The Journal of agriculture and horticulture, 1 novembre 1900, jeudi 1 novembre 1900

[" ue VCRAIRRES Ur A A} l VoL.4.No.9 This Journal replaces the former \u2018 Journai of Agriculture,\u201d and is delivered free to all members of Farmers\u2019 Clubs, Nov.1st, 1900 THERE.Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HorTICULTURE is the officia organ of the Council of Agriculture of the Province of Quebec, It is issued Bi-monthly and is designed to include not only in name, but in fact, anything concerned with Agriculture and Stock-Raising, Horticulture étc.All matters relating to the reading columns of the Journal must be addressed to Arthur R.Jemner Fust, Editor of the JOURNAL oF AGRICULTUKE AND HORTICULTURE, 4 Lincoln Avenue, Montreal.For RATES of advertisements, etc,, address the Publishers LA PATRIE PUBLISHING CO., 77, 79 & 81 St.James St., Montreal Subscription: 21.00 per Annum payable in advance LS Table of Tontentgy THE FARM Notes by the WAY.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026cersserss vovsusecs rence \u2026.\u2026.193 l\u2019rofessor Shutt\u2019S report.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.vereerrannerensirnecneunsee 193 The potato-CrOPp.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.eeerrsreccrerecrcne se rassererecccsss 193 Growing MOF@ GTASS so\u2026\u2026cccocorerserenentecrecce sis ce cnvenees 195 MangelS ve secssesessensenecsessensene rer reese serene 195 NGEA Lessersrenenrensns sveroorernasere crane cc andere sec Sato Nc rENOG0LE .196 Ploughing matches, Mortureux ONg.usscesvresaccsereneusces 196 HOUSEHOLD MATTERS Boots and ShOES.\u2026\u2026.\u2026.rererrses corveress anravsceonenen res 197 Skirts and fads in general.uve-seccsorersereneess 198 THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD Apple-crop in New-Fngland.cocoon, 200 Hopedale, MASS.\u2026\u2026\u2026secrcsrrenneensee eine 6 200 The gardener a philanthiropist .\u2026.\u2026\u2026.\u2026.eee .200 lusects injurious to V@getatioIl sven, 200 SELAAS Berroreressesc rase nenen sens casernes sense es eraser, 202 THE DAIRY l'on petitron of dAiry-productS.orvvrressersrerscorens-oc0ces 203 Cheddar-cheese, Lloyd ON.vince cence 203 Dairy exhibit\u2014 Bath and W.of Eng'and show.205 > h-earth duets.passée ausere son sen teens ens acc 0 nd 000000 205 THE POULTRY-YARD The incubator on the farm.cecoeeenenninn.n.errr 206 The hatching-season.couveeeee.assonces aorecs sc encens 206 Color in legs of poultry.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026 207 THE GRAZIER AND BREEDER Cemmon diseases, W.R.Gilbert On.\u2026.\u2026.rareerserse 208 Corrective influences of fOOdB.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026enserceensecnrenes 210 The cow in November.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026\u2026.\u2026.s prsarsee secs sentence 211 THE FLOUK A 200d fleece àL.+usace n0cesccreessen00s oursons00e Bésssmu sen sra nee 211 Managing a breeding-flock.PN 212 Stock ram, & \u2026\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.soesressessa cause aonensurensonces v\u2026.213 Early lambDs.\u2026.\u2026erorcrocnosarersencemsenee ssesn csrasens 213 THE HORSE Rearing the horse, Girsdale On.214 SWINE Balaneed rations for DOgS.\u2026.\u2026.\u2026.resoscr saorsreenaneanes « 215 The farm.NOTES BY THE WAY.Prof.Slutt\u2019's report.(Dec.1, 1899.) As we often hear it recommended to sow clovers, especially lucerne, without any grain-crop, for fear of lessening the yield of the grain, we are glad to have Professor Shutt\u2019s authority in favor of the universal practice of the old country.Speaking of a sample of cultivated soil, sent for analysis from Notre-Dame, Kent Co., N.B., Mr.Shutt says : \u2018\u2018 The esonomic improvement of this soil demands firat of all the addition of organic manure.As in all probability there wouid not be sufficient farmyard dung to bring up the land, recourse must be had to turning in green- crops, preferably clover.The crop from 8 to 10 pounds of clover-seed, which may be sown with any of the cereals without diminishing the yield of grain, will enrich the Jand, if ploughed in the fall, to an extent equal in many respects to a dressing of 8 to 10 tons of ordinary farmyard manure.\u201d\u201d It is a pity farmers wlll not grow raps and feed off with sheep.A very trifling dese of nitrate of soda with 300 lbs., of a good mineral superphosphate, would bring a crop of rape, which being fed off by sheep, each sheep getting a pint of oats and pease, a day, would work a wonder- fal change in the land under treatment, and if the second-crop of clover were consumed in the same way, the whole face of the farm in which these things were put into practice wonld be entirely altered in less than 8 years, 194 Mr.Shutt lays the average losses of farmyard dung by water at from one-third to one-half, or even more, of its original value.To avoid this, he proposes : 1, to cut the straw used for litter, and thus increase its absorbent power ; 2, to use air-dried muck, when it can be had.To which, of course, Mr, Shutt adds that clover ploughed in will greatly benefit the soil, as no doubt it wlll, and a good practice it is if the farmer has no stock that would be glad of it in the winter.Ploughing in buckwheat or white mustard is one thing; ploughing in such a valuable fodder-crop as clover, is another.Tannery-ashes \u2014The finest crop of tobacco we ever grew was manured with spent ashes, and waste from a tannery at Joliette ; some of the leaves, as measured by M.Panneton, the Grand Connétable of that town, were upwards of 40 inches long and more than 24 inches broad; Connecticut seedleaf ; not good to smoke but decidedly profitable ; people came from as far off as 20 miles to see it.Wood-ashes.\u2014Some one mentioned that, in his opinion\u2014who it was we forget\u2014it was not likely that a dressing of wood-ashes would bring a crop of turnips.We had spoken of having succeeded in growing white turnips in England with this manure alone.Now, just look at Prof.Shutt\u2019s anaiysis : The analysis of a sample of wood-ashes for- .warded by Messrs.Reford & Co., Montreal, showed their composition to be as follows : Moisture ee 2.26 Loss on ignition (charcoal, &¢) .5.62 Insoluble matter (clay, sand, &c.) 17.36 Phosphoric acid .2.21 Potash .6.22 Commercial wood-aslies necessarily vary somewhat in composition ; but good samples should range between 5% and 67% potash, and 1-5 per cent to 2-5 per cent phosphoric acid.It is evident, therefore, that this sample may be regarded as quite equal to the standard of good commercial grades.Thus, a dose of 25 bushels of ashes of the above quality would contain a fair amount of phosphoric acid ; quite enough to bring a crop of white turnips, for allowing the ashes to weigh 75 lbs.a THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULUTRE AND HORTICULTURE bushel, they would contain 41 lbs.of phosphoric acid, about the same quantity as would be contained in the ordinary dose of 300 lbs.of good mineral superphosphate ; thousands of acres of turnips are grown every year in England for sheep with no other dressing than that.The experiments of Nitragin, a preparation containing the germs resident in the roots of legumee, with a view to ascertaining its practical value for encouraging the growth of clover, pease, and beans, have been continuel at the Experiment Farm.The clover experiment failed, as the nitragin arrived too late in the season of 1899 ; but very satisfactory conclusions were reached in the \u2018\u2018treated and untreated \u2019\u2019 clover-plota of 1898, that ie, on the second year\u2019s growth.The soil was almost pure sand, humus and nitrogen being present only in exceseively small quantities, Ten square yards were manured with 4 oz.muriate of potash, and 12 oz of superphosphate, i.e., at the rate of 120 lbs.of muriate of potash and 300 lbs.of superphosphate to the acre.FIRST YEAR\u2019s CROP, 1898.The yield of the crop from inoculated seed was about 15% heavier than that from the untreated seed.SECOND YEAR'S GRCWTH, 1899.Inoculated.Untreated.Total weight of plants .745grms.252 grms.Mr.Shutt concludes with the following pisce of practical advice : There are, however, several rather serious difficulties in the way of the general introduction of nitragin.First, it must be used while still freshly prepared (the German manufacturers will not guarantee its vitality after it has been made six weeks), and, secondly, it must have been protected from strong light and kept at a temperature below 100° F.We are of the opinion that any farmer might without purchasing nitragin obtain the same results by taking soil from a field that has grown a good crop of clover and sowing it over the poorer goil.The earth which comes from the roots of clover contains the germs and, therefore, this method would be an actual inoculation of the poorer soil.This plan has worked most successfully with several experimenters, in both Europe and America.Another plan would be to pour cold water over the earth (previously placed in a barrel) from the rich clover Jand and after allowing the soil to settle, to pour off the supernatant water and soak in it the seed about to be sown.Americanisms \u2014 Will any one be good enough to translate into intelligible English the following sentence, taken from an article, by a learned professor, in \u2018\u2018The New-England Homestead.\u201d\u2019 ?I.Pastures heavily grown to weeds and thistles capable of plowing after the unwanted growths have been cut and burned, should be put in some strong-growing annual.\u201d The same article states that the writer \u2018\u2018fed over 1% steers and cows on an acre of pasture sowed to eight varieties of grass.\u201d We should like to know how long he fed them, as we reckon, in England, that it takes 3 acres of the best meadow and pasture to keep a milch-cow for 12 months, The potato crop.\u2014 We have just received, in the \u201cN.E.Homestead >\u2019 a report of the estimated yield of the potato-crop of the United States and Canada.We say estimated, because it is impossible that an accurate computation of the yield can have heen arrived at so early in the season as the 1st October.However, the probability is that the crop, as returned, has not been underrated, so we will take it as proved, in the following obsex- vations.1.The crop of 1900, yielded,in the United States, 83 bushels to the acre all over.Now 83 multiplied by 60 (the weight in the United States per bushel in pounds) is equal to 4,980 which divided by 56 (the English weight) is equal to 89, or, as the yield of potatoes is usvally calculated in Britain, to 23 (gross) tons to the acre.The average yield of the crop in England is, taking one year witi another, about 5} tons, or 210 bushels American measurement.Canada shows a little better return for labour, manure, and seed, her crop being given this year as 104 bushels an acre, or 6,240 pounds, about 2.8 tons to the acre; but how comes it that Quebec\u2019s crop beats Ontario\u2019s yield by 29 x 60, 1740 pounds to the acre?The figures stand thue in the report : Quebec .110 bushels.Ontario 81 bushels.And why should P.E.Island yield 150 bushels an acre\u2014a really fair crop of 4 tons imperial THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURK 195 measure and weight when Manitoba and B.Columbia only give 125 bushels each ?The last four years\u2019 average yield of the Dominion reads thas: 104, 108, 94, 104 \u2014 #12 \u2014 1021.The last four years of the American average, thus : 83, 82, 73 64 \u2014 227 \u2014 754, not two tons (gross) to the acre.We are driven to one of two conclusions : E.ther the farming of the United States, in spite oi the numerous Agricultural Colleges, etc., must be in a very primitive condition, or the climate, goil, etc., of that extensive country must be inimical to the production of an esculent that owes its origin to the same hemisphere in which it now refuses to compensate the grower for his outlay.Judging from the frontispice of the New-E.- Homestead, entitled \u2018\u2018 Digging and Harvesting Potatoes in Maine\u2019\u2019 ; the crop therein portrayed would be above 80 or 90 tons, at least, to the acre! \u2018What earthly good can be derived from such ridiculous exaggerations ?GROWING MORE GRASS.Professor Roberts of the Cornel Experiment Station says that the pastures and meadows which have been injured by the drought the past year should be renovated this fall, that they may produce more grass next year, instead of growing only weeds which will come in where grass roots have been injured or killed.He advises sowing the pastures with a mixture of two pounds timothy seed and one pound each of orchard grass, meadow fescue and redrop per acre.This will be enough as many of the old grass roots will remain, only the most tender being destroyed.Harrow two or three times with a spike tooth harrow with very small and very sharp teeth, to break some of the old grass roots and induce them to start anew, and also to cover the seed.When the seed is sown put on 50 pounds of muriate of potash and 50 pounds of nitrate of soda per acre, or double that amount if the soil has been tested and proven to respond well to these fertilizers.Then roll to press the earth down on the seeds.Early in the spring sow one pound of white clover seed and two pounds of alsike clover per acre.Sell off the poorer cows, that the pasture may not be taxed too heavily next year.With all this we agree, excepting that we would not use nitrate of soda in the fall.If used in August or early September it would give grass a good start, but later than that we would defer its use until the clover wag THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE gown in the spring.We would also in New-Eng- land substitute two pounds of Northern red clover geed for the alsike, and add two pounds of blue grass to the fall seed if it was for pasture, unless we felt confidence that there was enough there that had resisted the drought.Old meadows may be improved in a similar way, but we would not use the blue grass seed on them or the white clover, but would put on at least five pounds of red clover, and think ten would be better, and five pounds of the orchard grass.This should make a good hay.One hundred pounds per acre of acid phosphate might be used to advantage.American Cultivator.Note by the Editor of J.of Ag.\u2014We have often tried, and still more frequently seen others try, to restore worn-out pastures, but never have we geen the attempt succeed by using the means suggested in the above.A dressing of pond-mud, ditch-scrapings, &c.,mixed with lime, and turned over once or twice, applied in the fall, at the rate of 40 burhels of lime to the acre with 4 loads of the earthy material, we have found wonderfally effective in bringing up the clovers, particularly the white-clover.When the grain has failed al- tegether in patches, we should prefer breaking-up the pasture and re-seeding it anew after proper cultivation has brought the land into tune again.As for spreading nitrate of soda in the fall, that is clearly wrong ; if it is used at all, it should be spread in the spring as a top-dressing.Always use potash dressing inthe fall, and nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia in the spring.Mangels are, we hope, all in the root house or cellar by this time.Nothing is gained by leaving them standing too late as all the gain they make in the lutter part of Octoher is principally composed of water.Swedes can stand a great deal of front without suffering in quality, and parsnips may remain in the ground all the winter, though digging them up in tha spring, on heavy land particularly, makes a hozrid mess.Why do people persist in eating parsnips in the early autumn ?We saw them in the shops, this year, in September! Parsnips are never fit to eat till there has been a good hard frost.In England we geldom cook them till February.Seed.\u2014The best crop of fall.wheat we ever grew was geeded at the rate of one bushel to the acre; but the land was full of manure, and the cultivation was intense ; one harrowing, two roi- lings (Crosekill and Smooth), and one horse hoeing.But on ordinary land, with spring seeding, we recommend 21 bushels of wheat, 2% of barley or even 3, and 3% of oats, to begin with; say, the last week in April; increasing the dose by half a bushel every fortnight to the end of the season.(1) PLOUGHING MATCHES AND PLOUGHING.In spite of the continued rain which fell on the 16th of October,no less than 30 ploughmen competed in the contest held on that day by the Agricultural Society of St.Hyaclnthe county.The attendance was not as large as it might have been, had the weather been more favorable, and the work not perhaps as good as if the ploughmen\u2019s patience had not been submitted to a severe test by the rain and the cold weather ; yet, taking all things into consideration, the match was a success upon which the society deserves to be congratulated.Among the contests which agricultural societies open to their members\u2019 ploughing matches are certainly of the best, and it is much to be hoped that they will become of more frequent occurrence in the future.Too much imporlance cannot be attached to good ploughing.Straight furrows of the right depth, width, and degree of inclination, not only speak much in favor of the farmer, but as the physical condition of the soil depends in a large measure upon the perfection of the ploughing, they have a large influence upon the yield of the crop.In order to do good ploughing, as well as to do any work, not only skilà but also good tools are required.We ars now far from the day when the crooked branch of & tree was ured for tearing up the bosom of the earth, which then made ug by its fertility for the lack of proper tillage.To day we find no less than several hundred types of ploughs adapted to all kinds of soils and con- ditione, but the progress fcom the primitive type to the perfected one was very slow.Before Jethro Tull began to demonstrate the importance of the thorough tillage of the soil, about the middle of the eighteenth century, the plough was yet very imperfect, and it was only since then that the attention of thoughtful men was drawn towards (1) More on this subject next No.Ep, Ttil£ JOUKNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE its amelioration in order to render it more ¢ffective.The large number of coulters attached to the Berk- ghire plow then in use was gradually reduced as experiments proved that the division of the soil by concussion was a more economical and quicker way of pulverising it than by the use of coultera which required a much larger amount of force.Hence the adoption of wider mouldboards, accompanied by a single coulter, when practical men perceived that narrow and straight farrows, though pleasing to the eye, could not be called good plowing, Yet, too often the real aim of the plough which should be not only to overturn the soil but to pulverige it as much as possible, is overlooked by ploughmen, and imperfect implements are too often still made use of.We have the authority of Prof.Roberts for saying that \u2018\u2018 in America, plowing is the least understood and the most imperfectly performed of any operation of preparing the land for crops.In Enrope, it is still worse.The Englishman does little more than two things with the plow\u2014inverts the furrow and makesit straight.All the tillage has to be done by following implements.\u201d\u201d (But it is perfectly done.Ep).Ths plough with the coulter is not always an economical implement.Experiments made in order to determine the amount of draught required bv each part of thse plough ehows that that ths severing or cutting of the furrow slice bv the coulter requires 55% of the total draft consumed by ithe plough, while only 12% are spent in turning it, and the 33% remaining by thas friction of tha sole and the land slide.This ig when the farrow slice is simply inverted by the plough and,conseyuently,the greater part of tho tillage has to be done by oihsr implements Bat the ploagh should do more.It should as much as possible break up and disintegrate the furrow slice, leaving the land in as corragated a condition as possible, which, quoting from Roberts, \u201callows the implements of tillags to take hold of the crest of the furrows, and break and fine them without di:turbing the sod\u2019\u2019.These conditions are secured by tha use of tha jointr or skim-plough in the place of the coulter, which cuts a miniature furrow in advance of the plough, and leaves the mouldboard, which should be as bold and as overhanging as possible, to do the rest of the work, In this way, the amount of draught used, though no greater than in the first case, produces more effective work.The furrow slice, instead of being simply overturned and left at an acute angle, almost untouched, is much more corragated, the plants are also far better covered, and subsequent tillage more economically accompliched.(1) Heavy clay soils however require a different mode of treatment.Asin such soils we wish especially to secure the action of the frost as deep as possible in the soil, as well ag the percolation of rain water, farrowa left at an acute angle and imperfectly fined, such as are made with use of the coulter will answer the purpose better.In all other soils however the nse of the skim-plough with a wider mouldboard seems more rational, as it not only does part of the tillage which heretofore was left to the implements following, but also greatly facilitates the work of the latter .Hausehold Hatters, (CONDUCTED BY MRS.JENNER FUST).The pub'ic at large will doubtless rejoice at the crusade that is being waged against the atrocious pointed-toed, high-heeled boots and shoes.So much has the reaction for reform set in, that many chops are selling ont their old stock at half the original price, just to get rid of them, and stock themselves with those saitable to the present demand.People, who had long slender feet, could wear without irjury to themeelves the pointed-toed boot or shoa, while others with short feet had ths greate.t diffisulty in getting shoes suitable to them, often having to endure much pinching befire the boot or shoe couid be brought to comform kindly to the comfort of the feet.There are people, no doubt, who will be sorry to lose the extra icch or ro in height the heels gave tham ; but they will never be brought to ackaowledgs how much harm has been done to their feet during their use.It makes one thudder to thick ¢f the tortures some poor girls must have endared ; standing all day in a shop \u2018breaking in\u2019\u2019 a pair of those torturing foot- coverings.They, at least, with many others, wiil rejoice at the change that has caused these abominations to be cons goed to oblivion.(1) The skim (not ekin) plough is not u=ed in place of the coulter but precedes it, and turns down to the bottom of the furrow all the rubbish,grass, etc, growing on the 2 or 3 inches of the furrow on the Jand side.Ev, 193 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE The devotees of the pointed-toes and high heels will undoubtedly cling to them as long as they can get them, bat even they in the end will have to give way to the demands of fa:hion.Another badly needed reform has just set in : about ekirts.Women need no longer sweep the streets with their nice dresses ; these are consigned to their proper sphere, that is, the house, and to those who drive.Nothing is more gracefal locking than a medium train to a house-drese, it gives a certain dignity to a short person and lends a charm to all in the ball room, its legitimate kingdom.Sensible walking skirts are now made jast long enough not to touch the grouxd, ard give the wearer free hands for nmbreila or parcels.If some people could see themselves clutchirg a handful of ekirt on one side to keep it from harm while the other side is doing the scavengr\u2019s work, they wonld be awazed at the figure they cut in the streets, and never wonder at passers by looking at them in wonder.Far less injury would be done in many cases if the dress were left entirely alone.As long as there are people of means willing to pay for and carry ont any new fad that the ingenious mind can invent, there will be those willing to pander to the same.It often happens that the sctive mind of ons person, will hit upon a valuable suggestion, or change, which will brirg them in a small fortune, and it is this hope that it is ever working and ready to gragp at anything which will conduce to their own profit, and also prove useful to the public at large.One has only to look round end notice the vast improvements made by the ingenuity of man dnrirg the last fifty years som» of which are so wonderfal that the mind can scarcely grasp them.Then again fall back on many little things, small in them- seve, but which add greatly to ths help and comfort of the work and workers.In fact there are invertive misds ever on the alert to help and show the world at larga the easiest way to pick up a living.COOKING.POTTED HEAD.Clean half an ox-head and a cow-heel, soak in galt and water, then rinse, cut in pieces, put all into a stewpan, cover with cold water, and bring very slowly to the boil, carefully ramoving all scum as it rises.Add two whole onions stuck with twenty cloves, two carrots cut in thick slices a table spoonful of whole allspice, two bisdes of mace, two tablespoonfuls ¢f peppercorns, a bunch of herbs, and a little salt, Let all simmer together for about six hours till the meat is very tender, then strain all through a sieve ; let the stook remain till quite cold, then remove the fat fromits surface.Cut the meat off the hesd and foot into small pieces, and do not let any spices, vegetables or bits of bone remain with it ; add to it the stock and let it boil for about fifteen minutes, Season to taste.Have ready some wet basins or plain moulds garnished with slices of hard-boil-d eggs.Carefully place some of the meat in them, and fill up with ths liquor ; let it remain until quite cold and turn out on a dish nicely garnished.A ham should be put over the fire in coid water, after being well scrubbed with a vegetable brush, to remove any particle of dust, and per- baps the too strong smoky odor.Then fifteen minutes\u2019 moderate boilling should be aliowed to every pound.The flesh shrinking away from the bone also indicates that the ham is well cooked.The water should be changed to cold water again two or three times if the ham is very salt, or too strongly flavored.When done, allow to ccol in the water in which it as beea boiled.This is the secret of juiciness and tenderness.If, when cooking,a saucepan or fish-kettle aprings a leak, drop a small piece of bread ioto it, and it will at once find its way to the hole and stop the leaking.KGG SAUCE Boil three eggs hard.Make hslf à pint of smooth, well-made melted butter.Remove the shell from the eggs and cut thera into thick rounds and then into dice-shap:d pieces.Give the egge one stir in the saucepan, and pour the remainder into a hot tureen.Season with pepper, salt, and nutmeg.POTATO SOUP.Boil three pounds of potatoes in two quarts of white stock, with a stick of celery, a turnip, and two onions cut in slices.Season with white pepper and salt, and boil till the potatoes are quite tender.Then mash them smoothly, paes the goup through a sieve, adding a little milk or more stok if it is too thick ; return to the saucepan to get quite hot, and serve with dice of fried bread and grated cheese.TOMATO PICKLE.A delicious tomato pickle can be made as fol- tows :\u2014Take fourteen pounds of green tomatoes and six large onions ; slice them all, sprinkle with a cupful of salt, and let them stand till next day.Then drain them and add two quarts of water and one quart of vinegar.Boil for fifteen minutes, and then drain again, throwing away the liquor.Add two quarts of fresh vinegar, two pounds of sugar, an ounce each of cloves, whole ginger, allspice, mustard and cinnamon, and a saltspoonful ol cayenne pepper.Tie the spices up in a muslin bag.Boil for fifteen minutes ; pour into earthenware or glass jars, and tie down when cold.THE BEDRO:M.In order to sleep well it is necessary that the surroundings be suitable.The room should be large and airy, and if not large the ventilation should be good.Often, on noticing the close air of a bedroom, one has wondered how the cccu- pant could sleep at all ir such an atmosphere ; but so many people have a prejndice against night air that they seal themselves up in a room to which no air can gain access.Breathing over and over again the same air, it is little short of a miracle that they are not asphyxiated before morning.The air thould not blow directly upon one when he or she is asleep ; and if the room is small a screen can be placed in such a position as to prevent this.Even a draught is preferable to vitiated air in the sleeping room.Ths bed should he comfortable and roomy.By comfortable isnot meant soft.It is a mistake to get accustomed to too soft a bed, for when one hes to spend a night away the comfort of it will ba so much missed as to banish sleep.The bed should be smooth and level, not much higher at the head than at the foot, and not inclining the other way to send the blood to the brain.It makes a difference, too, what kind of a pillow one has.It is better to use a small pillow which can be moulded into any shape, and that the head should not be high.It is liable to make one round-shouldered to sleep with the head too high.THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE EARLY TO BED.A long sleep, says an American doctor, rests the mind as well as the body, and prepares one for the work of the next day, whatever it may be Far better than an opiate or a narcotic is the habit of seeking the pillow at an early hour,and quietly lying still with closed eyes and relaxed limbs, until sleep, gently wooed, comes with its healing touch and softly weaves its spells of halm, Growing children cannot too carefully be enjoined to get plenty of sleep.The boy or girl who has lessons to learn must waken early after a good pight\u2019s rest and this is ensured only by punctuality in retiring.(1) Eight o'clock is a good bedtime for all young people under fifteen, and should be insisted upon by parents.Ammoniated chalk will takes out grease spots, and fullers\u2019 earth mixed to a paste with ammonia and water has much the same effect.Make the paste rather thick, lay it on the & pots, leave till dry, and brush off with a clean brush.Fullers\u2019 earth mixed with water only can be used to take grease epots out of the most delicate silks without injuring them.Full dirty saucepans with hot soda water till there is time to wash them.This means a great saving of time in the end.To remove the smell of onions from a saucepan fill with cold water, and put in a slice of bread\u2014 a stale crust will do \u2014 aud boil for half an hour.The odour will have entirely disappeared.When the woodwork of a window is painted it often happeus that splashes of paint go on the glase, and if these are left for any length of time they hecome hard, and many people fiad them difficult to remove.There need, however, be no difficulty if soda and water be used.Take some very hot water, and in it dissolve a lump of soda ; a piece about the size of an egg to one pint of water.Wet a soft cloth or piece of flannel in this and rub the paint marks, when they will be found to come off quite easily.;1 2 (1) I¢\u201c go to bed\u201d; an American \u2018retires! Ep. 200 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE The Barden and Brochard, (ConpucTED BY MR.GEo.MOORE).THE APPLE-CROP IN NEW-ENGLAND.The weather in the early summer was cool and showery however as ths season advanced it be: came warmer and dry, favoring the development of the apple crop.The trees were laden with fruit many of which were blown off by a severe storm and lost; nevertheless plenty were left to make the crop above the average.Now is the season for gathering and storing them, and it would scarcely be possible to have liner weather for the purpose.In orchards where the trees have been properly cared for and sprayed, the fruit is large, sound and fair.\u2014 odo HOPEDALE, MASS.Take care of the shade trees.The Draper Manufacturing Company is one of the richest and most energetic firms in the New England States And not only is ity business carried on in the wo: ks, where there are now upwards of 3 C00 men employed in msking all kinds of cott'n machinery, on the strictest business princivles, but the same method is adopted in the mansgement of the town affairs.The roads are all in perfect condition, + hade-trees are planted on all the principles thoroughfares and these are ali ia the most luxuriant state of growth, the result of the care they receive.The ema, and such trees as are liable to the attacks of insects, have ail had their ba-k carefully seraped and been spreved, hance they are delightfal objects to behold, clean and thrifty, and + how that stten- tion to these details well repaye the outlay.ee. THY, GARDENER A PNILANTHROPIST.A well kept and well used garden makes its owner a philanthropist, it gives him the means to minister to the necessities and comforts of his less fortunate nejghboure, and to share with them the advantages and plessures he derives from it A lover rf a garden can scarcely fiil to baa lover of mankind, for no selfish person ¢njoy the heauties of Nature half go well has one who hares the enjoyment with others, A writer on the subject aptly says: \u2018\u2018 One of the dearest privileges of a garden is the power of bestowal it affords.Flowers and fruit are always g atefully received, and hava alway: been considered among the best means of expressing kindness, sympathy and love.\u201d INSECTS INJURIOUS TO VEGETATION.( Continued).Wireworms.Wireworms are more to be dreaded than most other insects, because scarcely any crop is free from their ravages.Coro, roota.and vegetables of all kinds suffer; they feed at all seasons of the year, except during very bad frosts, and then they go down deep into the ground.As they live from three to five years in the wireworm etage of their existence their work of destruction is of long duration.WIREWORMS.1 and la.Agrioles lineatus.) (Natural size and 2 and 24.Agriotes sputator.\" agnified) 3 and 3a.Agriotes obscurus.J = : : Fe of zlgriotes lineatus.(Natural size).The beetle which produces the wireworm is calied the \u2018\u2018 click \u201d\u2019 beetle, because when he!d by one end it bends its body and produces a ulickivg round, or when placed on its back it jumps up and makes a peculiar click.Methods of Prevention and Remedies.From the experiments made at Cornell University it is concluded that it is almost impossible to extirpate wireworms by any of the means there adopted.Protecting the seeds by coatings of Paris green, tar, etc., or soaking them in solution of lime, copperaz, coal oil, turpentine, and strychnine had no effect in preventing the attack, or killing the pests.Attempts to starve them out by fallowing the land or cultivating crops supposed to be distasteful to them, as for instance, mustard, was equally THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 201 Ineffective, and farmers were advised not to lose the use of the land for a season, and the labour necsgrary to keep it free from vegetation, in the hope that they must starve out the wireworms.The sowing of buckwheat and mustard, supposed to be the apecial averaion of wireworme, was also tried without sny satisfactory results whatever.In the same series of experiments, kerosene oil solution made of one part « f oil to 20 parts of water, was sprayed on soil in a cage containing 25 wireworms, The solution was made to penetrate the roil by frequent eprayings.Though this process was effective to some extent, it could not be profitably applied on a large scale.The cost would be great, as 1,000 gallons of oil would be required per acre, and this would have to be driven into the soil by frequent sprayings.Bi-sulpbide of carbon, as used against the phylloxera, killed wireworme, but as it would require 1,000 lbs.of the liquid per acre, it would only be practicable and profitable to employ this on limited areas and for very valuable crops.In extremely bad and pereistent wireworm infestations of hop land, it might be desirable to try bi-sulphide of carbon, but, owing to its explosive nature, it must be very car:fully handled.It could be applied close to the \u2018\u2018hills\u2019\u2019 or plant centres, with the instrument known as the pal (1) (\u2018astine, regembling a large auger, or borer, which is worked into the earth close to the stocke.In the upper part of this instrument there is a cylindrical cage to contain the bi sulphide of carbon.Upon pressing a spring into this cylinder an exact dose of the insecticide is injected into the hole made by ths borer.In the vineyards where this process is employed, the dose varies from one quarter to half an cunce of bi-sulphide of carbon injected in two or three places near each viae- stock.Io order to destroy wireworms with salt, it would seem that it muet be applied at ths rate of 10 tone per acre, and this would be practically destructive to vegetation.Lime applied to the rate of 200 bushels per acre, and gas lime at the rate of 20,000 lbs, per acre, did not extirpate wire- worms in the Cornell experiments referred to above.Although \u2018\u2018traps\u2019\u2019 were tiied at Cornell without very conclusive results, it is to be noted that \u2018\u2019traps\u2019\u2019 of rape cake, mavgel-wurzel, potato, (1) Soin the original; what the words really are i= a mystery.lp, carrot, and turnip bave been found of great value; ia hop land, for instance, where almost the only way to get rid of wireworms is by placing pieces of these roots, or of rape ceke, close round the hills or plant-centres.These traps of mangel, potato, or rape cake should be placed close to the hills or plant-centres about four or five inches below the surface, and examined once or {wice a week, and the wire- worms taken out and destroyed.The traps should be continued during the spring and summer, and up to the winter in badly infested hop land, as the wireworms only go down deep into the ground when frost comses,and the traps will be more likely to be attractive when the hop plants are not putting forth shoots.As it is rather difficult to find the \u2018\u2018traps,\u201d white wooden shewers with points and thick heads might be advantageously used in the case of mavgel, potato, turuip, and carrot traps, to show where they are, and to enable them to be pulled easily from the earth.There is no dcubt that wireworms have been encouraged in hop laud by the quantities of rape \u2018\u2018dust,\u201d or ground rape cake, put on for manure, go that in infested fields it would be well not to use rape cake as a manure for some years.Rape dust sowa broadcast on wheat, oats, barley, and other crops infested with wireworms, at the rate of from 5 to 7 cwt.per acre, has frequently been the means of saving the crop, as the wireworms are attracted by the smell of the rape dust and feed upon it in preference to the corn crops, while these grow away from their attacks in the meantime.When old pasture is converted to hop land it would be well to burn the turf, in order to destroy the wireworms.Ploughing it in deeply will be of no avail whatever, and liming or gas- liming, unless it is done on a very liberal scale, will not ba of much use.Land known to be infested should not be kept down to seeds too long, and sheep should be heavily folded oa the land and the herbage kept clogely fed off before it is ploughed.When it is ploughed, the land should be pressed in order to make a firm seed bed.In turnips, mangels, and grass the presence of wireworns is often not apparent, and remains undetected.A winter fallow is desirable after a bad attack in wheat, oat, and barley crops, in which drmage is plain and manifest.In this 202 case the land should be cultivated immediately after harvest and moved constantly,go that nothing may grow.Early in the spring the ground should be stirred again and vetches sown, of which wireworms do not seem to be very fond.Good, clean, and deep cultivation checks the spread of wireworms.In Vol.XIV., 1st series, of the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, in the course of an essay on the farming of light land, which is always more liable to the attacks of wireworm than heavy soils, a case is quoted of a farm in the neighbourhood of Guildford, kept perfectly clean by deep ploughing and the unsparing use of horse and hand hoes, where the root and corn crops are stated to have been uninjured by wireworms ; the owner asserting that he starved them out by allowing no weeds to grow to sustain them in the absence of a crop.For wheat attacked by wireworme, it is desirable to roll the land as early as possible in the sprirg with a ring roller, (2) after putting on 30 or 40 bushels of soot per acre, or 25 bush:ls of scot and 10 buzhels of lime well mixed.From 14 to 2 cwt of nitrate of soda per acre would stimulate growth and force the plants away from the wire- worms.llolling should also be repeated : driving gheep over the crop is also useful.Making the foil solid keeps the insects from attacking the roots.Stimulating the plants of cats and barley with nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia has a good effect.Five to eeven hundred-weights of rape cake may be sown broadcast, to entice the wire- worms where the crop is severely infested.Grass ceeds for pasture should be sown wiih wheat, oats or barley on land supposed to be infested, as the corn will attract the wireworms until the grasses are established.Rolling meadow lands with a heavy roller is beneficial.Folding sheep on grass land, feeding them with sweedes or mangels, is a moet valuable remedy.Weeds should be kept dawn so a8 not to afford a ghelter to the beztles.Many birds devour wireworms eagerly and should therefore be encouraged.(2) A \u201cCambridge \u201d rine-roller is not so eflective as \u201c Cros