France and elsewhere.Within a few vears she had achieved a reputation as one of the foremost designers and daring researchers in new techniques.The art of vitrail reached its apogee with the Gothic cathedrals.What these windows contributed to the magnificent edifices may have been simply one more flower to the richness of medieval craftsmanship, but the mastery of the Gothic glasswork- ers of Paris and Chartres in color and form has never been surpassed.let alone equalled.A strong factor in their importance was that they were \u201can integral part of the architectural fabric of these churches and cathedrals.Their place in the web of struc tural design was logically determined from the start and carried through to the finish.These stained-glass windows were made, briefly.as follows: the outlines of the broader areas were laid out in thin bars of iron.then filled in with tiny bits of colored glass soldered together with lead.The effects were varied by means of larger glass sections on which designs had been painted, and the pieces then fired.The results became the illustrated storybooks of the day.The new techniques have brought about some changes.What thev have not altered is the suppleness and brilliance of colors, the translucent mosaic in which color, not subject.is the lasting marvel.When Quebec, as a gift to Montreal, commissioned Miss Ferron to provide a design for the Champs-de Mars station, she turned to the Sainte-Hyacinthe firm which pro vided her with an équipe and a studio.Four months and $48,000 later the 3000 square feet of verrerie.a glorious cloud of color, were installed.Said Miss Ferron: \u201cWhen man comes out of the grey life he leads during the day, into the color of the meétro, it calls him to life.If flowers were grey you wouldn't like them.It\u2019s the color that has meaning.Glass has a power that is psycho logical, that is very powerful.\u201d Miss Ferron\u2019s research has resulted in the most advanced techniques to date in the field of verrière.The an tique glass panels are now suspended.literallv.between two sheets of carefully prepared plate glass.In a sense, the sheet inside floats free.The problem is to control the expansion of the glass caused by sunlight.the element without which verrière has no life.With the aid of plastic dividers or separators.the new technique permits the artist to work with huge areas of glass instead of the tradition ally small pieces.In the hands of Miss Ferron the final effect is glorious, and the work is permenent.Everything must be impeccable.\u201d she explained.A major problem is to caleulate the breathing of the glass when the sun strikes.The reds, for instance, expand while the greys next lo them do not.We have to be very Page 3 precise because when one writes, with glass one can\u2019t make the same changes that are possible with painting.You can\u2019t design the same way as with oils and inks.The material conditions the writ- ~ Marcelle Ferron in front of her verriére at Samuel Bronfman House.ing.You have to think glass.Now I can work with large masses of color.I find the material superb.\u201cThe idea is to give the greatest quality of efficiency to the glass.It\u2019s warm, sensual.In a country like this where there are not many flowers and not much color then 1 think color is needed.Yes, I am content with this window.When one ends a painting, if one doesn\u2019t destroy it then one must like it .\u201cYou mention that the Jewish faith does not permit graven images of God.It\u2019s interesting that by deduction I arrived at the same concept.It is possible to reach the same conclusion by suggesting by the dramatic use of color all the hopes and sorrows of man.I have great confidence in man.\u201cThis work is a step on the way to doing something else.Right now I am experimenting with a kind of glass collage, using scraps of glass to make tableauxenverre .l want to find new materials and new sec ular uses for these glass-curtain walls.I want to make functional systems that will be the cheapest in the world, that will become part of the architectural decor of everyday life.\u201d Teach-In on Soviet Jewry Over 500 persons attended the opening session (October 25) of the Teach-In on Soviet Jewrv organized bv the Montreal Jewish Youth Coun cil.under the auspices of the Council and Canadian Jewish Congress.Eastern Region.at McGill University, Guests speakers were Rabbi Abraham Fineberg of Toronto and Eric Gold- hagen.director of East European Jewish Studies at Brandeis and a vis iting professor at the University of Munich (1969-70).On October 26 the Teach-In featured addresses bv Den nis Prager and Gunther Lawrence.À speciallv-prepared Soviet Jewry Slide Show was presented at both events which were chaired bv Harold Got- tlieb and Abie Ingber.McGill University The Jewish Studies Program of McGill University.established in 1968.offers an interdisciplinarv ap proach to Jewish learning at the un dergraduate level.Courses in Jewish culture.thought and history are available to students in several departments.and an intensive Majors Program is provided for those seeking a measure of concentration.In addition to text courses in Hebrew and Yiddish.some courses are offered in English for students who are unable to read materials in the original lan guages.The 1970-71 courses include: Hebrew Language and Literature: Yiddish Language and Literature: Jewish History: Philosophy: Religious Studies and various courses of related interest.Prof.H.M.Bracken is chair nun of the program. Page 4 The Origins of Ashkenazic Jewry The majority of Jews in the world identify themselves as Ashkenazic Jews.By Ashkenazic Jews we mean those Jews whose forefathers lived in Italy, Germany, France and England, many of whom, after the thirteenth century, moved eastward to Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Poland and Lithuania.Beginning with the ninth century, they concentrated themselves primarily in Germany and Northern France; and over a period of six centuries, they brought their own unique way of life to a high level of development.It is our intention to explore the origins of this remarkable people.Early Centuries The roots of Jewish settlement in Germany can be traced back to the early centuries of the.common era.We have evidence that Jews lived as a community in Germany during the first quarter of the fourth century.In edicts which were issued by Constantine in 321 and 331 \u2014 and which were incorporated into the Theodosian Code \u2014 the Emperor addressed himself to the Prefect of Cologne concerning the obligatory participa tion of Cologne Jewry in municipal offices,and the liberation of the Jewish communal officers from personal services.Nor was Cologne the only German city in which Jewish life flourished.Mainz, for example, must have had Jewish settlers in the days of the Roman hegemony.R.Jacob Molin \u2014 known as Maharil \u2014 the great autho rity of fifteenth-century Ashkenazic Jewry, informs us that in the cemetery of Mainz he had come upon a monument of a Jewish servant girl, which had been erected eleven hundred years before.It is probable that other Jewish communities were to be found along the Rhine and the Meuse, as well as the Danube, in such places as Augs burg, Regensburg, and the area around Vienna.With the destruction of the Roman Empire, however, it would seem that all these Jewish enclaves disappeared, and Jewish settlements did not begin to appear again within the territory of the later German Empire until the time of Charlemagne.Our evaluation of this period, in terms of the perpetuation of Jewish settlement, will obviously depend, in part, on whether the Roman towns continued their organized existence into the Dark Ages.While the possiblility of the continuity of Jewish communities in this period cannot be ruled out, it is highly improbable that Jewish communitizs of any numerical significance existed in this area.Certainly, documentary evidence of organized Jewish life on German soil does not re-appear until the Carolin gian Epoch.What were the origins of this remarkable Jewry whose members were destined to become the forefathers of the great majority of Jews today?Who were the forefathers of the Ashkenazic Jews who lived in Northern France and Germany begin ning with the end of the eighth century?What were their roots, and how did they develop?Heritage The ancestors of Ashkenazic Jewry were a highly homogeneous group, who lived apart from all other branches of the Jewish people for almost two thou sand years.During this period of time they forged their distinctive heritage and tradition into a dynamic instru- Rabbi Rosensweig is a native of Toronto who was spiritual leader of the city\u2019s Bais Yehuda Congregation and Congregation Shaarei Tefilah from 1950-1968.He also lectured at Toronto\u2019s Teacher's College.He has been spiritual leader of Adath Yeshu- run Kew Gardens Svnagogue, Queens, since 1968.ment which played a decisive role in the life of the individual and the community.It must be conceded that not all scholars subscribe to this proposition.Dr.Salo W.Baron, for example, contends that there was an influx of \u201cEastern, north African and Spanish Jewry\u201d into Germany during the Carolingian Renaissance; and that the instability of the conditions in twelfth century Germany and Northern France \u2018\u2018did not prevent masses of Jews from settling in Western Lands.\u201d However, Prof.Irving À, Augus, whose original insights have re-opened the world of Ashkenazic Jewry to the world of Jewish scholarship, argues persuasively against the position which Dr.Baron has adopted.If, indeed, there were mass migrations of Sephardic Jews into the countries where Ashkenazic Jews resided, why then, do we not encounter even a single mention, in mediaeval rabbinic literature, of a clash of custom between native and immigrant Jews \u2014 which would have been inevitable had Dr.Baron's statement been true.Jews have always jealously guarded their ritual and their minhagim.Whenever a number of Jews migrated from one country to another, they brought with them their individual customs in ritual and law; and, eventually these customs affected the religious customs of their adopted land.Nowhere do we find evidence of such a manifestation in the history of the mediaeval Jewish community in Germany.Certainly there were a few Jews of Spanish origin who infiltrated the ranks of Ashkenazic Jewry, but there is no indication of a mass migration.My own research has led to the same conclusion.When we examine the internal life of the Jewish community in the Middle Ages two significant factors emerge.There is no struggle, in any of the Ashkenazic communities, in regards to the pro- nounciation of Hebrew, which would have obviously followed a mass influx of Sephardic Jews.This was certainly the case in 16th century Italy following the arrival of masses of Jews from the Iberian Peninsula.In addition, we are confronted by the interesting fact that in the deci- sion-making process, the Sephardic scholars are practically ignored, as if Spanish scholarship did not exist.How do we explain this phenomenon?Is it possible that the Ashkenazic authorities did not feel the need to use the rulings of the Sephardic rabbis because their communities were CONGRESS BULLETIN without Sephardic Jews, and they felt a sense of self-sufficiency in transmitting their own scholarly heritage?It may very well be that in these circumstances the decisions of Sephar- dic scholars were not relevant to the accepted rules of Ashkenazic Jews.EARLY GERMAN JEWISH POET AND MINSTREL, SUSSKIND VON TRIMBERG, IN POINTED JEWISH HAT Their forefathers were, in the main, that group of Jews which lived in the Western Roman Empire \u2014 probably the activistic and idealistic group of Judean Jews, who were carried off by the Roman legions during the wars which ended in the years 70 and 135 c.e.They were, quite naturally, the element which possessed the greatest sense of loyalty to the land and to the faith of their fathers.This highly dedicated and culturally advanced group went through a further process of selection between the fourth and eighth centuries.During this period, they had to resist the unrelenting attempts of the Christian Church to convert them to the majority faith, as well as the invasion of the Barbarians, who wrought their greatest havoc in the cities, where Jews had their largest concen trations.Obviously, only the most dedicated survived as Jews.Consequently, the approximately ten thousand Ashkenazic Jews, who lived in Northern France and Germany in the ninth century, were the descendants of those Jews who had undergone this process of \u2018\u201cpurification.\u201d They were men of great business acumen, but more important, they carried forward the traditions of their scholarly forefathers well into the Middle Ages.In keeping with this heritage, they devoted themselves to the study of the Talmud and its mastery.* x à \\ Inter-F aith Activities Photographed above at Samuel Bronfman House at a luncheon meeting honouring Rev.Cornelius Rijk, Director of Vatican Office of Catholic Jewish Relations at October 30, are from left to right: Monroe Abbey, O.C.; Rev.Rijk; Saul Hayes, Q.C.Sigmund Unterberg; Rabbi Allan Langner; Dr.Samuel Lewin and Mayer Lévy.There was an informal exchange of views on a number of issues, including the special signifiance of Jerusalem for the Jewish people, inter-faith activities, implementation of the Declaration on Jews promulgated by the Second Vatican Council; organizational structure of the Jewish community in Canada and in other parts of the world.The preceding evening Rev.Rijk was the guest speaker at a public meeting sponsored by the Cercle Juif de langue Francaise, which was attended by approximately 130 people.Mr.Ralph Lallouz, president of the Cercle, chaired the event.Rev.Rijk also addressed a luncheon meeting of the Canadian Council of Christians and Jews during his visit to Montreal.Pre-Crusade Europe The Ashkenazic Jews living in Pre- Crusade Europe were a unique peo ple.They were highly literate and thoroughly conversant with Jewish Law and its implications, and they transmitted this law orally from generation to generation.Their decrees, ordinances, traditions and customs were probably more authentic than those of their Sephardic brethren.R.Asher B.Yechiel, a student of R.Meir of Rothenberg and a leading Rabbinic authority in Spain, was able to tell his Spanish respondents that \u201cthe sages of Ger many received their traditions as a direct inheritance transmitted from father to son from the days of the destruction of the Temple.\u201d The scholarship of the Jews in the Rhine communities was on a high level and encompassed a large portion of the population.This was true to such a degree that \u201ctowards the end of the tenth century two outstanding scholars of Germany stated generally that in the average community the members of the upper sholarly class outnumbered those of the lower class.\u201d It was these Jews who were invited originally to settle in Germany by Charlemagne, most probably in order to develop the commercial enterprises of his empire.The role of the merchant was vital in a feudal system, and the identification of the Jew with commerce goes back at least to the eighth century, if not earlier.A study of the increasing number of references to the Jews as merchants, which are found in the records of the European chanceries from the eighth century onwards, leads to the inescapable conclusion that the terms \u201cJews\u201d and \u201cmerchant\u201d were used quasi-synony- mously; that the picture conveyed by the term \u201cJew\u201d was at this time \u201cmerchant\u201d.Privileges\u2019! In order to bring these Jews into their orbit, the Carolingians, and the rulers and dukes who succeeded them, offered them certain economic and religious \u201cprivileges\u201d.There has been preserved three charters which Louis the Pious granted some time before 825, to individuals and groups of Jews.In these charters the life and possessions of these Jews were placed \"under the protection of the Emperor.They were assured of \u2018security against molestation, liberty of movement and freedom of commerce throughout the Imperial Dominions, exemption from arbitrary tolls and levies by subordinate officials, and equitable procedure in any lawsuit in which the holder should be involved.\u201d Contrary to ecclesiastical demands, Jews were permitted to employ free Christians, and their right to engage in the lucrative slave-trade was guaranteed.Twelve years before the Crusades, the competition to entice Jews into various German communities, in order to stimulate their commercial development, was still going on.In 1084 Rudiger, the Bishop of Speyer.offered them a series of privileges which would induce them to settle in his citv.They were permitted to move freely throughout the city as well as at the Port on the Rhine.They could for a small annual quit- rent acquire property on his land.He gave them a cemetary of their own.In violation of a cardinal provision of canon law, he permitted the Jews to employ Christian nurses and male servants, and to sell the Christians wine, medicine, and even meat which was ritually forbidden to Jews.In order to secure the Jewish community he provided them with a separate district surrounded by a wall which .they had to maintain.guard and defend.Internal self-government Above all, the Jews sought and NOVEMBER, 1970 by Rabbi Dr.Bernard Rosensweig* received the right to internal self government, to adjudicate their own litigation, and to live in accordance with Jewish law.They were willing to pay for the right of settling in a community and to engage in business with the local inhabitants; but they refused to give up their personal freedom to become part of the feudal system.The Jews were able to maintain the rule of Jewish Law, and to preserve the functioning of Jewish Law.Char lemagne granted to the Jews the right to settle all disputes amongst themselves in accordance with Jewish Law.In his privilege of 1084, Bishop Rudiger of Speyer permitted the Jews the right of exclusive jurisdiction in legal disputes between Jews.In the privileges which Emperor Henry IV extended to the Jews of Speyer and Worms, this was pointed out with even greater clarity; \u201cJewish litigants shall be convicted and judged by their equals and not by others .according to their own law.\u201d But sll of this was destined to come to a tragic end.The Jews, who had long been spared overt persecution, were lulled into believing that they were secure in the cities of their habitation.However, in the year 1096, the year of the First Crusade, the Jews in the Rhineland were given a jolt from which they never recovered; and when the smoke of martyrdom had lifted, more than one quarter of Ashkenazic Jewry had died.Golda Meir (Con\u2019t from page 1) Mrs.Meir\u2019s address to the assembly followed a strenuous grinding rou tine in which the 72-year old political leader had addressed the Canadian Labor Zionists (assembled in convention in downtown Toronto), a special United Israel Appeal luncheon and an Israel Bond dinner.Yet she held the mass audience enthralled for 55 minutes in the evening speaking in her even-toned voice.Monroe Abbey, Q.C, national pres ident of Canadian Jewish Congress, greeted the Israel Prime Minister on behalf of Congress, noting that \u2018\u2018Israel\u2019s Prime Minister furnishes the Jewish world with examples of matchless courage and determined statesmanship.She also furnishes the world in general with proof that a small nation with all too few physical resources cannot be a pawn on a world\u2019s chessboard to be pushed square to square until sac rificed.\u2019\u2019Greetings were also expressed by Federated Zionist Organization of Canada; and B\u2019nai B'rith District No.22.Christians & Jews Mr.Monroe Abbey, Q.C., CJC national president: Judge Harold Lande.CJC national treasurer; Nathan Gaisin, chairman, CJC Eastern Region; Joel Pinsky, chairman.Joint Community Relations Committee of Congress & B\u2019nai B'rith, Eastern Region; Sidney Shulemson, chair man, Community Relations Committee, Eastern Region and Sigmund Unterberg, executive treasurer of Congress, represented Congress at the 1970 banquet of the Canadian Coun cil of Christians & Jews held in Montreal October 19.The Council presented its 1970 Human Relations Awards to Hon.Lazarus Phillips, O.B.E.Q.C.; Hon.Hartland de M.Molson, O.B.E.and Hon.Senator Paul Desruisseaux.CR., LL.D.Appointment Mr.Jacie Horwitz, chairmau.International Affairs, B'nai B'rith District No.22 has been appointed as the first chairman of the Ontario Commerical Registration Appeal Tribunal.pen al of wh per id } pa les ed M.Al aid ral ober i def i ton.ied fon Mr Ne desde ad 0 gies À pre Ju ip phat Gods {ed 18D pilot di But noi Disease, À dnbookst fle Lower fle sud an inKe ig Queen Mr Nu Jn down il tums bling | b 2 new nd \u201cIo cal artist Ie fers lined ofthe Gey wm cally \u201cAnd no! sully s dfs: tisarch, vent of toe wher Sil ry of lami CEs Soul bough ie whe he A Wigs hg] Ki tej m Wig Villy, ng iy 1 Dg by thy elf, 13 feud tain he Preserse A.Char ts the émongst Jeri ; Bip Be Jos con ie In the enr er and ut with ign ed by ers 10 come ho had ution, at they ir abi 0% te Jews in it from d and om bad fer of Fi ing ro wold nadisn omer spel on end pe held for 39 ing In pr HE ser on 1 ly es fhe es of nied pishes prod go fer be à Hobe jl sa 0 psn iit - JC jaro (ld ; 98 gslern Jan! ed jem chair mai qurd q à a ihe [our (à gl Hon for pau me gi (ed Ë pi JT NOVEMBER, 1970 Calligrapher Has Produced His Last Sepher Torah Renowned calligrapher and descendant of generations of scribes, Rabbi Bernard Nuremberger has produced his last Scroll of the Law, the manuscript of the five books of Moses used for synagogue readings.Mr.Nuremberger is a sopher.which translates as scribe.He is.a member of the branch of the Jewish clergy, which, after a rabbinical edu cation, specializes in manuscript writing dedicated to the service of religion.Mr.Nuremberger, now 81 vears old, has devoted his life to producing sacred scrolls for synagogues, ritual writings, like doorpost blessings \u2014 Mezzuzahs \u2014 and texts used at prayer is phylacteries \u2014 tephillin \u2014 to direct the thoughts of the wearers to God\u2019s teachings.He has also pro duced rabbinical decrees, such as bills of divorcement.But now, afflicted by Parkinson\u2019s Disease, he has had to close his stu- dio-bookstore at 71 Norfolk Street on the Lower East Side and retire to a little study in his ground-floor apartment in Kew Gardens Hills, in Flushing, Queens.Mr.Nuremberger has not exactly laid down his goose-quill pen, for he still turns out an occasional prayer or blessing.But never again will there be a new Sepher Torah from his hand.\u201cIn calligraphy the spirit of the artist is expressed in the form of the letters and their arrangement, explained Steve Sherman, manager of the Geyer Studio, a center of modern calligraphy at 258 Broadway.\u201c\u2018And not only is the artist\u2019s per sonality set down, but his learning.All of us are constantly engaged in research, not only in the development of letter styles but in the cul ture where it takes place.\u201d Still Examines Scrolls Mr.Nuremberger\u2019s role as a man of learning, specially qualified to serve as sopher, is still left to him.Scrolls and ritual writings are brought to him in Queens to determine whether the text is authentic Books in Review Grandmother Came From Dworitz by Ethel Vineberg Tundra Press, Montreal reviewed by Shulamis Yelin \u201cIn every family\u2019\u2019, says Ethel Vineberg, \u2018\u2018there\u2019s one who asks the questions, who wants to know his origins, the tales of his grand-parents.\u2019\u201d\u2019 In her family, it was Ethel who asked the .questions and is able to pass the story on to her grandchildren.Ethel Vineberg\u2019s book.Grand mother Came from Dworitz, is the first Jewish children\u2019s book published in English in Canada.Published by the Tundra Press, Montreal, it is a thin charming volume.graciously illustrated with 47 black and white drawings by Rita Brianskv, and it exudes nostalgia like an old family pho tograph album.Mrs.Vineberg wrote this book because she is \u2018\u2018the link between the old country and the new.\u201d She opens with a thumb-nail sketch of Jewish history to explain how her ancestors happened to settle in Eastern Europe, how they managed to retain their identity.develop their own institutions, and even to judge their own offenders.And all this under the heavy hand of their political overlords, the Czars of Russia.Customs, language and restrictions are indicated, and with a stroke.she brings us into the life of her great grandfather, and its reproduction according to the law.Mr.Nuremberger learned his art in the academy for sopherim run by the father, Rabbi Arye Leib Nurem- berger, in Cracow, then Austria, now Poland, where Bernard Nuremberger was born.His father was the first hostage taken by the Nazis in the Jewish community there in 1940.He was CONGRESS BULLETIN exhorting the people to face their time of trouble courageously, when the soldiers came.The soldiers thought the rabbi was inciting the people so they stood him against a wall and cut him down with a machine gun.\u2018\u201c\u201cThe people said that as a re ward for his piety, the Lord had spared him extermination at Auschwitz so that he might be bur ME shall be thy companions; book cases and shelves, thy pleasure-nooks and gardens EERIE TLTIY * JUDAH IBN TIBBON Teo\u201d WW San an 555 Fran Va\u201d ES TONY \u201c_5°755 IR Oar yr IN DVSIND-T DIVOINIVOS TIF Ors PIN JAR AN.OX | es 3 NN > ÿ Jewish Book Month is being celebrated in Canada this year November 20-Decem- ber 20.Hirsch Mishkofsky, born in Le- chovitch, Minsker Gubernia, 1820.- The story spans one hundred years and four generations.Hirsch Mishkofsky, blond, blue-eyed handsome Jew, becomes an inn-keeper, does well and makes a place for himself even among the Russian authorities in the area.In 1853 he marries Mary Yudlevsky and fathers four children.The youngest is a daughter, Sara Elca, whom Mrs.Vineberg remembers as her grandmother.Sara Elca is a privileged girl, growing up in a well- to-do family.with servants and the unusual, \u2014 for her time \u2014 ability to read and write Hebrew.Shtetl life Here Mrs.Vineberg treats us to a quick look into the customs and attitudes of the shtetl, the\u2019 relationship to servants, the home-making chores of the time and the place of learning in the community.When Sara Elca becomes fifteen, a marriage must be arranged for her lest she \u2018\u2018sit at home until she is 19 years, heaven forbid!\u2019 Of course, a rich Jew seeks a scholar for a son- in-law, so we visit with Hirsch Mishkofsky.the Volozhin Yeshiva, noted for its brilliant teach ing and the elite it graduates.Here we witness the manner in which a proper mate is found as a match for a rich man\u2019s daughter, that the best of both possible worlds Torah and worldly goods might blend for the greater glory of God.Mordche Zisel Shapiro, from Dworitz, is the 19-year-old light of the Volozhin Yeshiva.How the two young people meet makes delightful reading.Mordche Zisel becomes the husband of Sara Elca in a grand wedding, and scholar that he is, spends ten years in \u201cKest\u201d, supported with his family by his father-in-law.His wife, however, longs for a place of her own, and in 1878, they leave Lechovitch with their four sons and their little daughter, Nechama, to settle in Dwor- itz in the one-storey frame house left him by his widowed mother.Jewish values are enunciated as Sara Elca shows her concern for the future of her orphaned servant.Rachel, who is of marriageable age.A marriage broker must be consulted to find her a \u2018good man\u201d, and a trousseau and wedding must be arranged.But that is not enough: the Mitzvah, (the credit in Heaven), will not be complete unless thev themselves attend the wedding, \u2018\u2018dressed in their very best, so that they will not think we con sider them unimportant,\u201d Sara Elca tells her children.How does a Jew come to inhabit an estate in Russia, to be warned of a pending pogrom by the village priest?Why does he save a little bag of earth to be buried with him in his coffin?What starts Jews again on their wanderings?Mrs.Vineberg answers these intrinsic questions with an anecdote or simply with a statement which reflects our colorful turbulent history.Times are changing.and Ne- ied in the cemetery with his fathers,\u201d said one of Mr.Nuremberger\u2019s three daughters, Mrs.Sarah Gut- macher.Mr.Nuremberger and his family were in Antwerp, Belgium, then.After World War I.neither Belgium nor the adjoining section of Holland had a sopher, so the chief rabbi of Belguim called him to Antwerp.He married the former Scheindel Weinreb of Cracow there 56 vears ago.\u201cThose were happy days,\u201d Mrs.Nuremberger said with a sigh.\u201cMy husband did his best work there.He turned out a beautiful Sepher Torah for the head of the house of Rothschild in Frankfort.Then, 28 years ago, a young man came to him and commissioned him to do another exactly like it.He explained that the first one was made for his grandfather.\u201d Found Refuge in France The Nurembergers left Belgium when the Nazis came in 1940 and found refuge in Boulogne-sur-Mer in France.When the British withdrew from Dunkirk he and his family and members of his community of refugees were near the beach.À party of British sailors encountered Mr.Nu- remberger and his group and recognized him as a clergyman.\u201cTheir leader asked if he would like to go along and recite the Psalms for their safety on the boat,\u2019 said another of Mr.Nurem- berger\u2019s daughters, Mrs.Faye Han nah Applebaum.\u201cHe said he would, but he could not go unless his whole family could go along.\u2018Sure, that\u2019s all right,\u2019 the British Navy man said.So my father adopted as a cousin every member of the community who was willing to go.The boat carried 200 refugees to safety.\u201d The British Government offered him a house in Essex so he could pursue his art far from the besieged cities.But the Chief Rabbi of England called him to London, and he estab- i?Bm Ee nas a CER rage Page 5 by Will Lissner lished a small studio in the East End.He worked there until the end of 1946 when he took his family to New York and set up a study.with a little shop attached.at 79 Norfolk Street.There he had a small group of people helping him to produce religious articles while he turned out Scrolls of the Law and decrees.Sopherim usually produce two to rahs a year.At his height Mr.Nu- remberger could do three.The work is exacting.The scribe.while writing, must maintain a devout attitude and utter reverently each word before he writes it.The letters must be separated from each other by spcaces.Individuality in style is allowed, but within strict limits.Purification Essential \u201cIt is traditional among so pherim that if the sopher feels he has become unclean, he must pur ify himself by a ritual bath,\u201d explained Meyer Nuremberger.a son, in an interview at Toronto.\u2018Partie ularly before writing a divine name.My father followed the cus tom frequently.\u201d The ritual bath follows a thorough cleansing, even to the paring of the nails.In its course the person undergoing purification must totally immerse himself.In the writing.perfection is demanded.If a Sepher Torah has three or more mistakes it must be buried.Mistakes may be erased except in a divine name: then the leaf must be rejected.The same care must be taken with blessings and prayers, like mezzuzah for which verses from Deuteronomy are written.At 81.Mr.Nuremberger still is not bored with his art or dismayed by its tedium.Like Job.he bears the conse quences of his affliction without recrimination.But he will not discuss it.\u201cTo him it is a tragic thing,\u201d said his wife.\u2018\u201cHe still has so much to say in his art\u2014and he cannot say it.\u201d * Reprinted from The New York Times Photographed above at the Rosenberg book launching at Congress Head-quarters in Montreal are (from left to right): Jack McClelland of McClelland & Stewart, publishers of the book; Rabbi Stuart E.Rosenberg; and Monroe Abbey, Q.C., national president of Congress.Rosenberg (Cont'd from page 1) Rabbi Rosenberg\u2019s work has been\u2019 divided into two volumes\u2014the first volume deals with the essential history of the Jewish community in Canada.recounting its development across the country from its beginnings until the present.Readers of the first volume will miss detailed analysis of and commentary on the movements, organizations and religious trends of the overall Jewish community.These will be found in the second volume which discusses new trends in communal developments in Jewish institutional life as well as contributions bv talented Jews to the general well-being of Canada.Dr.Rosenberg\u2019s book will be reviewed in a forthcoming issue of CONGRESS BULLETIN.chama.the daughter of Mordche Zisel and Sara Elca is not only taught to read and write Hebrew and Yiddish, to sew and to embroider.but also to read Russian, for her father wants her \u2018\u201cto read Tanach, (the Bible), but also to read Tolstoy\u201d America In 1892.Nechama leaves her parents to come to America.the land of the Statue of Liberty.of opportunity, of education for all.Work in the sweatshop is diffi cult, but Nechama remembers (Cont'd on page 8} 12 ne me Page 6 Comment (Cont'd from page I) \u2014It is not true that violence has always been necessary to obtain reforms.In many cases\u2014yes.In others\u2014no.In many cases it has been succeeded by tyranny, repression, terror.\u2014Being right is not always a matter of absolute dicta, but a matter of explanations.These can lead to a credo briefly summarized: an unwavering belief in the right to dissent, the right to be heard, the right to advocate any and all views; that all views have to be expressed, in a civilized manner with emotion and vigor but without violence; society has a right to law and order.\" Now where does the dissenter fit in?The issue of dissent and its boundaries and limits has to be examined also in the light of violence.If dissenting groups cannot get what they want, feel powerless and frustrated and choose to be impatient, then discussion gets beyond oral and verbal arguments and violence may indeed break out.If it does break out, the dissenters must be prepared to suffer personal sanctions.They are either right at the wrong time or wrong at the right time or wrong at any time.lt is clear that such dissenters, if they go beyond society\u2018s rules with wrong estimates of timing and thinking, then they have to pay for this error of judgment.History may call them heroes or saints, but history may also completely forget they have existed.Every element of free speech demands the right to champion an unpopular cause, but democracy also demands the right to refuse it and if the champion of change insists on violence, he has to accept the penalty of his violent views being rejected and suffer the sanctions.In other words, the right to free speech is there, but it does not give dissenters or rebels the right to be deified or sanctified.It does give him the right to be wrong, according to the accepted wisdom of the time, and to pay for his wrongs.This clearly get to the issue that no society can exist without law and order and penalties for those who are in violation.Now how about the role of organizations?In our present society pressure groups\u2014very legitimate techniques\u2014and study groups, activist groups, when responsible, and responsible to a large constituency, do represent a cross-section of society and have an obligation to improve the society of their ambience.Does it have the duty to jump into every fray and fight every battle?Must the Canadian Jewish Congress, for example, qua Canadian Jewish Congress, place all matters of injustice on its plate, act on all issues of deprivation of civil rights and attenuation of civil liberties?Question\u2014Is everything that is pernicious and harmful, the elimination of which is something with which a Jewish organization must concern itself?There is the possibility that Jews will act as individuals in concert, on matters affecting justice and injustice, liberty or oppression, civil rights or civil wrongs.The subject needs to be explored deeply.But one thing is very clear that our present turmoil is very serious and violent groups wish to destroy our accepted norms of behaviour and our system of governance.An analogy can be made with conditions that forced Burke to assert that liberty must on occasions be limited to be possessed and with Mill thot one must interfere with liberty of action for self-protection.The question of the day is not \u201cshould it?\u201d but \u201cto what degree?\u201d and \u201cfor how long?\u201d This applies to the invocation of the War Measures Act, to identity cards and to any other exceptional statutes.These are matters of extreme importance for the Canadian Jewish Congress to appreciate and with which to contend.At the 1971 Plenary Assembly in Montreal these questions have been placed on the order paper and the lonely role of responsibility will be examined by all delegates.The foregoing views are not necessarily those of CONGRESS BULLETIN or of CANADIAN JEWISH CONGRESS.Kashruth at Samuel Bronfman House The Board of Jewish Ministers of Association (Cont'd from page 2) and Co-ordinating Committee for Jewish Education in Winnipeg, and Mr.Baltzan representing the Edmonton Jewish Community Council.Attendance at the conference included representatives from the fol lowing institutions and organizations: Vancouver \u2014 Beth Israel Religious School; Calgary \u2014 Talmud Torah, Peretz School and Jewish Commu- Committee of Congress recently vis ited the kitchen facilities at Samuel Bronfman House with regard to Kashruth.The committee comprised Rabbi Morris- Halpern of the Beth Ora Congregation in Montréal, who is vice chairman of the Montreal Board of Jewish Ministers and Dr.Melvyn Schwartzben.member of the Reli- Montreal and the Religious Affairs - nity Council; Edmonton \u2014 Talmud Torah and Jewish Community Council; Regina \u2014 Hebrew School: Saskatoon \u2014 Hebrew School; Winnipeg \u2014 Talmud Torah, I.L.Peretz Folk School.Ramah School Co-ordinating Committee for Jewish Education and Keren Hatarbut.Representatives of the Jewish Students\u2019 Association at the University of Calgary made a presentation to the conference concerning the need for Judaic Studies programs at other sity level and this was followed by a discussion about the development of Judaic Studios programs at other universities.The students were ques tioned concerning their own experi: ences in formal Jewish education.The conference concluded on Monday morning with a 2 1/2 hour session key-noted by Lavy Becker on the Future of Jewish Education.gious Affairs Committee.designated bv Rabbi Allan Langner.chairman of the committee.Following the visit Rabbi Halpern addressed a letter to Sigmund Unter berg, CJC executive treasurer, in which he stated that the committee was \u2018\u201c\u2018very delighted to see the obvious care and attention that vou have given to make the Kashruth practice not only workable but abso lute and we would like to congratulate you for vour efforts and accomplishments.\u201d Chomedey A Canadian Jewish Congress Community Institute will be held in Chomedev December 13 at the Young Israel Svnagogue of Chomedey at which time Mr.Murray Spiegel.Q.C.vice chairman of Congress, Eastern Region.will be the keynote speaker.CONGRESS BULLETIN Impressions of Israel A Visit to Even Shmuel The Egged omnibus stopped at a modest-looking kiosk at a point between Tel Aviv and Beersheba.The driver announced it was the station Even Shmuel.A few minutes walk away the thick-shaped Hebrew letters reading Even Shmuel beckoned down .at me from a distance.This is the cultural centre named for the Canadian community leader and philanthropist Samuel Bronfman, focussed in the heart of an entire series.of new settlements from various countries \u2014 the largest number being from North Africa.It is a home for education, culture and agriculture, possessing a medical centre and many other facilities.In the heart of Even Shmuel is located the structure named for Samuel Bronfman.His picture hangs on the wall along with the photographs of leaders of Even Shmuel and Teddy Kolleck, the mayor of Jerusalem, during a visit in 1961.Throughout the entire centre and in the other buildings (the schools were closed the day | attended) the visitor senses an idyHic restfulness and calm far from the rush and feverish tempo of Tel Aviv, a repose that is fitting for a centre devoted to culture and education.- The mayor of Even Shmuel, Joseph Kirzhner, known to all as Yossi, was away at the time.The director of the educational system, Mordechai Rool- feld, received me in a friendly manner and we had a short chat on the program and activities of.Even Shmuel.The area is not far from Lachish.It was an experiment which the Jewish National Fund undertook in 1948, the first year of Israel\u2019s politicalexistence, on a stretch of dunams of land.At that time there were six settlements located in the area, most started and settled by earlier pioneers.In a year\u2019s time new settlements had already grown up and by 1955 there were fifteen kibutzim, six moshavim and eight shitufim (collectivized mos havim).From that point the area advanced with seven league boots.Today there are numerous kibutzim, moshavim, and towns like Kiryat Malachi and Gath, where manufacturing industry employs hundreds of workers.In 1950 a central district was organized in the name of the minister Moshe Shapira named Shapir.In this are located fifteen settlements divided into kibbutzim, collective mos- havim and workers collectives.Those who live in them are for the most part - new immigrants from North Africa.Among them also are newcomers from Persia, Kurdistan and European olim from Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and even native Israeli sabras.Settlements Markaz Shapir and Even Shmuel are each district centres.The special function of these two centres is to provide the other settlements with the education of their children, fulfilling the cultural and religious needs and other spiritual requirements of a regular, ongoing nature.Even Shmuel is the centre for the following settlements: Eytan, which houses immigrants from Tunisia and Mo rocco; Noam, whose settlers are from the same two countries; Shalveh from Tripoli and Morocco: Oneh from Tripoli: Ruchah from Kurdistan; and Zavadiel Olin.The settlements in the central area practice agriculture and engage in a small measure of manufacture in the nearby towns.Even Shmuel is not only the cultural centre for the communities listed but is an adult education centre.a health centre, an agriculture centre.All the needs of the yishuvim are directed from the dis trict centre.It is, understandably, not an easy task to create a common interest in culture and education among Jews coming from different countries, each group having grown up under the influence, the culture and the mental ity of the countries they stem from.Even the North African Jews differ from each other as their countries of birth too were not identical in education and cultural background.Jews from Morocco, from Turkestan and from Iraq have no language in common.Even the Jews trom Morocco differ among themselves.Whereas those from Casablanca and Rabat had used French in their daily life, the Morgccan Jews from Tangiers were Spanish speaking.Two factors If the goal of the cultural centre has in any way achieved success two factors have been vital in this: first is that the uniform language is Hebrew.The second factor is that though Jews from various countries do speak different languages, when it comes to religion they are one, all using Hebrew as the Talmudic expression says Yisrael v\u2019oraitha chad hu \u2014 \u201cIsrael and the Torah are one.\u201d In the area of religion, integration is fairly easy and this leads to harmony and mutual understanding among the disparate Jewish tribes wherever they may stem from.Even Shmuel has a number of schools \u2018including high school and elementary right down to kindergarten with more than a thousand pupils who come from the satellite area.There is a staff of more than sixty teachers not counting instructors in other activities.Special attention is concentrated on the child and in particular the children of the new immigrant.There is a youth centre where evening courses are available for gen eral studies and agriculture.Facilities are available for sport and other pas times giving the young people the opportunity to meet and know each other.This leads sometimes to romance and \u201cmixed marriages.\u201d a sabra will wed a youth from Kurdistan.a Czechoslovak young man will marry a girl from Tripoli.In Even Shmuel itself all the inhabitants are Israeli-born children of pioneers and early settlers.It wa: they who initiated the necessary links NOVEMBER, 1970 by Jacob Beller with the neighboring settlements beyond the official functions.To wards this end conferences, talks and lectures are arranged on the subject of Jewish values, on the story of the rich past.These are given in the schools of each settlement even in Be Fv: Nh