The Journal of agriculture and horticulture, 1 mars 1912, vendredi 1 mars 1912

[" pre ENGLISH, 7,000 FRENCH, 71,076 VOL.15 \u2014 NO 9.pr MARCH 1st., 1912 3 When You See a Fine Farm, LEARN MORE = It has Page Catalogues i SAGE SY LA CX 0 x >< ° ° ° ESS Take The Page Gasoline Engine\u2014for instance: CATALOGS | SELS SAS ESC SO SE SES OSe eee ; Co LES SES This 250-Ib.engine will do your hard work.It will pump, CO TELESIS IEIGLELILS .ee saw, grind, chop silage and elevate it, run cream separators, (A)-FENCES fanning mills, etc.Uses coal oil, gasoline or alcohol\u2014no parts to change with a change of fuel.Remember this engine will do your work all the year around.No fire danger.Has governor to keep speed even.It will earn its cost for you in saved wages in a single year.Will operate force pump in case of fire, protecting your house and barn.Every engine guaranteed and in perfect running order when you get it.We sell a truck to carry it from place to place, moving it from barn to house, etc., as needed in a few minutes by hand.Sizes 34 and 6 h.p.Write us for catalogue of engines, which gives every detail and prices.We also have a full line of marine engines.We shall be glad to hear from men who will act as dealers and push the sale of this engine in unoccupied territory.PAGE \u201cSPECIAL\u201d The Regina Vacuum Cleaner I ACME CHICKEN FENCING (B-ENGINES LUI Re IIIA, Ce Note the 3stretching wires and the graduated sizes of mesh.Non -sagging.Best ever.N Il | Ji 5 1 } EEE IRON FENCING\u2014MANY FINE PATTERNS\u2014SEH PAGE FENCE CATALOGUE POULTRY FENCE ° op 3 À very Tight, strong fee Will Do Your Wife's Work for turning stock as well.Just move the upright handle back and forth Needs few posts.oa this Regina Cleaner, so easy to do, and it.THE, REGINA | PAGE FENCING FOR LAWNS, ETC.WIRE takes up all dirt through the nozzle attached Protects the flowers, beautifies the lawn.to the long tube.It takes surface and ground BASKETS in dirt from carpets and rugs, as well as from PNEUMATIC | for Roots, floors and walls, in a few moments.Sweep- ESS pisse.ing no longer needed, and no dust raised.Wire Lock Wire Staple Coiled Wire Easy to Write us for the Catalogue that shows Regina FENCE PARTS\u2014FOR BUILDING ON THE FARM\u2014FULL clean, Cleaners and keep your house perfectly clean.LINE OF SUPPLIES Other sizes to order.We wish to get in touch with a few more \u2018 VICTOR\u201d POULTRY FENCE live men to act as dealers in this Cleaner.REMEMBER: Page Wire Fences are made from the best materials and give the largest selection, 37 kinds.If contemplating new fences you may buy either fences complete or wire and special fixtures, building the fence yourself.You get our famous lock, which keeps fence true, Write for our Fence Catalogue.PUT IT UP TO THE PAGE PEOPLE THEY HAVE THE RIGHT GOODS RE Painted white\u2014needs 1ew posts.Note the perfect lock.Poultry and stock proof.Non-rusting pro- tectin.See Page Fence Catalogue, The PAGE WIRE FENCE CO., LTD., Walkerville, Ont.Branches\u2014 TORONTO: Corner King and Atlantic Avenue.MONTREAL: 505-517 Notre Dame Street West.ST.JOHN: 37 Dock Street.The largest fence and gate manufacturers in Canada.A AAA LZ cs 511 ANN | eee | (=) ASE LJ II THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Standard Gas Engine Oil gives the best lubrication possible alike in kerosene, gasoline and gas engines.Keeps its body at high temperatures.Equally good for external bearings.MICA AXLE GREASE saves power and fuel in your tractors.The best known, most liked axle grease made.Never rubs off.Never gums.Silver Star Engine Engine Kerosene Oil (Gasoline Granite Harvester Oil \u2014 The short cut oil; specially prepared for use on reapers, binders and threshers.Greatly reduces friction and wear.Body not affected by moisture or change of climate.Ca pitol Cylinder Oil \u2014 The very best oil for steam plants on the farm.Lasts longer and gets more power from the engine, with less wear, than any cheap substitutes; costs less in the end.Atlantic Red Engine Oil \u2014 Strongly recommended for slow and medium speed engines and machinery.Eases the hearings and lightens the load.Our experts have made a special study of the requirements of farm machinery.Read our \u2018* Kasier Farming \u2019\u2019 booklet ; frce, post - paid.Call or write, any agency.The Imperial Oil Company, Limited SPRÉGOIAL CHEAP THROUGH EXCURSION FOR HOMESEEKERS AND INVESTORS EARLY IN APRIL SUNNY ALBERTA, The land of Wheat and Cattle rama ly \"Uo 1) uaa .* Each X marks a quarter section (160 acres) of the land that we selected from a block of 20,000 acres.6000 Acres fine deeded Lands, For Sale on EASY TERMS, NEAR TO + RAILWAYS and FAR CHEAPER than any railway lands so situated.Price of ticket applied on land purchased.FOR FULL PARTICULARS, ADDRESS: \u2014 WALTER J.PHELPS L.L.SMITH, 471 Strathcona Ave, 421 Selby St.WESTMOUNT, MONTREAL.WESTMOUNT, MONTREAL.né Real Fence Service Guaranteed i Peerless Wire Fence is built to give ; absolute fence satisfaction and makes # good.Best quality wire galvanized to prevent rust and securely held at each intersection by the Peerless Lock combined with fence experience compose the Peerless Fence.PEERLESS WIRE FENCE That is the kind you should use on your farm and save expense and worry.Peerless Poultry fencing and Farm Write for Our Catalog Today Gates are unequaled.Try them Agencies aimost everywhere.Agents wanted In unassigned territory.j Banwell Moxie Wire F Fence Co, Ltd., , Winnipeg, Man., Hamilton, Ont.Are you anxious to save Time and Money on the Work you are doing on your Farm at present and to get Larger Crops from your Farm or Orchard ?If so, let us send you Free of Charge our Pamphlets on the use of \u2014 USED FOR \u2014\u2014 REMOVING STUMPS AND BOULDEES DIGGING WELLS AND DITCHES PLANTING AND CULTIVATING ORCHARDS BREAKING HARD PAN, SHALE or CLAY SUB- SOILS, Etc., Etc.Figure yourself what Clearing your Farm is costing now or what you are losing in crops through not clearing Write Us About Arranging Demonstrations CANADIAN EXPLOSIVES, Limited MONTREAL, P.0.Don\u2019t You Plant EWING\u2019S Reliable Seeds?What's the use of giving your land, your time and your work for a season for anything less than the des?crops?Ewing\u2019s Reliable Seeds have proved, for more than forty seasons, favorable and unfavorable, that they will produce the biggest crops of the best quality.Ask your neighbors who plant Ewing\u2019s Seeds all about them.Plant them yourself this spring and get the full reward for your work.Your dealer should have Ewing's Reliable Seeds, but if he hasn\u2019t, write for our illustrated catalogue and _ \u2014 order from us aa WM.EWING & CO., 4 SEEDSMEN McGill St.\u2026, Montreal.- \u2014_\u2014 \u2018À \u2014_\u2014 arme on ro in.THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE III Trinidad Lake.asphalt, makes roofing last.[8 Man has never been able to produce its equal any more than he has succeeded in making a real dia-§ mond.This natural as- stay in the roofing, { and give it life to resist rain, sun, wind, heat, and cold\u2014and it does not crack or leak.Genasco is the roofing for every building on the farm.ÿ It has different surfaces\u2014min- fl eral or smooth.Comes in rolls.Ready and easy for anyone to lay.Ask your ge dealer for Genasco.Write MR for samples and the valuable BR Good Roof Guide Book\u2014free.{i The Kant-leak Kleet, for il smooth-surface roofings, prevents nail-leaks and securely =.waterproofs the seams with- J M ont cement.= The Barber Asphalt Paving Co.KR Philadelphia : ÿ New York, San Francisca, Chicago MR Canadian Distributors Caverhill-Learmont & Com- M8 pany, Montreal, Quebec; D.§ # H.Howden & Co., Ltd., 200 # York St., London, Ont.TRAPPER, DEALERS : in any kind of RAW FURS, cannot afford to dispose of their collection s without first obtaining our prices sent upon request.Remittance forwarded day goods received.Express and mail charges on all shipments paid by us.CANADA'S LARGEST FUR OPERATOR.Your correspondence solicited.John Hallam Plant breeding and selecting @ has been our business for years.@ We market the results in the shape of thoroughbred vegetable and flower seeds.They grow 8 cood crops.1012 SCED ANNUAL FREE ON REQUEST RD.M.Ferry & Co, Windsor, Ont.RE \\.?Pu re £5 .Voge a 2-5 / Ps You've Got to Spray If You Want Good Fruit You can do thorough spraying only with the most efficient pump and outfit.No other kind of spraying is worth while\u2014no other spray pump is worth bothering with.That\u2019s why you should buy a Goulds Reliable 2 Sprayer 7 Goulds Sprayers are, first, designed to meet spraying conditions most efficiently; then, built of the proper materials to give long service and resist the action of spray chemicals.Made in all types, for hand and power.Don\u2019t buy a spray pump because the first cost is low.A Goulds Sprayer will prove the most economical you can buy.Send for our booklet \u2014 \u201cHow to Spray\u2014 When to Spray\u2014 Which Sprayer to Use\u201d The numerous and authentic spray formulas it contains make it of the Ë \u2018| greatest value to every crop grower.Ay 0] The Goulds Mig.Co.: 129 W.Fall Street Seneca Falls, N.Y.A Ee 7 \u20ac LS Largest Se ! Manufacturers > of Pumps for (A OU 7 Every Service Just the kind of & Ostrich Plume you have to pay $.00 [7 for at retail stores.{( Fully 16 inches Jong, extra wide, willowy flues and lurge, heavy, (© drooping head.Send Yj; $1.00 to-day; thisoppor- only.Also a large, hund- some $7.50 Plume at §2.50.Money back if not entirely pleased.NEW YORK OSTRICH FEATHER CO., Inc.Dept NN.vy Fifth Avenue and 23d Street, New York le ROOFING Hi T For steep or flat roofs, \u201cTi T arr waterproof, fire proof, | easily laid ; cheaper than | other roofing.Send stamp for Sample and Mention this Paper.A Roofing Co.HAMILTON, CAN.Better toels mean bigger crops The successful farmer and gardener works with the best equipment.The day of old-fashioned tools is past.On the ff best-tilled farms and 4 y =o gardens the world over, Planet Jr Tools are doing the work.Over two million crop-growers use these tools and find them unequaled.Planet Jr stands everywhere for the latest-improved, most useful, and economical farm and garden tools.Products of 35 years\u2019 experience by a practical farmer and manufacturer who has made a science of tool-building.55 tools; uarantecd.No.4 Planet Je Combined Hill and Drill : Seeder, Wheel Hoe, Cultivator, and Plow does the work of almost all garden tools combined.Jtsowsaccurately all garden seeds, cultivates, hoes, furrows, and plows.Indestructible steel frame, Planet Jr Horse IIoe and Culti- Vator does more kinds of work better, quicker, and casier than any other cultivator.Indispensable on the up-t-date farm.A 64- illustrated Zo FREE! farm and garden book! It's yours for the asking! And it's brimful of the most valuable farm and garden intor- mation.The latest tools for all cultivation shown, Send postal for it today! SL Allen & Co Box 1105V Philadelphia Pg Write fer name of our nearest agency This Feed Costs Nothing if you count the results it gives, Livingston's Oil Cake is just what cows need, It tastes good\u2014is easily digested \u2014 he N keeps stock in prime condi- NS - tion all the year round \u2014 2 actually increases the per- = 2 / centage of Butter Fat by = = RÉ.16% over Pasture Grass.The richer _\u2014\u2014- ey hd the cream, the more money you a make.Livingston's is the feed that Write for free sample and prices.pays for itself.Dominion Linseed Oil Co., Limited, a Mill Street, Montreal.Livingston\u2019s Dairy Oil Cake Rub It On 2 and Rub It In It Heals after Others Fail.HANFORD\u2019S Balsam of Myrrh For All Sores, Bruises, Sprains, Strains, Bunches, Lameness, Cuts, Burns, Scalds, Bites, Stings, Open Wounds, etc.\u2018'MADE SINCE 1846 Guaranteed Price 25¢, 50c & $1.00 AT ALL DEALERS OR WRITE G.C.Hanrorp Mra.Co, (Sent Postpaid) MONTREAL, QUE. 1V THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE / p ok AN La À J.815\u2014Women's charming waist, of finest quality sheer white Persian lawn.Front finished with hand-em- broidered panel, in a very pretty floral design, 1ows of French Valenciennes lace, insertion and tucking; tucked collar; sleeves 34 length, edged with lace.Positively phenomenal value.Sizes 32 to 44.Price, all charges paid.coo .\u2026.LL $1.98 \u2018ro GET BETTER LIGHT From COAL OIL (Kerosene) Recent test by Prof, McKergow, McGill University Montreal, onleading oil-burning lamps show the Aladdin Mantle Lamp gives over twice as much light as the Rayo and other lamps tested, and burns less than one half as much oll, It ig odorless, safe, ¢ van, noiseless.Better light than gas or electric.Every Aladdin Lemp fully guaranteed and protected by patents in nearly every country on earth.Our burners fit your old lamps.To introduce the Aladdin, we NERF REE in each neighborhood, Send postal with name and address, ask for cat- Ball sold over 1000 on money back alogue M.guarantee; not one returned.Bruner sold 8800 in 15 days.Ask for Ilberal agency broposi- tion.Sample lamp furnished MANTLE LAMP CO, ~F America, Tne.Desk 107 A.Offices at Montreal and Winnipeg.Grain, Seed Grain Full stock of grass seed, Clover, Lucern, Cock\u2019s-foot grass, ete.Wheat, oat, barley, buckwheat, ensilage corn, lentil.Fertilizers \u2014 soil plaster ete.J.B, RENAUD & CO.Reg.118-150 St.Paul, St.\u2014 Que.\u201d OUR TEETH > are esse > Beautiful 5 =v] Naturaland Guaranteed Franco-American Dental Institute, (INCORPORATED ) 162 St.Denis Street, Montreal.THE BUTTER-BUYER said\u2014 \u201cYour two lots of butter taste all right\u2014but will they keep?What kind of salt did you use ?*?THE FIRST FARMER said\u2014 \u201cI don\u2019t know\u2014the storekeeper gave me what he had\u201d, THE SECOND FARMER said\u2014 \u201cI used Windsor Dairy Salt\u201d.THE BUTTER-BUYER said\u2014 \u201cI want your butter.I know all about Windsor Dairy Salt\u2014and the man who is particular enough to always use Windsor Dairy Salt is pretty sure to be particular to make good butter.I'll take all you make\u2014as long as you use so Le SALF PE HG cA i i THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE a Ye lusy§Farmers TE farmer\u2019s champion helper is an I H C Gasoline Engine.On thousands of farms throughout the country, they are kept busy every day, running the cream separator, churn, pump, feed grinder and cutter, fanning mill, thresher, wood saw, grindstone, « washing machine, dynamo for electric light plant, and many other machines.They are saving work, time, and money at every turn of the wheel.I H C Gasoline Engines are built for hard, steady work and years of it.They are simple, dependable, economical.They are always ready to save and make money for you.An IH For You The size and style I H C engine you need depends on the work you have for it to do\u2014and on the particular conditions which surround your locality.Any size or style will not do.You must get the right engine to get the right service, Al 1 H C gasoline engines are marvels of strength, reliability, and durability.They run smoothly, year in and year out.They make and save money every time they are used, and whatever style and size engine you want is in the I H C ¢.line, which includes: Vertical type\u20142, 3, 25, and 35-horse power; horizontal\u20141 to 50- horse power; semi-portable\u20141 to 8-horse power, portable\u20141 to 25-horse power; traction\u201412 to 45-horse power; sawing, pumping, spraying, and grinding outfits, etc.Built to operate on gas, gasoline, kerosene, distillate, or alcohol\u2014air-cooled or water-cooled, See the I H C local dealer, or, write direct today for our new catalogue.CANADIAN BRANCHES: International Harvester Company of America at Brandon, Calgary, Edmonton, Hamilton, Lethbridge, London, Montreal, North Battleford, Otta- ya, Regina, Saskatoon, St.John, Weyburn, Winnipeg, orkton.International Harvester Company of America (Incorporated) Chicago URL UNE IT) LJ IHC Service Bureau The purpose of this bureau is to furnish farmers with information on better farming.If you have any worthy questions concerning soils, crops, pests, fertilizers, etc,, write to the H C Bureau and learn what our experts and others have found out concerning those subjects.FOR SALE 25 STALLIONS Xrdennnis, Percheron Norman, 7 German All those horses are imported by me and registered in France, Belgium, Germany & Canada.A visit is solicited.Apply to B.BEAULIEU, Cor.Masson & Maple Sts.Near Delorimier Park Tel.St, boule 3442, v \u201cMarlin new MOPEL Repeating Rifle The gun to use for rabbits, squirrels, hawks, crows and all small game.Here's the rifle you have been waiting for==an up-to-date .22 caliber repeater that handles without change or adjustment 422 short, .22 long and 22 long-rifle cartridges of all makes and styles, yet sells at the surprisingly low price of $8.50.The solid-top and side ejection are always a protection, keep shells, powder and gases from your face, allow instant repeat shots.Quick take-down construction\u2014 easily cleaned\u2014takes little space and brings greatest pleasure at small expense.Learn more about the full zs line.Sends Jo Mlarlin firearms Co.Stamps postage for the 136 page 72 catalog.81 Willow Street New Haven, Conn, Farmers and TRIPLE YOUR PROFITS T HE price of fowl is increasing and it is a well known fact that poultry raising is one of the most profitable branches of Agriculture, when you use \u201cPEERLESS\u201d INCUBATORS WwW E do guarantee the \u2018\u2018Peerless\u2019\u2019\u2014 the ROOSTER OF ARTIFICIAL HATCHING MACHINES \u2014 recognised by the experts as the most perfect, the most practical and the most profitable of all Artificial Hatching Machines.We will teach you FREE, the most profitable system for poultry raising, and furthermore, will be pleased to investigate individually and answer personally all special problems peculiar to you alone, if you buy a \u2018* PEERLESS \u2019\u2019 INCUBATOR, as we want you to secure the best possible results.OUR \u2018\u2018PEERLESS\u2019\u2019 INCUBATORS\u2014ADAPTED TO THE CANADIAN CLIMATE\u2014 HAVE DOUBLED THE PROFITS OF 20,- 846 POULTRYMEN.To all farmers who desire to make money, we will sell a \u2018\u201c Peerless \u2019\u2019 Incubator, payable in two annual instalments, and prepay freight.Catalogue free on request.Full instruction book with each machine.AGENTS WANTED.For all information write to COTE, & CO0., 7 St.Peter Street, Montreal, General Agents for the Province of Quebec for the LEE MANUFACTURING CO., Limited.Vars mes rs Feeding for Market Cattle fed on Molasses Meal quickly put on weight, their sides rounding out and their coats becoming smooth and sleck.They command the fancy price.And, as they are brought to maturity earlier, they cost less to raise.Molasses Meal is a profitable: feed for the cattle raiser to use.You can buy it direct from the mill.Write for prices and booklet, Caldwell\u2019s Molasses Meal BN AEN N x Ay SL EY) \u2018\u201cPEERLESS\u201d INCUBATOR ten Ea 27 a [4 ~Q is guaranteed for years.The Caldwell Feed Co., Ltd.Dundas, Ont.00 LBS.GROSS Æ NZS y, Sac) 2 \u201cà ©, 2 1 [= ns à AN re Never gum.Never rusts.STANDARD HAND SEPARATOR OIL feeds freely into the closest bearings and gives the best possible lubrication.It makes your separator last longer and do better work as long as it lasts.One gallon cans, all dealers ; or write to The Imperial Oil Company, Limited.Cents a Week for Light, and Bright Rooms Night.Most economical way to have bright, cheerful rooma\u2014either Humes, Stores, Offices, Schools, Churches, 12 yeurs of success, Couforms to insurance underwriters rules.SUN GAasoLINH LAMP too candle power each burner.108 bracket, pendant, chandelier styles; handsome, durable.Rurns go per cent.air\u20141o per cent.hydro-carbon vapor.Satisfaction or money back.System, by Hollow Wire and Gravity, Agents Make Fine Commissions, Write for Free Catalog.SUN LIGHT CO.\u2014 ms aan \u2014 \u2014 Buy Government Standard Seeds Accept no other.You don\u2019t have to.If your dealer does not handle \u201cSIMMERS\u2019 SEEDS\u201d send your orders direct to usand they will be filled with seeds thatconform in every respect to the standard of germination set by the Government.This is most important.Don\u2019t buy seeds without a reputation behind them.\u201cSIMMERS\u2019 SEEDS\u201d have a reputation of more than fifty years, during which time the demand for them has greatly increased year by year.Send us à trial orderand let us prove to you that \u201cSIMMERS\u2019 SEEDS\u201d ARE THE BEST Hiustrated catalogue free.Write to-day to I J.A.SIMMERS LIMITED SEEDS, BULBS, PLANTS TORONTO, ONT.The best working drill on the market today\u2014that's the \u201cEUREKA\"\u2019.1t sows evenly to the last sced \u2014\u2014and handles the most delicate seeds without bruising or breaking.Unique Feed Cnt out prevents waste of feed when turning rows.Seed Feed driven from rear wheel where weight naturally rests.Canbe converted from straight drill sower to hill dropper in an instant.Just what you need for sowing Onions, Carrots, Sugar Beets, in fact all garden seeds.The new model \u201cEURKKA\u201d is a marvel of lightness.The addition of a few parts will convert it into a complete wheel hoe, plow or cultivator.Some of the other Eureka Lines \u201cRureka\u2019\u201d Sanitary Churn is the ONLY sanitary \u201cEureka\u201d Fountain Sprayer is just what you churn, Barrel is finest stoneware \u2014 not absorbent need for small Fruit Trees.Fonts and Shrubs.Light, wood.\" Top fs clear glass, Churna by hand lever, strong, compact.\"Two nozzles with hose attach- cleanest, easiest, best churn on the market, 8, 10 aud ment.Tested to stand Five Times the pressure 12 Imperial gallon sizes.required to expel liquid.Two gallon capacity and all expelled hy one puniping, Combination Wagon Box and Rack.Fasily .**Eurcka\u201d Combination Anvil, Best Iron adjusted to any position for any load without wrench, anvil, with vice, pipe vice and drill attachinent, and hook or rope.Makes the bust possible rack for saw clamps.Just what you nevd tor repairing tools Hay, Stock, Wood, Poultry, Corn or Fruit.and machinery, Weighs 60 pounds, Write for Catalogue.Every farmer should have one.13 EUREKA PLANTER CO., Limited, hi WOODSTOCK, Ont.hy Don\u2019t judge photography by your plate camera experiences.KRODAK do away cumbersome plate holders, heavy fragile glass plates and bothersome dark slides.= NI] Os ERTS, an CAN AL] | A » ri Kodaks load in day- oy SEE light with our light proof film cartridges that weigh ounces where plates weigh pounds.vi 1 1 dozen 4 x5 glass plates and holders Kodak Cartridge containing 1 dozen for same, 4 x5 films.Weight, 2 1bs., 8 ozs.Weight, 2% ozs.THIS PICTURE TELLS THE STORY By the Kodak System there\u2019s no dark-room in picture making.Loading, unloading, developing, printing all by daylight \u2014 \u2018\u201c amd better pictures than you can make by the old methods.\u2019 CANADIAN KODAK CO., LIMITED, Catalogue free at the | dealers or by mail.Co TORONTO, CAN, = Big Poultry Book LA PE EE i == I! The New 1912 INGEN Prairie State F R PTIT) Just send us your name on a posteurd_and we \u20ac will mail vou at once a complete copy of this valuable Look, No poultry owner\u2014especiaily § beginners can afford to he without it.Nothing § like it has ever been published tefore, 1Itis a fg condensed handbook of information that tells § you in plain words just what vo want to know 3 about poulty raising.It shows how the most suc- B cessful ponliry owners make 1 iz money\u2014how you À can make the husiness pay weil from the start with very little capital.Partial List of Contents NACH Which is the Best Breed?Coleny House Methods SLL TI The Intensive or Extensive Plan Care ¢f Brooders How to Feed Layin, Growing Stock Selection of an Incubator B Se What System Shall Poultrymen Use?Pouitry Buildings | Fattening\u2014Feedina Little Chicks Principles of Feeding To Get How to Keep Poultry Free from Lice Grown Green Ducks THIS BOOK\u2014 Just Send a Postal Do it today.Thousands of dollars and years of time have been spent in finding out the secrets of À poultry success which you wiil find inside this FREE book.Beiore you snei.d a dollar for any À kind of Incubator or Brooder we want you to have this big book aud get posted.We want |B every man, woman or child we start in the pouliry business to make money.That's why 75 B pages of this free book contain no advertising\u2014just facts that vou onght to know.We want you to see bow one man made $12,000 last year\u2014why the must successful poultrymen use Prairie State Incubators and Brooders We want you to see for yourselt why Prairie State machines ean be depended upon to hateh \u201cchicks that live\u201d.Learn about the Sand Truy and Universal Hover Brooder.Send for Catalog.Ship your eggs to us ani get higkest market prices, } GUNN, LANGLOIS & CO., Ltd.montreal, Canada Manufacturers in Canada of the Famous Prairie State Incubators.A TN Le RTI jaa ES THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE apart and double CTEEL QUE E \u20189 sraes ve wigs vu vy WINDMILLS STEEL SHO ES Their Lightness, Neatness and Comfort Towers gated \u2014Their Almost Unbelievable Durability We want you to slip your feet into a pair of Steel Shoes\u2014to feel and see and know how much lighter, neater, stronger, more comfortable they are than any other work shoes in existence.Examination Offer, merely asking a deposit of the price, while you are * \u2018sizing up\u2019\u2019 the shoes.you immediately you can notify us to send for them at our expense § and we will refund your money.Must Sell Themselves We ask no favors for Steel Shoes.Compare them with the best all leather work shoes you can fina Give them the most rigid inspection Inside and out.Let them tel) their own story.vou decide that you must have them.Better Than the Best All-Leather Work Shoes Steel Shoes are the strongest and eaxiest working shoes made.There's more good wear in ono palr of Steel Shoes than in three to six pairs of the best ull-leuther work shoes.The leather is waterproof.The Steel Soles ure wear.proof und rust-resisting, Thev ure lighter than all-lenther work shoes.Need no brepking in.moment you put them on.4 Impossible to get out of shape.They keep the feet dry.They retain their flexibility in spite of nud, slush or water.They cure corns and bunions, prevents colds and rheumastism\u2014save doctors\u2019 bills and medicines, Thousands of Farmers Shout Their Praises The enthusiasm of users knows no bounds.People can\u2019tsay enough for their comfort, economy, lightness and astonishing durability.The introduction of Steel Shoes in a neighborhood always arouses such interest that an avalanche of orders follows.ere is the way Steel Shoes are made: The uppers are made of a superior quulity of leather, as waters orcof as leather can be tanned.Wonderfully soft and plinble\u2014never gets stitf! Thesoles and sides are made cut of one piece of special.light, thin, springy, rust-re- sisting Steel.Soles and heels arestudded with adjust.uble Steel Rivets, which prevent the bottoms from wearing out.Rivets easily replaced when partly worn.3) extra rivets cost only 30 cents and should keep the shoes in good repair for at least two years! No other repairs ever needed! The uppers are tightly joined to the steel by small rivets of rust-resisting metal, so thut no water can get between.he soles ure lined with soft, springy.comfortable Hair Cushions, which absorb perspiraticn and odors nd add to ease of walking, t's no sale unless.of your own accord, Comfortable from the first «5 Send for Book, **The Sole of Steel,\u201d or order Steel Shoes direct from this ad, For Men\u2014Sizes 5to 12 6, 9, 12 and 16 Inches High Steel Shoes, 6 inches high, extra grude of leather, black or tun color, $3.50 per pair.Steel Shoes, 9 inches high, extra grade of leather, black cr tan color, $5.00 per pair.Steel Shoes, 12 inches high, extra grado of leather, black or tan color.$6.00 per pair.Steel Shoes, 16 inches high, extra grade of leather, Llack or tan color, 87.00 per pair.For Boys\u2014Sizes 1 to 4 Boys\u2019 Steel Shoes, 6 inches high, $2.50 per pair.Boys\u2019 Stee] Shoes, 9 inches high, extra grade of leather, black or tan color, $3.50 per pair.N.M.RUTHSTEIN, The Steel Shoe Man 42.Hence we are making this special Free If they fail to convince Overwhelmed by the World- Wide Demand : The success of Steel Shoes is almost startling.Within three yenrs we have established Steel Shoe factories in Racine, Wis.; land.These great factories, running at full capacity, crn scarcely keep up with thedemand from nll over the world.The public is rupidly learning that Steel Shoes are Good for the Feet! Toronto, Canada, and Northampton, Erus- Good for the Health! Good for the Bank Account! These shaes are hetter for the feet, better for the health, better for the pocketbook than heavy work shoes or rub.er boo \" You Actually Save $5 to $10 a Year by wearing Steel Shoes.Figure it out for yourself.One pair will outlast 3 £0 6 puirs of ordinary work shoes.They save all repair bills and keep your feet in per.feet condition.Free Examination And Your Money Back Promptly if It Looks Botter Than the Shoes! You owe it to yourself to investigate.Get a pair of Steel Shoes for Free Examinetion by sending the price, which will be returned if you und your own feet are not convinced of their merits.WHY WAIT?SEND NOW! No risk! No bother! No obligation! Don't hesitate! Act while this offer is open! Simply state size of shoe you wear, enclose the price and get the shoes for Free Examination.For general tield work we strongly recommend our 6 inch high Steel Shoes at $3.50 per pair or the 9-inch nt $5.0) per pair.For all clnsses of use requiring high- cut shoes our 12 or 16 inch high Steel Shoes are absolutely indispensable.Dept.3134 Toronto, Canada United States Factory: Racine, Wisconsin Great Britain Factory: Northampton, Eng.DEALERS\u2019 NOTE\u2014Give your customers a square deal by handling Ruthstein Steel Shoes.Write for terms today.to Blatchford Davis & Co., Ltd., 60-62 W_ Front Street, Toronto.To Western Dealers\u2014 Write to Georg G.Lennox, 87 King Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba.Don\u2019t let repairs eat up your profits Whether they represent actual eash outlay, or only the time of yourself and your help, repairs are waste just the same.SE REE AX RY When you make an improvement\u2014no matter how small its cost may be\u2014let it be permanent.Then it is a real investment, something on which you can realize in cash should you decide to sell your property; and something that will pay you constant dividends in convenience, sightliness and comfort as long as the farm remains your own.Concrete Improvements Are Permanent They last as long as the very hills themselves.They do not require experts to build them.Their first cost, in most cases, is no more than for inferior materials.Aren\u2019t you interested in the subject of permanent, modern farm improvements?Then write for the book that describes hundreds of them\u2014 \u201cWHAT THE FARMER CAN DO WITH CONCRETE\u201d It isn't a Catalogue, Ing and instructive.with it.Every one of Its 160 handsomely illustrated pages is interest.They tell how to mix concrete, how to place it, what can be done The book was printed to sell for 50 cents, but we have a copy for you, free.Your name and address on a postal will bring this book Mail the postcard to-day.return mail.TO YOU ABSOLUTELY FREE Address The book will come to you by CANADA CEMENT CO.Ltd.31-42 NATIONAL BANK BUILDING > MONTREAL, P.Q, braced.Grain Grinders Pumps Tanks Gas and Gasoline Engines Concrete as?Mixers Write for Catalogues Goold, Shapley & Muir Co.LIMITED Brantford, Canada Mention the Journal of Agriculture.IMPROVED WARRINER _ STANCHION ] Send for my booklet and learn why these fasteners are being installed in the stables of many SI PUBLIC \u201cab INSTITUTIONS WALLACE B.CRUMR.C4 Foreatville.Conn.U.S, Canadian orders filled from Canadian factory.All correspondence should be addressed to the home office, 8tate in inquiry if you prefer booklet in French or English.ES.To Farmers Double your crops, this year, Try a carload of MANURE delivered at your station.You'll get fine results.Write for our prices ALDERIC LEFEBVRE 141 St.Peter St.Montreal, Can.P.O.Box 1438 Bell Tel Main 2807 St.Louis 2102 The \u2018\u201c QUEBEC LIVE PORTATION tive of Mr.Antwerp, STOCK IM- COMPANY\".representa- sug.Pootmans & Sons, Belgium, accept now the spring orders for the importation of stallions and broodmares.Agricultural Societies, Farmers\u2019 Club and individuals who want those animals\u2019 should give now their orders in view to get then filled up in the first days of May.On request we importe the breeds required, Belgium (Ardennais) , Clydes, Norman, Percheron, etc.The Company has for sale 14 mares pure bred, good workers, many of them will foal this year.For information, apply to the Secretary.No 58, Bridge St.Quebec.Jer SALE.\u2014 1 Ayrshire bull, 8 month old ; its mother Parsena 2nd (13912) gave 8400 lbs.of milk with an averaged test of 4.90, or about 500 lbs.of butter : another one, same age.offspring of Lady May (13154) of which the official record is of 10,000 lbs.of milk, with an averaged test of 4.60 and few other younger.Also two improved Yorkshire sows, which will farrow in March and April.Apply to M.STE-MARTE, Moes River Co.Compton. THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 2 PORT ARTHUR 45 Cumberland St.aT PALL ie 7 a 19\u201d \"A 3% = 0 Lite edf \u2014 \u201cHere is my question: \u2014A 8100 roof gives a $500 building several years of service.A $125 Pedlar roof gives the same building 100 years of service, because it is a 100-year roof.Is the extra 825 wisely spent?\u201d \u201cl Have Learned How to Make You a Roof That Will Last One Hundred Years.\u201d jo \u201c1 have been a good-roof missionary all my life.Tinvented Oshawa Metal Shingle for light- i ning protection.I made improvements in it and got my design perfect after 50 years.My roof was rain, wind, snow, ice, fire, lightning and sun proof.I still needed one thing\u2014the longest lasting metal\u2014non- rusting.At one step, when I found this metal, I achieved a rocf to last you a whole century.\u201d \u201cThere is No Building Made Right, If the Roof Is Not Perfect.\u201d \u201cGuard a huilding on top, and you guard the whole building.The weather beats fiercest on top.I tell you, nn building ever made is better than its roof.I want to see you build a good roof.Skimp the walls, if you skimp anything.See your roof is right.Your good roof gives three-fold building service.\u201cWhy, in 50 years, a little thousand-dollar barn \u2018as \u20143 protects $75,000 worth of hard-harvested product.A poor roof can easily rot, and waste, and lose for you twenty times its cost\u2014twenty times the cost of a Pedlar Oshawa Shingle roof.With most rouis lightning may burn all\u2014with my roof you can defy lightning to try its worst on your barn.\u201d \u201cl Make a Roof that Answers Every Roof Demand You Can Think Of.\u201d \u201cMy roof has \u2018give\u2019 in it.It can expand in the sun.It can shrink in winter cold.It does this without drawing the nails that hold it.It is ice proof.Frozen snow cannot gouge it open.[tis clean.Dirt cannot rest on it.Roof water gathered from it is pure.My roof covers its nails.They cannot loosen or rust.My roof is not too heavy or too light\u2014 it is ventilated.\u201cAs a result, wind or storms cannot lift it bodily, like a shingle roof.Itis spark proof and fire proof.It is lightning proof.It still protects a building if the frame sags.A man can lay it without special tools.He can only lay it right, the right way.Every protection, besides the protection == against rust, comes with my roof.You lay my roof on ordinary framing.\u201cWhy Do You Get Such a Good Roof from Me ALONE?\u201d : \u201cYou can\u2019t get a roof deal like mine anywhere else in the world.This is because other metal shingles haven't my design or metal.Other metal shingles haven\u2019t niy years of pioneer knowledge to back them.They haven't my ground-fioor patents\u2014my skill\u2014 my carnest and hard work of years on the one prob- MONTREAL 321.3 Craig St.W.TORONTO 111 113 Bay St.ITAIIFAX 16 Prince St.CHATHAM 200 King St.W.OTTAV#A REGINA 423 Sussex St.The PEDLAR PEOPLE Limited, of Oshaw ST.JOHN, N.B.42-46 Prince William St.EDMONTON 563 Third St.W 4 « \u20ac ES Sis, lem\u2014a perfect metal roof.I, only, can make you a roof with the right metal in it to back the wear, because my shingle metal is the only one that make the deal honestly possible.\u201d \u201cCan You Lay It, and Lay It Right?Yes!\u201d \u201cYou, a tinsmnith, anybody, can lay my roof\u2014 whoever can handle a hammer.1 spent years in making my Shingle so it couldn\u2019t be laid wrong.There isn't an exposed nail, after you are done.The roof is ventilated so it is almost cyclone proof.My roof is earthquake proof, if your building under it is.It is settlement proof, sun proof\u2014lodged ice cannot open it.\u201cYes, sir, you can lay an entire Pedlar roof yourself in my Oshawa Shingle, while you are patching a few shingles on a leaky cedar roof.When you figure its service, the price of my roofing is ridieu- \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014 lously small.My price is very fair.Your = | bill for my roof is kept down, because folk all over the world are als» buying.Big output means big quality at little price.\u201cEvery Roof Owner Should Have the Help in My Big Roof Book FREE.\u201d \u201cMy roof book, \u2018Roofing Right,\u2019 ought to be in your hand this verv minute.I will be glad to send vou a free copy.The book shows roofs, of course.It shows good huildings under them.You can get a score of hints for barn design, planning and arrangement, even if you don\u2019t buy my shingle.\u201cBut the main point about my book is that it tells you all you want to know about Oshawa Shingles.I would like you to know \u2018ts goodness.I am proud of the perfection, excellent quality, fine service, easy laying, beauty and adaptability of my clean Oshawa Shingle.It is a bigger thing than it looks to give any man weather, fire, lightning, and time-resisting protection rolled into one article.My \u2018Roofing Right\u2019 Book tells you all about a roof that \u2018Makes good\u2019 for 100 vears.\u201d \u201cSend Me a Post-Card To-day.\u201d \u2018Get my \u2018Roofing Right\u2019 Book to-day.A post-card will bring you the whole story of my perfected Oshawa Shingle.Ask one of my branches near you.Or write me direct.Remember you better any building threefold if you put the best roof you can get on it.People on the other side of EH the earth know this.You write me.1547S LONDON 86 King St.VICTORIA 434 Kingston St.QUEBEC 127 Rue du Pont 323 VANCOUVER Er 108 Alexander St.CALGARY WINNIPEG 76 Lombard St.1112 First St.W, «, = ass tens At Nor 4 LS \u2019 - Sat Chatham Fanning Mil 7 St-Peter Street, The Chatham Vill is sold at a very moderate price and you can make the money paid for, withio a year's time.We will sell the mill to responsible farmers on two yearly 3 mile from the gd payments \u2014 Do not be without that machine.Write at from Lake Megantic.The farm has over once for english catalogue and prices to 500 COTE;R CO.Mountains, P.Q.It is the interest of the farmers to offer for sale very JOR SALE.\u2014 Many young pigs Ches- clean and sound grains and to solve this matter, you require the best Fanning Mill, which is the Chatham Fanning Mill \u2014 the one recently improved, the only Mill that sepa- PAIEMENT, Strates and cleans all kinds of-grain.{.ter White, male and female, born in january and february, very fine and all registered.Apply to EMMANUEL Augustin, Co.Two- at easy terms.- APPOLINAIRE CHOUINARD.MONTREAL chant, Piopolis, Compton, Co.{OR SALE.\u2014 At St.Augustin of 4.Wooburn, Beauce Cg., a fine farm, village and 5 miles acres; half in cultivation and 160 acres in hay with house, buildings, barns, implements and 25 milch cows.Will be sold in the lump or separately For further information, apply to Mer- [Fg by using our improved, time-tested, safe hatcher which insures big results.Save half by buying direet from manufacturer, no middle profit.None better at any price.The one hizh-grade hatcher built of many years\" experience by a Canadian and successfully operated aud specially adapted for Canadian climat > owing to its heavy construction.Entire lumber walls coverc with felt, asbestos and heavy gal- r vanized iron.Holds even tem- Ex perature.Heavy copper hot-water f/f tank, easy to heat, self-regulator, simple to operate.Safety lamp requiring little oil, high nursery, metal legs, tested thermometer, com- fi plete for use.You risk nothing under our Winnipeg : Guarantee and two hatch free trial.Warehouse Before you buy get our free catalog Duty Paid.on incubators, brooders poultry and supplies.250 Egg Size $15.95.ALBERTA INCUBATOR CO.Box 868 MANKATO, MINN.FOR SALE, on account of the recent - death of one of the Owners, a BUTTER FACTORY (registered), situated on the shore of the LAKE MEGANTIC, near C.P.R., and Q.C.R., stations and \u2018° Jubilee\u2019's \u201d wharf, in overation since five years and being the only one within a distance of fifteen miles.Machinery, ice department and accessories are modern and complete.Proceeds (May to November, inclusive) , about 70,000 1bs.GOOD PROFITS.For further details, apply to AUG.GIRARD, Lake Megantic.Rite 1 Le lacune E THE SMITH STUMP PULLER This photograph shows the work of the Smith Stump Dyller, pulling stumps with one horse, stumps that run from 4 to 6 feet through, atan average cost of 5 cents perstump.Write for our free Catalog.[8 W.SMITH GRUBBER CO., 23 Smith Sta., La Crescent, Minn.cvs LINIMENT GENEAU MARQUE The only TOPS PA3RIQUE PIC replacing FLAME without pain nor hair falling.Quick and No more sure jouet of: a ing.DEFECTS.Swan - skins, Sprains, Strains, vessigons, obstruction of the lefs, Suros, Spavin, etc., etc.GENEAU'S Pharmacy, 1\u20ac5 St.Honore St, PARIS.GINSENG 50 Years Sucoess No more FLAME It is known today that Ginseng, an aromatic and medicinal, plant can be cultivate with profit everywhere in the Province of Quebec, even in Canada.In account of its great value, it needs only a small area of soil.A party from St.Michel de Napierville reaps this year 100 lbs.of Ginseng from a price of land of 8 by 50 ft.large.Price, $8., a round, JEAN-BTE AGANIER, St.Chrysostome, P.Q.FARMS WANTED.We have direct buyers.Don\u2019t pay commissions.Write describing property, naming lowest price.We help buyers locate desirable property Free.American Investment Association, 42 Palace Bldg., Minneapolis, Minn.FOR SALE (FVERNSEY yearling Bull with best breeding in Canada and French Canadian bull calf also very well bred.Apply Mr.CARTER, Alva Farm, Knowlton.Hon.Mr.Fisher's Farm.Cures_Strained, puy Ankles, Lymphangitis, Poll Evil, Fistula, Boils, Sores, Wire Cuts, hiruises, Swellings, Lameness, and allays : 7 Pain qu ckly without Blistering, 03-04 remoying the ain, or laine the outie, = up.easant to use.$2.e Je, Before After Gbitvered.Describe your case for special instructions and Book 5 E free.ABSO NE, JR., liniment for mankind, For Strains, Painful, Knotted, Swollen Veins, Milk Leg, Gout, Price $1.00 per bottle at dealers or delivered.W.F.YOUNG, P.D.F., 134 Lymans Bldg., Montreal, Ca.pre re AR = 2 ,\" - _ = \u2014 ou wna wo pt ee el nage PE gn \u2014 ve WY So 7 ~ cpm : Ini | fe : .gl i! ili] nit pl, \u201c 4 : wel M \"lg / Van Le 4 wettest?) ge en sul 7 ay Af ten \".{itr = 5 % nt à fi AN es \u2014 VoL, 15 ah Ts 4 vus A Sd 1H A 173 re a J i p \\egaorde Ga = û La a A Awe fiz die iol) bar\u201d Tu A \" \u2018 So itil @, sara] + hoe wh} 7, iW, MARCH _ st.1912, The Journal of Agriculture and Sorticnlture \u2018* The Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture \u2019\u2019 is the official organ of the Council of Agriculture of the Province of Quebec.It is issued monthly and is designed to include not only in name, but in fact, anything concerned with Agriculture in the various branches of Stock-Raising, Fruit-Growing, Dairying, Poultry-Raising, etc.All matters relating to the reading columns of the Journal must be addressed to Prof.W.Lochhead, Macdonald College, P.O.P.Q.For rates of advertisements, etc., address the Publishers.THE CANADA PUBLISHING CO., LTD.73 & 75 St, James St., Montreal.Subscription : Canada, $1.00 per Annum, payable in advance, \u201c United States, $1.50 *¢ cc \u2018\u201c \u201c6 Foreign lands, $1.50 \u201c \u201c \u201c \u2019 CONTENTS EDITORIAL \u2014 Reports left over : Mr.Fixter goes to Ottawa ; The Recent Increase in Prices ; The District Representative appreciated by the Morrisburg Farmers\u2019 Club ; The Neglect of the Country Schools ; Pure Maple Products ; ° ORCHARD AND GARDEN \u2014 The Vegetable Garden ; Desirable Varieties of Vegetables ; Herbaceous Perennials ; The Vegetable Garden.FARM AND FARM CROPS \u2014 An Interesting Comparison of Yields of Farm Crops 1911 ; Crop Yields of 1911 ; The Seed Grain ; Soil Fertility and Manure ; The Selling of Timothy Hay ; Progress of Agriculture in Beauharnois District 1911; Agriculture in Pontiac County in 1911 ; Agriculture in Megantic County ; Alfalia ; How to Clean Up a Worn-out Field ; The Valuation of Ensilage ; Treatment of Black Muck Soil ; The Silo on the Farm.\u201cMix The Pre- The General High Grade LIVE STOCK © Feed for the Economic Produstion of sent Value of Cow Testing; Breed, Feed, and Weed; _ Stock Breeders\u2019 Association ; Some Good Sales Lot.\" Holsteins ; Canadian Ayrshire Breeders\u2019 Association; DAIRY \u2014 Huntingdon Dairymen\u2019s Convention; Annual Convention of the District of Bedford Dairymen's Association at Cowansville.POULTRY \u2014 Incubation A Fifty Million Dollar Industry; Poultry Industry of Quebec receives Encouragement; Points about Incubators; Successful Cooperative Egg Circles; WOMAN'S WORLD\u2014The Choosing of Textiles: A Daughter in the Home ; OF GENERAL INTEREST \u2014 Mother; A Mother Song; Agricultural Production in Canada, (continued) ; Publications of the International Agricultural Institute ; Sanitary Stablimz of Cattle ; Progress in Breeding Dairy Cattle.NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS Subscribers and members of agricultural societies, of farmers\u2019 clubs, and of the Provincial Dairymen\u2019s Association, who do not regularly receive either the : English or the French Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture are requested to address their complaints to the Secretaries of their respective Societies, who will transmit them to the Secretary of the Council of Agriculture at Quebec.Editorial 2 DE QL x À Hk rt REPORTS LEFT OVER On account of lack of space we are obliged to hold over to the next issue some important Reports of Conventions held during the past month, such as the Provincial Exhibition of Seed Grain at Quebec, Jan.24-26, the Provincial Dairymen\u2019s Association at Quebec, the Fruit Growers\u2019 Conference, and the Live Stock Conference at Ottawa.Look out for these Reports in the next number of the \u2018\u2018Journal\u2019\u2019.MR.FIXTER GOES TO OTTAWA.Mr.John Fixter, Superintendent of the Macdonald College Farm for the past five years, goes to Ottawa on March 1st to undertake agricultural work under the direction of Dr.James W.Robertson of the Conservation Commission.Mr.Fixter has done most excellent service at Macdonald College in putting the farm in first class con- * ka = dition.The \u2018\u2018 Journal of Agriculture\u2019\u2019 has frequently published in its columns his reports of crop yields, as well as many interesting articles relating to practical farming.Mr.Fixter knows how to manage a farm, and how to get the very best results by the application of scientific principles.He frequently gave addresses at Agricultural Conventions and Farmers\u2019 Clubs in the English-speaking sections of this province, and he was always listened to with eagerness.In his new work Mr.#ixter will enter into a still larger field of usefulness.We rmderstand that among other things he is to visit the various provinces of the Dominion and select certain farms upon which he will demonstrate the value of Clover and Alfalfa in the rotation In this connection he will show the importance of drainage, good cultivation, and rotation of crops.We feel sure our readers will join us in wishing Mr.Fixter every success in his new sphere of labor, and that he may find time occasionally to send contributions to the Journal.20 a STE a LL - di __ = 174 THE RECENT INCREASE IN PRICES.Within recent years no question has arisen which affects more intimately the well-being of the average individual than the marked - accompany a period of rising prices.increase in prices which characterizes well high all the commodities which are essential to his material existence.Such a statement has only to he made to meet universal assent.Many whose profits, salaries, or wages have increased to the same or even to a greater extent than the increase in prices, have felt more or less vaguely interested in what has heen taking place.One class of producers may have gained or lost as a result of the economic change.The wage earner and salaried man have probably lost for the time being, while most other classes have undoubtedly gained from the increased productivity and exchange of commodities which PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE SHOWN BY PRICES 5 7 CROUP cE .3 Grains and Fodder .28.4 Animals and Meats .33.6 Dairy Produce .29.7 Fish .Le 24 .29.7 Other Foods .x 11.8 Textiles .+ x 2.8 (a) Woollens .7.3 (bh) Cottons .10.7 (¢) Silks.x 27.1 (4d) Flax Products .x 3.2 (e) Jutes .5.2 (f) Oilcloths .x 27.6 Hides, leather, boots and shoes .44 4 ne 34.5 Metals & implements .x 14.0 Fuel & Lighting .x 3.4 Building Materials (a) Lumber .49.3 (b) Miscellaneous .23.4 (¢) Paints, oil & Glass .11.2 House Furnishings .10.1 Drugs & Chemicals .x 6.3 Miscellaneous (a) Furs .162.6 (bh) Liquors & tobacco .23.8 (¢) Sundry .8.5 9.8 x\u2014Decrease The conclusions may be summarized as follows.For the 250 commodities selected there has been an increase in price between 1897 and 190% of 31.4 p.c.Comparing the average prices for the ten years period 1890-1899 with prices for 1909, the incrcase has been only 21.2 p.c.This latter comparison is probably more logical, since the years 1890 to 1899 include a time of gradually falling prices (1890 to 1897) and a time of rapidly rising prices (1898 to 1899) .On the other hand it seems hardly fair to take the year 1897 as a basis of comparison since it was the last and worst year of a period of commercial depression.Comparinz the high year 1907 with the low year 1897 ( and this is not shown in the table) , the increase in prices has been about 37 p.c.It should be added that the prices quoted are in all cases those of commodities sold in the wholesale market, and that for two reasons.In the first place, The first point to be settled 1s the determination: of the exact changes in prices which have taken place during the last generation.The Department of Labour in Ottawa has renflered a real service to Canadians by institutimg an enquiry into the actual price changes during the twenty years from 1890 to 1909 inclusive.This enquiry was published in the form of a special report in 1910, and is edited hy Mr.R., H.Coates, B.A.Associate-Editor of the \u2018\u2018 Labour \u2018Gazette.\u2019\u2019 During this period there was a fall in the prices of most commodities from 1890 to 1897 followed by a steady increase in prices to 1907, a slight fall in 1908 and an increase in 1909 which still continues, although the figures for the years following 1909 are of course not available in the report itself.Perhaps I cannot do better at this point than to append the figures published on page 16 of the report.IN 1909.3 5 % 358 sh SE 38g ay CE ÊVE 23 + = 2 Ve 5 8 ; 49.9 85.9 in 1897 13 48.6 80.3 \u201c 1896 15 33.6 48.2 \u2018* 1897 9 34.0 47.9 \u201c 1892 5 7.6 25.0 \u2018\u201c 1897 DT 8.3 15.7 \u2018\u201c 1895.14.2 34.2 \u2018 1902 5 29.8 43.5 \u201c\u2018\u201c\u201c 1898 4 x 6.8 59 \u2018 1901 3 x 4.0 22.6 \u201c\u2018\u201c 1895 3 12.5 25.7 \u2018\u201c 1898 2 x 4.6 17.6 \u201c\u2018\u201c 1899 2 35.4 45.9 \u2018© 1896 11 2.1 14.9 \u2018\u201c 1897 27 3.8 11.0 \u201c\u2018\u201c\u2019\u201c 1898 10 54.6 70.2 \u201c 1898 11 35.2 41.5 \u201c\u2018\u201c 1897 14 x 5.7 20.9 \u201c 1898 14 10.4 13.2 \u201c\u2018\u201c 1896 16 3.9 11.3 \u2018\u201c\u201c 1899 15 127.2 182.2 \u201c1895 4 17.5 23.8 \u201c\u2018\u201c 1890 4 21.6 33.3 \u2018\u201c 1897 6 21.2 31.4 \u20181897 250 wholesale prices are more easily accessible and more reliable than retail prices.In the second place they show the ups and downs of market fluctuations in a more marked manner, since retail prices are regulated by custom to a much greater extent and vary considerably even in the same locality.It is unlikely, however, that for the long period under discussion, there has been any marked divergence between wholesale and retail prices.In order that some idea of the range in prices for the staple crops of Quebec may be obtained, let us next turn to the variations which have marked the prices realized for the more important commodities in which the farmers of this province are interested, with the proviso that\u2019 the figures quoted are obtained from the wholesale reports of the Montreal and Toronto markets.THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE | PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE SHOWN BY PRICES IN 1909.Compared Compared ! with with | decade lowest i 1890\u20141899.year.| Oats, No.2, white .\u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026\u2026 50 115 in 1896 Wheat No.2, white .\u2026 \u2026 43 87 \u2018\u201c 1894 Barley, No.2 .++ +0 00 01 +0 45 134 «1897 i Corn, No.3, yellow .64.6 180 \u201c\u2018\u201c 1897 | Peas, NO.2 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 \u2026 ve ee ve ee ue 58 110 + 1897 Hay, No.1 .cv ov ci 00 oe on 0e 35 67 \u2018¢ 1894 Potatoes .oe 42 160 \u201c\u2018\u2018 1896 TUrmips «+ .\u2026 ++ os ss oo as oe x 7 36 \u2018 1896 Bacon.\u2026.\u2026 \u2026 \u2026.\u2026\u2026\u2026 46 72 \u2018 1896 Cattle, choice steers .47.5 80 \u201c 1896 Fowls and turkeys .86 130 \u201c 1896 Hogs, select .52 87 \u2018\u201c 1896 Sheep, export ewes .0.0 27 \u2018 1896 Butter Creamery prints .20 33 \u2018 1897 Dairy solids .24 49 \u201c\u2018\u201c\u201c 1896 Cheese .ee en 24.4 45 \u2018\u201c 1898 Eggs, storage .71.5 92 \u201c 1896 Milk.27 27 \u2018\u201c 1890\u20141899 Apples .50 104 \u201c 1896 x\u2014Decrease.Comparing the general level of crease of 30 p.c., in prizes for the prices in 1909 with those for the decade 1890-1899, I find an increase of 37 p.c.in crude farm products; of 34 p.c.in manufactured farm products (including dressed meats, flour, bran, shorts, oatmeal, leather, butter, cheese, etc) ; a decrease of 4 p.c., in imported toods (including chocolate, coffe, tea, currants, raisins, bananas, molasses, sugar etc.) ; an increase of 27 p.c.in all foods, and an increase of 6.5 p.c., in products of the mine.Of the great producing industries, agricultural products seem to show the greatest increase in price.Fish products have increased to nearly the same extent.Manufactured products have increased about 14 p.c.From still later figures published in the \u2018\u2018 Labour Gazette \u2019\u2019 it appears ; that the increase in average prices .for the last four months of 1910 over , the prevailing prices in 1890-1899 was 124 p.c., as compared with an in- THE DISTRICT REPRESENTATIVE APPRECIATED BY THE MORRISBURG FARMERS\u2019 CLUB.The regular meeting of the Farmers\u2019 Club, held Jan.6th, was well attended.Much interest was shown in the discussion that followed an address given by John Fixter of Macdonald College on the Improvement in Pastures, Hay crops.and + Seed Growing.Although the day was extremely cold the up-to-date farmers turned out in good numbers , to gather such information as would be helpful in their work.The special feature of the meeting was the presentation of a beautiful Meerschaum Pipe and stand to their worthy District Representative, Mr.A.D.Campbell.The President read the address which was full of praise for the untiring efforts and the splendid results Mr.Campbell had achieved for their benetit, particularly in the growing of the McIntosh Red apple; in packing and shipping \u2018apples; and in developing the best markets for their fruit; in the growing of Corn, Roots, and Grain, and in the growing of Alfalfa and , Clover seeds.Dundas County is now shipping clover seed by the car (load, whereas a few years ago | i scarcely any seed was grown for export.last four months of 1911 over those existing in 1890-1899.For the whole year 1910, the increase in prices was 25 p.c.The advances in price for 1910 were chiefly for animals and meats, dairy produce, fish, textiles, lumber, paints, oils and furs with ag decrease in grains and fodder.For thirty-one crude farm products the \u2018increase over prices prevailing during the period 1890-1899 fell from 37 p.c., in 1909 to 32 p.c., in 1910.I hope in a later article to say something about the causes which have produced, and seem likely to continue, this remarkable increase in prices, as well as its effects upon various classes of producers and consumers.J.C.HEMMEON, McGill Univ.0 Mr.Campbell was taken entirely by surprise.In replying he laid particular stress on the splendid cooperation of the farmers of the district in his work; for without their good-will and assistance very little good could have been accomplished.Mr.Campbell urged the farmers to attend all the winter meetings; to talk over plans for the coming season, and to call at his office any time.They were free to feel the office was theirs any time they wished to use it.He hoped still greater results would be achieved through their cooperation.THE NEGLECT OF THE COUNTRY SCHOOLS.What Ex-Gov.W.D.Hoard, recently Chairman of the Board of Regents of the University \u201cof Wisconsin says about the Neglect of the Country School.(Extract from an address before the National Conservation Commission Congress at Kansas City).\u201cYou know, as every man knows, that the country district school is the only school where ninety per cent of all of the farmers of the THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 175 land have received or will receive pine interest of the consumer in it, but Jo not allow anyone 2 Fr Gr re dar Barre arf dred ddd + .i _ - this commection is precisely identical swindle him by selling im e| om ï for ve ny vo x The ° (he school \u2018with that of the producer\u2019; the only [inferior and cheaper product under om oA.o \u2018 > ing they will get.de Teachers Ol interests opposed are those of the |false pretence that it is the better | The DAVCLEN = the state and the political forces of few manufacturers engaged in the |and more expensive one.\u20ac > the state are solely responsible for production of adulterated maple For example, ten samples of maple & and Orch ad vaio the character of the country school, Products.Cs syrup were recently purchased by a % he > wo Th h littl ital | While there can be no objection to |friend of mine in two Western + + ere has been but little vital the sale of cane or other syrup |towns.Six of these were labelled sufefufodocdodufooofufiodinfod odo pushing force among the teachers compounds which are not injurious |\u2018\u2018pure maple,\u201d two \u2018\u2018maple com- for the uplift of the country schools.\u2018to health, I respectfully submit |pound\u2019\u2019 and two \u2018\u2018maple flavors.\u201d The politicians have given it the go-by because as yet there are no votes in it as an issue.The farmers do not believe in it as a vital, energizing principle in their midst for their own enlightenment and that of their children, concerning the things that make for the betterment of agriculture.\u201cDo you for a moment suppose that all of this appalling waste of fertility that exists, and consequent destruction of farm values, would have taken place if the country district school had been organized to teach the farm children the elements of fertility as science and common sense knew them to exist?We must then charge uvon the past and present system of education the responsibility for this ignorance that has wasted the productive power of the nation.And the processes of ignorance and indifference are going on today with but little, if any, check.Our schools of agriculture reach hut a thousandth part of the farm children, with their corrective knowledge.The agricultural press is doing what it can, but not more than fifty per cent of the farmers are readers and students of this vital question.\u201d PURE MAPLE PRODUCTS Better Protection Wanted Agast The Sale Of Adulterated Goods.On behalf of the maple syrup and sugar nroducers of Canada, I wish to lay before you a matter of great importance as to the law at present existing regarding the adulteration of maple syrup and manle sugar.There are about 55,000 growers of this product in Canada, and of all the agricultural products of Canada there is none so characteristically Canadian, there is none that brings such a large and constant return, with so little expenditure of labor.so small \u2018an investment of capital, and so little impoverishment of the soil.To the average intelligent maple grower, the annual revenue from the sap is practically so much \u2018found money\u2019.This most profitable industry has in recent years been threatened with extinction, not from natural causes, from failure of the cron, from foreign competition, nor from any falling off in the demand, but purely and simply through the failure of Parliament to adequately protect the honest grower of maple products from fraudulent competition, and to protect the public against misrepresentation and adulteration.Over 15,000 of the 55,000 maple syrup and maple sugar producers have signed a petition to the Government, asking for legislative and administrative action to save the industry from extinction, and we are convinced that every one of the 55,000 would gladly sign the petition if it were possible to give them an opportunity.\u2018or syrup, that they should be sold as exactly what they are; and to allow them to be sold as the much more expensive product of the maple trees, is a fraud upon the consumer, and a great discouragement to the Canadian farmers, who are supplying the market with genuine maple syrup and sugar.The market is now flooded with pretended maple syrups, many of which contain absolutely no sap of the maple tree, and others consist of a mixture containing a little of the poorest black nraple syrup, and a great deal of cane sugar and other cheaper compounds, and labelled in such a manner as to mislead the public into the belief that they are pure maple syrups; or what means the same thing to the average buyer \u2018\u2018 maple compounds and maple flavors.\u201d The extent to which these mixtures are taking the place of the genuine product of the maple tree may be gathered from the number of flavoring mixtures freely advertised amd sold for no other possible purpose than to make molasses and other cheap syrups taste something like maple syrup.Now, a gallon of molasses with an ounce of maple flavoring or essence in it is not maple syrup.It is molasses, and should be sold as | molasses, at the price of molasses, , Plus flavoring.People who are , persuaded to buy this concoction under the impression that it is , maple syrup are simply swindled.the mixture to be sold | To allow under any name, \u2018maple compound ior maple flavor\u2019 that may lead the i purchaser to believe that he is buying a maple | leading to the public, and to sanction a gross injustice upon the Canadian farmer who honestly places the ; gentine article upon the market.The conspicuous use of the word ;\u2018\u2018maple\u2019\u2019 or any of its derivatives such as \u2018\u2018maple flavor'\u2019 on cans of \u2018\u2018compound,\u2019\u2019 should be prohibited and the use of any of these words on cans containing syrups, wholly, or largely, composed of substitutes, should be forbidden in amy shape or form.If anybody wants to buy and eat cane or beet sugar or molasses, at the price of maple sugar by all means let him do tree product, is mis- \u201cwhether One of the six sold as pure, contained no genuine maple, while the others contained very little maple.My friend writes that \u2018\u2018out of eighteen grocers visited, about one- third produced the compound when asked for maple syrup.One grocer in Saskatoon insisted on calling a can of mixture pure, even after I called his attention to the label on the can.To put the case as it is here, if a grocer has both the pure and the compound, he will explain to his customers when they ask for maple syrup that he has the pure and the compound, and offer them their.choice.On the other hand, if a grocer has only the compound, as is the case with many, he gives out the compound to customers asking for maple syrup without any explanation as to its contents.\u201d There appears to be very little distinction made between syrups those in regard to price sold as pure and sold as compound or maple flavor.The cans varied considerably in size, but reducing them all to the price per gallon, the six samples sold as pure average $2.50, the two sold as compound $1.96, and the two sold as maple flavor $2.37.I think you will agree with me that , lettuce, this indicates a ver\u2014 unsatisfactory condition in the Western trade.The maple flavor stuff within 13 cents of the price of the pure.The compounds, which contain a portion of maple, even if it be but a very small one, sells on an average at $1.96\u2014or 4lc.per gallon less than the flavored goods that never saw a maple tree.This goes to show that while the ordinary man who understands English may know the meaning of the word flavor, he is not sufficiently conversant with the process of manufacture to be able to tell he is paying too much for brings his goods or not, or whether he is buying an article which is misrepresented.The new standard for maple proclaimed at makes maple syrup syrup and sugar, as Ottawa recently, illegal when 35 p.c., of water, and 10 p.c., of water.This best work containing more than maple sugar is by far the done by the Department MAPLE SU GAR TIME.(From Cornell Reading C ourse for Farmers\u2019 Wives.) ç THE VEGETABLE GARDEN Now is the time to make preparation for early spring planting.The order for seeds should be placed early, thereby not only getting a better selection, but enabling the seed -merchant to supply the seed without the delay often occasioned by many leaying their order for seed until the last moment.1t is wise to order direct from g reliable seed firm.By ordering early one has an opportunity to test the seed supplied, and to determine the percentage of good seed.This is a great advantage and should be done especially when a large area is to he planted.Seed testing is a simple matter and may be done by taking a representative sample from the package, counting out 100 or more, and sowing the seed in soil properly moistened and at the right temperature.For cabbage, carrots, onions and such cool season vegetables a temperature of 50° to 55° is suitable.For the warm season crons such as tomatoes, cucumbers, melons, etc., 60°.to 65° is right.When the plants are about one inch high they are counted and the number of livine seed determined.This can be done in a box of soil placed in the kitchen.There is a lot of satisfaction in knowing that the seed is good, and time spent in doing this may show that a poor catch of seed is not always dre to getting bad or old seed.The good points of different varieties are well set forth by the seedmen in their well gotten up ca- talogves, and very often one is confused as to what is best to order.The following list has been prepared to heln out on this point, and while these may not be in some points better than other varieties, yet as 5 whole they will prove as satisfactory as any of the many varieties listed by various seedsmen.° at Ottawa, as it necessitates the maple producer making a quality of syrup that has a more keeping quality, but this new standard fails to provide for protection to the producer as well as to the consumer aeainst adulteration.What is required is an amendment to the Adulteration Act, making it illegal to use the word \u2018\u2018 Maple\u2019 or any of its derivatives on the labels of any package of maple syrun, unless the same be guaranteed absolutely pure, and not a mixture containine compounds or foreign sugars.\u2019 We would request every maple svrup and sugar maker who reads this article to make it his business, in his own interest, to draw the attention \u201cof the Member of Parliament of his county to the situation, aml persuade him to use his energetic endeavors to have the law amended, and thus protect both maker and consumer from the adulterator.JOHN H.GRIMM, Montreal. 2 176 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE DESIRABLE VARIETIES OF VEGETABLES.away from any growth not normal |into a hotbed.- and often the cause of much An even uniform heat is deaireq Asparagus, Argenteuil.disappointment is the drawn leggy |and not the quick violent heating Beans (Green Pod) Red Valentine, Stringless Green Pod, and Refugee.Beans (Golden Pod) Wardwell's, Davis, and Keeney's Rustless.Lima Beans.Bush Lima.Beets.Early Egyptian Turnip, Eclipse, and Half Long Blood Kale.Green Curled Scotch.\u2018 Brussels Sprouts.Tmproved Dwarf.Carrots.Chantenay, French market and Danvers.Cauliflower.Extra Early Erfurt.Cabhage.(Early) Jersey Wakefield and Early Spring, (Medium) Succession.(Late) Danish Roundhead and Autumn King.Celery.Paris Golden Self-Blanching and Triumph.Corn.(Very Early) Peep O'\u2019Day, (Early) Early Cory, (Medium) Golden Bantam, and Crosby.( Late) Country Gentleman.Cucumbers.White Spine.Citron.Colorado Preserving.Beg.New York Improved znd Black Beauty.Kohl Rabi.Early Purple Vienna.Lettuce.Grand Rapids (open head) Unrivalled (head).Musk Melons.Water Melon.Cole\u2019s Early.Paul Rose, Hackensack, Rocky Ford, and Montreal.Onions.Yellow and Red Globe Danvers, Large Red Wethers- field, and Mammoth Silver King.Parsnips.Selected Hollow Crown.Parsley.Champion Moss curled.Peppers.Ruby King, Large Bell and Red Cayenne.Peas.(Very Early) Alaska; (Early) Gradus, Thomas Laxton, (Medium) Admiral Dewey, Heroine, (Late) Stratagem, and Telephone.Pumpkin.Calhoun.Radish.French Breakfast and Icicle.Winter Radish.Long Black Spanish.Spinach.Victoria.and Long Season.Salsify.Sandwich Island.Squash.English Vegetable Marrow (Summer, fall and winter) Hubbard (Winter).Tomatoes.(Early) Earliana, (Medium Early) Early Jewel and June Pink.(Late) Stone and Favourite.Turnips.Golden Ball and Extra Early Milan.Swede Turnips.Westhury Swede.Rhubarb.Victoria and Linnaeus.W.8.BLAIR.HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS In 1908 W.T.Macoun, Horticulturist of the Central Experimental Farm, published a *\u2018 List \u2019\u2019 of the Herbaceous Perennials tested in the Arboretum and Botanic Garden, C.E.Farm ' as Bulletin 5, second Series.As g result ga great impetus was given to the growing of Perennials, and it bas beem observed that ever since the publication , of this valuable bulletin an increasing interest in flowers has been observed by horticultural societies, by schools, and hy the public generally.The notes in connection with each plant as it comes in the List are most helpful to flower growers.Especially valuable are the notes in the introduction relating to the planting and care of herbaceous perennials.We are informed that there are still some copies of the Bulletin left, and any person specially interested in the subject may get a copy by applying to the \u2018Dominion Horticulturist, C.E.F.Ottawa\u2019.THE VEGETABLE GARDEN Useful Suggestions in Starting Seeds.The Utility of Flats and Hot Beds.The Growing of Celery, Onions Cabbage, and Tomatoes.1\u2014STARTING THE SEED.Certain principles are involved in proper germination ; uniform conditions of heat, moisture, and air are essential.Extreme temperature conditions with other factors right may result in a poor start.Too much water may mean disaster.Care in watering just after the seedlings appear is important.A heavy watering of cold water may injure the \u2018 plaints and damping oft results.A confined atmosphere will result in a weak drawn growth, and leggy plants result.Maintain an even temperature of about, 50° for the hardy vegetables or annual flowers, and about 60° for the tender vegetables and annuals.Fluctuation of 5° either way is hard to avoid and may not result in injury; but aim to hold these temperatures.The seed should not be sown thickly as this tends to long drawn plants, and abnormal development.The successful grower aims to get growth of plants when young.Plenty of light, and good ventilation will correct this tendency.Close attention must be given to these factors in order to get good plants.The flats may be well soaked when the seed is first sown, and the moisture may be retained by shading and confining the air until seedlings appear, after which light and good ventilation are necessary.The judgment of the grower is here shown, and experience is the only guide in attending to these small but important details.Small seeds are usually covered to twice the thickness (of the seed with soil, and the soil kept moist, hut not wet, around the seeh during germination.2\u2014FLATS.Flats or shallow boxes are best for starting seeds.The seeds start best in a small bulk of soil, and the moisture requirements can best be supplied when the depth of soil is mot too great.Not so large a quantity of soil is required for starting the seed in as in the hotbed.The flats may be moved from place to place without difficulty.' The seed may be started in the house, and moved to the hothed later.The seeding can be done: inside, and the disagreeable work of transplanting in a hotbed avoided.The plants in flats make more stocky thrifty growth, and the root formation is not so rangy.In fact flats are the only satisfactory way of handling plants in hotbeds except where very many plants are grown when it may not be economical to use them.But even on this point J am doubtful, considering the plants can he taken to the field in the flats, and transplanted with the minimum check.The most convenient size is 13 inches wide, 23 inches lonz, and 3 inches deep.The ends should be made of 3-4 inch lumber, and the sides and bottoms of 1-2 inch lumber.Any old boxes may be used, but in order to economize in space in the hotbed they should all be of one rsize.3.\u2014~HOTBEDS.For lengthening the season of fresh vegetables\u2019 and to obtain vegetables which require a long season to mature, hotheds are necessary.They are constructed in the early spring before the weather becomes warm enough to start growth without some artificial heat.This heat is supplied by using fermenting manure.Horse manure that has not \u2018\u2018 fire-fanged \u201d\" should be used.When collecting the manure care should be taken to keep the mass well tramped \u2018to exclide the air as much as possible thereby preventing this rapid decomposition or \u2018\u2018 fire-fanging\u2019\u2019.When the necessary amount of manure has been secured it is turned and made into a heap, and after a week it may be again turned and made « which soon spends itself.In order to secure this, spread the manure evenly in layers of one foot at a time distributing the dry and cool parts of the manure with the warm and moist parts and tramp the whole mass quite firm as the work proceeds.The amount of tramping will be determined by the amount of straw the mass contains, the greater the proportion of straw as compared with the solids the more tramping required.If the mass is very dry it may be advisable to wet it somewhat to make the mass more compact.The manure may \u2018be made into a hotbed on the surface of the ground + or put into a pit previously made about 18\u2019\u2019 deep.If the pit is used care must \u2018be exercised not to allow water to enter it.In any case the bed should be 1 ft.larger on each side than the frame to be.used.It will not be necessary to use so much manure if (the pit is used as in the case of the surface bed, for the heat will be held better from not being exposed.If the hotbed is started on the surface the latter part of Feby, 3 ft.of manure is necessary.If started the last of March, 2 ft, will be sufficient.The frame for supporting the sashes should be 10 to 12 inches high in front and 15 to 18\u201d at the back, giving a drop of about 6 inzhes to the sash.They are usually made 12 ft.long to support four 6 x 3 ft.sashes.The sashes usually contain 3 rows of 10x 12 inch glass.The hotbed should he located on the south side of a building, hedge, or fence, protected from cold and prevailing winds.Two or three inches of cinders, sand, or soil may be put on the manure inside the frame if flats are to be used, or if the seed or plants are to be grown without flats, 6 inches of good loam is necessary.The seed may be sown or plants put into the frame about one week after the bed is made, or as soon as the first violent heating has commenced to subside.For warm season vegetables the temperature at the bottom of the soil should have fallen to 90 degrees and for cool season Vegetables to 70 degrees, up to this time the frames should be left slightly open in the day-time to allow gases to escape.MANAGEMENT OF HOTBEDS.\u2014 Owing to the volume of air in the hotbed being small, great care is necessary not to allow the temperature to run too high, nor to leave too much air on the bed and chill the plants.In order to develop stocky, thrifty, plants, as much ventilation as\u2018 possible should be given.A close confined atmosphere invites disease, and produces sickly, \u2018leggy\u2019\u2019 or drawn plants.More ventilation - can be given the cool-season than is the case with the warm-season vegetables, and it \u2014t THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 177 is advisable to have two hotbeds, or a division in the frame if only one js used, so that these two classes can be handled under the necessary different temperature conditions.Watering should be done about the middle of the day so that the plants and the surface of the soil will have a chance to dry off before the frames are closed.The soil should be; kept damp throughout but mot wet.4,\u2014COLD FRAME.A cold frame is similar to a hotbed except: that no manure is used to secure bottom heat, the sun being depended upon entirely for heat.The soil inside the frame may be dug up and the seed sown in it, or the seed may be sown in flats, or plants set into these frames for hardening off.They require attention similar to hotbeds.During very cold nights, like hotbeds, they may be protected by a mat covering or shutters.Straw may be scattered over the glass to give this necessary protection.5.\u2014CELERY CULTURE.For early celery the seed should be started the latter part ot February or early in March.It takes about three weeks for the seed to germinate, and in another three weeks the seedlings may be transplanted to other flats 1 to 11-2 inches apart.These should be in good condition for setting to the open about the middle of May.For the late crop which is usually planted to the open from the 1st to the middle of Jume the seed should be started from the middle of March to the 1st of April.The seed is usually sown in flats and the soil kept moist, \u2018and a temperature of about 50° maintained.The kitchen window gives good conditions for germination, and in order to prevent the soil from drying out too rapidly it is advisable to place a light of glass over the box, amd shade lightly with tissue paper, or such material as permits of diffiised light, so that when the young seedlings appear they will mot become drawn.The glass should not fit too tightly, but space given to admit of slight air circulation.The soil should be kept moist, but mot wet, and should not be allowed to dry out.When the seed is first sown the soil should be wet thoroughly throughout.When the seedlings appear the shade should be taken off and the glass removed, otherwise drawn or leggy plants may result.The soil for the flats should be a fairly rich sandy loam.Any good garden soil, provided it does not become compact, is suitable.It is not advisable toç«use partly decayed fresh manure in this soil.If manure is used it should be well rotted, and rubbed down fine through ga sieve, which can best be done by first drying it.The seed may be sown broad- cast or in rows, but in any case do not sow too thickly.This is a common mistake and very often is the cause of damping-off of the seedlings and also drawn plants.The seed should be covered only lightly, about 1-8 inch deep at the most, using ome part sand to one of soil for covering.I It is wise to transplant once before setting to the field, otherwise a compact well developed root system is not possible.The plant when taken from the flat for setting to the open should be lifted as carefully as possible, thus holding the soil to the roots and preventing a check in growth.Good strong well-hardened plants are necessary, gnd these ara secured by growing the plants in the open air for a week or ten days betore setting to the open.If the soil is dry at setting-out time it may be advisable to water, but otherwise this is not necessary.The soil should be placed firmly ground the roots with a loose covering of soil at the base of the plant.Contrary to- the \u2018 general belief celery may be grown on any soil, from a light sand to a clay, and even muck or peaty soils may be used.The chief requirements for the plant are plenty of moisture and plant food, and with these any soil will grow good celery.A rich sandy loam will probably produce the best quality of celery.Farmyard manutre is the best fertilizer.It may be applied at the rate of 20 tons per acre, or 8 lbs.per sq.yd., and plowed or dug into the \u2018soil.The ground should be well worked to 6 inches in depth at least.- Commercial fertilizers at the rate of 500 to 1000 1bs.per acre may also be used, by sowing broadcast and harrowing in.The plants are usually set on the level ground in rows 31-2 to 4 ft.apart, and 6 inches apart in the row.Frequent cultivation to keep down weed growth is essential, and should blight make its appearance or be prevalent the plants should be sprayed with Bordeaux.If early celery is grown frequent watering will be necessary in order to keep the plants growing vigorously during the hot weather and to develop good crisp stalks.With late celery this is usually not necessary.as for the growth then made the fall rains and cool days.supply ideal conditions for celery of best quality.6\u2014ONIONS FOR TRANSPLANTING Onions may be started 10 to 12 weeks before the ground can be worked fit for transplanting, usually, about the first or the second week in May.That is, the seed may be sown early in March, and the plants out to the open early in May.This practice is a good one and enables one to get early onions, and good large well developed onions for winter use.The seed is sown in flats, usually coataining about 3 inches of soil.A good way is#to press a lath into the soil on its flat side, making the rows 2 to 3 inches apart from centre of lath and to the depth of the lath; and seed enough to develop 10 to 12 plants to the running inch are scattered along this row, and covered with half sand and soil.These may be started in a kitchen temperature of about 50° giving good vegetation and light until well started, when they may be put into a cooler temperature, about 45°.The plants may be started in any good garden soil, and will not require transplanting until set permanently to the open ground.Avoid long weak plants which may result from too high temperature, too (close planting of seed, or insufficient light.These plants at time of setting out will be about half the size of a lead pencil, and can be set without difficulty, as they transplant easily.A part of the long roots may be cut off, and also a part of the top.It is important to have good strong plants, and plants from seed started later do mot make satisfactory plants for transplanting, The plants should he well hardened off before setting to the open by exposing the flats to the open weather for a week or ten days, before setting out.The Prize- taker is one of the best for this work, it being of the Bermuda type and of excellent quality.Any variety can of course be handled in this way.The plants are spaced in the field 4 inches apart, in rows 1 foot to 14 inches apart.11-2 to 2 lbs.of seed will develop enough plants to set an acre.7.\u2014~EARLY CABBAGE AND CAULIFLOWER.For early cabbage and cauliflower the seed may be sown about the middle of March.Early in April the plants may be set about 11-2 inches apart into flats, from which they are set to the open ground early in May, after having been well hardened off.These may be started in any good light garden soil in kitchen temperature of about 50° giving full light to the plants as soon as they appear.They should not be forced and the seed should be sown thinly to avoid long and drawn plants, which never make good plants.Do not over-water when the plants are young, especially if the soil is heavy or compact.The use of half sand with the soil to cover the seed will go a long way toward securing good plants.If they are growing too rapidly place at a lower temperature.Do not check growth, but maintain gn even stocky growth, which is essential for best success.When the plants are to be set to the open cut out squares of soil right to the bottom of the flat, and place the plants in the soil so | as to disturb the roots as little as possible.The tendency always is to force vegetable plants too quickly.Good plants for early spring planting cannot be obtained at too high a temperature ; therefore it is important to start early, and before setting to the open harden the plants to outside conditions, otherwise thers is the check from bringing from hotbed or house conditions to the open air where lower temperature obtains and no protection is given, as well as the check from transplanting.The Early Spring is the best early flathead cabbage; and the Jersey Wakefield the best oxheart cabbage.The Early Erfurt is the best cauliflower.8.\u2014TOMATOES.For best results the seed should be started about 8 weeks before setting to the open ground.If to be set on the 20th May start the seed in flats about the 20th March.The seed should be sown thinly in a good garden loam not excessively rich, and kept in a temperature of 60° to 65°.As soon as the seedlings appear give good light conditions and do not allow plants to become drawn, They may be transplanted in two to three weeks time into flats 4 inches apart each way, or into 3 to 3 1-2 inch pots, or into strawberry boxes.The pots are probably the most satisfactory, although in growing large quantities for field culture the flat is to be preferred.The plants remain in these flats until ready to set to the field when they are removed by cutting out a square of the soil with the plant.A temperature round about 60° will give a good stocky growth.The plant should not he stunted from over-watering, but rapid growth should be avoided.The plant when set to the open should be well hardened up, and accustomed to outside conditions without protection, otherwise it will suffer a check which will materially lessen the early crop.The plant should be stiff and \u2018hard, and stand upright even in a heavy wind after setting out.It of course should not be stunted but should show the characteristic green foliage, and not present a sickly stunted appearance.Always keep in mind that good ventilation, plenty of light, and ample space is \u2018necessary to grow a good plant.It is impossible to grow two good plants where only one good plant will grow.But the one good plant will give better returns than the two poor ones.The plants are usually set 4 by 4 feet apart.Some set them 31-2 by 31-2.In any case closer than this is not advisable.W.S.BLAIR. 178 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE SNS OS NN NY ON | ference between the two seasons of same farm for sixteen continuous > Che Farm and Farm Crops + + + + 3 VONONONVONVONNONVNAVNANVNVAVANVA\" 4 CROP YIELDS OF 1911.Ottawa, January 13.\u2014 The Census and Statistics Office of the Department of Agriculture has issued today the following bulletin giving the final estimates of the area, yield and value of the principal field crops of the Dominion for 1911.The field crops of Canada are shown to have occupied last year a total area of 32,853,000, and their value, calculated at the average local market prices, amounts to $565,712,000.The area under wheat last year was 10,374,- 000 acres, of which 1,172,000 acres were fall wheat in Ontario and Alberta, and the production was 215,- 851,000 bushels of the vaiue of $138,- 567,000.Fall wheat produced 26,014,- 000 bushels of the value of $21,461,- 000.Oats occupied 9, 220,000 acres, and yielded 348,188,000 bushels of the value of $126,812,000, barley, 1,404,- 000 acres yielded 40,641,000 bushels of the value of $23,004,000 and flax 1,- 132,000 acres, yielded 12,921,000 | hushels of the value of $19,467,000.| The combined area under rye, peas, buckwheat, mixed grains and flax was 2,481,000 acres, the yield 44,986,000 potatoes, turnips and other roots except sngar beets occupied 1,063,000 acres, and yielded 170,884,000 bushels of the value of $73,290,000.Sugar beet in Ontario and Alberta had an acreage of 20,878 and a yield of 177,000 tons of the value of $1,165,- 000.Fodder crops including fodder corn, hay, clover and alfalfa show an gcreage of 8,290,000, a production of 15,499,000 tons and a value of $161,314,000.Alfalfa, a record of which was taken for the first time, shows an area of 101,781 acres with a yield of 227,900 tons.This valuable fodder crop is being principally grown in Ontario, Quebec and Alberta, the average yield per acre for the whole of Canada being 2 1-4 tons.For the year 1911 the areas from which the yields gre calculated were those of the recent Census and the resulting data are not therefore strictly comparable with the estimates of the three previous years which were based upon the reports of selected correspondents.It may be iention- ed however, that the area and production of wheat in 1911 exceed by over 1,000,000 acres and 65,862,000 [1911 and 1910 is afforded by the ; average rates of yield per acre which for fall wheat was 22.19 bushels in 1911 against 23.49 in 1910, spring \u2018wheat 20.63 against 15.53, oats 37.76 \u2018against 32.79, barley 28.94 against !24.62 and flax 11.41 against 7.97.In the three Northwest provinces of i Manitoba, Saskatchewan and AI berta the wheat production was 194,- i 083,000 bushels compared with 128,- | 891,000 bushels the estimate of 1910 \u2018of oats 212,819,000 compared with 126,753,000 and of barley 24,043,000 compared with 21,377,000.The wheat production of 1911 in Manitoba was 60,275,000 bushels from 2,980,000 acres, in Saskatchewan 97,665,000 hushels from 4,705,000 acres and in Alberta 36,143,000 bushels from 1,- 617,000 acres.By provinces the total value of all field in 1911 was as follows: Prince Edward Island $8,846,700, Nova Scotia $14,297,900, New Brunswick $16,797,000, Quebec $103,187,000, Ontario $193,260,000, Manitoba $73,136,- 000, Saskatchewan $107,147,000, Al- :berta $47,750,000, British Columbia $1,290,000.Owing to the exceptionally mild weather which prevailed during the (fall and early winter live stock are reported as having entered winter quarters in excellent condition.As a general rule winter supplies are ample.bushels and the value $41,560,000.; ARCHIBALD BLUE, Hoed and cultivated crops, com- bushels the estimates of 1910.A more prising beams, corn for husking, satisfactory criterion of the dit- Chief Officer.° AN INTERESTING COMPARISON OF YIELDS OF FARM CROPS, 1911 Results of Good Farming vs.Average Farming., , Yield per acre Macdom-\" Yield per acre Yield per acre \"Yield per Acre or CRO) ald College Farm | Canada | Ontario | Quebec HAY & CLOVER 31-8 tons first cutting | 1.6 tons | 1.37 tons 1.9 tons (1 ton second do) | OATS 55 1-2 bush | 37.37 bush.30.24 hush, 26.22 bush.BARLEY 39 do | 28.94 do 26.39 do 22.76 do CORN (Fodder) 15.67 tons | 9.92 tons 9.23 tons 8.75 tons ROOTS 22.5 do or | 373.92 bush.384.bush.291.18 bush.750.6 bush.| A COMPARISON OF VALUES OF CROPS IN 1911.What They Are \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014 What They Might Be.Value of 1911 Crops Value of Crops of Can- © Value of 1911 Crops of Value of Crops of Que- CROP | of Canada | ada if Yield equalled Quebec | bec if Yield equalled } (Census Bulletin) | thot on College Farm | (Census Bulletin) that on College Farm HAY & CLOVER 146,596,000 | 986,778,400 | 58,396,000 | 96,200,000 OATS _ 126,812,000 188,334,000 19,769,000 41,845,000 BARLEY 23,004,000 31,000,000 i 1,892,000 i 3,242,000 CORN (Fodder) | 12,469,000 | 19,700,000 ; 1,648,000 | 2,951,000 ROOTS 19,541,000 | 39,228,000 1,590,000 4,098,000 §328,422,000 | $565,040,000 $83,295,000 $148,336,000 THE SEED GRAIN.{A fanning mill of the type which screened and graded there would be The Use of the Fanning Mill in Cleaning and Sorting.Treatment for Smut.now to grain for the this section Plan prepare the seed spring seceding.In of the country where weeds are so plentiful the \u2018alue of the fanning mill for purifvine, to say nothing of grading the seed, cannot be overestimated.Stop seeding weed-seeds and the weed , problem will be much more casily | solved., screens jas to size, separates both by wind and screen will give best satisfaction, Thea are to sort and to separate the blast to further separate as to specific gravity.Grading to a uniform size from the \u2018medium to large size seed gives the best results as revealed by carefully conducted experiments.The light and improperly developed seed, and the broken and sprouited seed should be eliminated along with the small seed, for these give poor germination and equally poor vitality and vigor of plant.It all secd grain were carefully little occasion for changing seed, a practice in many sections where the soils show variation, the farmer on the heavier, exchanging seed with the farmer on the lighter soils, and vice versa.It is difficult to say just what influence a change of seed has upon production, in spite of the fact that many farmers claim to have experienced decided advantage, The fact that a certain strain may be better adapted to new conditions may in part explain its good behaviour.But this we do know, that where grains of the same variety have been grown upon the 'seasons they have shown a marked increase in productiveness, while the ; productive capacity of the soil re- | mained almost constant.The explanation for this increase lies largely in the fact that a systematic grading was followed in order that \u2018seeds possessing the highest quality of life might be seeded.SMUT TREATMENT.Treating seed grain for smut is another operation which should not .be neglected.The loss (sustained from this source especially, in some \u2018seasons, is very heavy.There are many treatments but not all of equal efficiency.The Hot water and i Formalin give perhaps the rreatest | measure of satisfaction, neither of | which are at all expensive wor difficult to perform.(a) \u2014THE HOT WATER TREATMENT.MENTis placed in a bag and \"immersed in water at about 115 |degrees F.Soon after it is placed ,in water which is kept at a temper- [ature of between 130 degrees and 135 degrees F.The grain is occasionally I stirred and allowed to remain in the water for a period of {fifteen minutes.It is then spread out on a clean floor to dry while it is stirred occasionally.(b) \u2014FORMALIN TREATMENT.The grain is immersed in a solution of one half pint of formalin to The grain twenty-one gallons of water for twenty minutes.In performing these treatments one should exercise gs much care as possible in having all utensils used, as free from smut spores as possible, viz.bags, shovels, barn floor, and later the drill, in order to get optimum results.Where experimental work has been carried on in connection with the various treatments these, gnd perhaps preferably the latter of the two, has provers simple, comparatively cheap, and most effectual in killing the smut spores, and also effectual in producing the largest yields of grain.G.H.CUTLER, Macdonald College.SOIL FERTILITY AND MANURE By Prof.Shepperd, North Dakota.Liebig said that Agriculture is the richest in facts of any of the sciences and the poorest in the comprehension of them.The science of agriculture will supply facts which will show whether the process of cropping that is being carried on will add fertility or reduce it, the amount which will be taken away or added, and it will furnish data upon which a calculation of the final outcome of a plan of management can be made.It will do no harm for you to know how much fertility you are losing and what the value of it is on the market, even if it is not practical to stop the waste by changing your system at once.If you know the facts in the case, you will the sooner change your plans when the price paid for labor and for the commodities which you produce will ; make it possible to do so without jlosing money.Figure over plans \"until you find a system of farming | Which is practical and that is | permanent.The maintenance of soil fertility, is the most serious material - @ 3 problem in America.There is no country that we can look to for the solution of it, as there is no old country that has worked it out in a practical way.Famines occur frequently.in China and which result in the death of thousands of people.Russia also has had great suffering at times, and so we find that in every old country where the population has become dense, no permanent plan for keeping the land productive has been worked out by the commonwealth as a whole.In the New England are many abandoned farms that scientific farming is bringing into cultivation again.They should stand as a warning monument to those of us who.are living on the rich western lands.Most of you live in the Red River Valley, I take it, and have a soil that nature prepared with great pains.Lake.Agassiz was made up by the final stopping of moving water, which deposited the finest particles that moving water will carry to make up soil.The school boys here, who have studied this subject, will tell at once that a fine grained soil will grow better crops than a coarse grained soil, that it will hold moisture better, that it will free the fertilizing ingredients more rapidly, and they can say many other things in its favor.After the water of Lake Agassiz left the soil, grass, vetches and other leguminous crops grew here century after century, adding fertility to the soil.As a result \u2018of all this aid from nature, you are given the richest soil that has come to any people as a heritage.China, India, and the New England states point out the advantages of a rich soil through that strongest of lessons, the lack of one.A friend of mine, an old lady who lived as a young woman in good circumstances, as a middle aged woman in moderate circumstances and as an old woman in poverty, through the shortsightedness of her husband, remarked to me in the midst of her struggling and saving during her last years, that it was then a discouraging task, and clinched the whole matter in the very terse statement, that the time to save is when you have something to save.A few Red River Valley residents are in exactly that position.You have a vast amount of plant food in your land and now is certainly the time to save it.I have been surprised to find that many hard working people physically are extremely lazy mentally.In some cases states there they feel that they do not know what to read and study, and fail to improve their time on that account.With Supt.Selvig and his force here right at your very doors and with Dean Woods and his workers at St.Anthony Park, I know that you can get reference to the best literature on a particular subject by simply writing them and requesting the same.You will not be very busy from this time till the middle of March on your farms and I would suggest that a Course India, | THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE/ \u2018ot reading will give you a great deal ,of help in maintaining the crop\u2014 producing power of your farms and that it will be a course of entertainment besides.Ninety-five per cent of the crops , Which you grow are made up of material taken from the air and water ; the other five per cent which they absolutely require, however\u2014 the things that are first removed from the soil until they grow too small to produce a crop \u2014are nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and organic matter.These are taken out in nearly equal quantities by wheat, oats, barley and flax crops.Bran and shorts carry nearly all of the fertility of the wheat grain crop.Oil meal contains almost the entire fertilizing value of the flax seed.Live stock retain only about one- fourth of the nitrogen and phosphorus that is in the food that they consume.If you bed them heavily, as most of you do, the fertilizing value of the feed is largely retained.If you could keep the bran, shorts and \u2018oil meal at home and only sell the linseed oil and the flour, your soils would wear indefinitely.If you will adopt a rotation of corn, wheat, barley or oats, clover and wheat or flax, you will have a combination of crops as good as I can suggest to you and gtill be within the limits of taking the full money value from the land.The corn and clover will make it necessary for you to keep stock to market them through.I am certain that you will make use of the stable manure so that this system of farming will maintain your soil fertility.I put the maintenance of soil fertility on the same basis as I do the support of the flag; that the keeping of the soil, so that it will support a civilization, is as important as the maintenance of a liberal form of government.From \u2018\u2018The Farmer\u2019\u2019, SELLING TIMOTHY HAY | When Selling Timothy Hay is Profitable.When Concentrates rich in Protein are Purchased.\u2018Editor, \u2018Journal of Agriculture\u2019 .\u2014 | Several articles in various papers \u2018have recently come to my notice !protesting very strongly agairst the | practice of selling hay\u2014 arguing, of course, from the standpoint of i depletion of soil fertility.I quite \u2018agree, in general, with the state- , ments made in these articles; the trouble with them is that their assertions are too sweeping and unqualified.In other words, it is certainly bad practice to sell hay vear after year, constantly drawing from the soil and making no returns; but in many cases it may be, and is, good practice to sell more or less timothy hay using the | money obtained from such sales to buy bran, oil cake, or other concentrated feeds.Clover hay should not | be sold, as it is muck more valuable than timothy as a milk producer, and for growing young stock.The dairyman who sells two tons of timothy hay for, say, $25, and with that $25, buys a ton of bran to feed his milch cows and growing stock, is doing good business.This has been proved many times in practice, and a glance at the analysis will show the reason why: .In 1 ton timothy hay there are 56 lbs.protein.In 1 ton wheat bran there are 244 Ibs.protein.More than four times as much protein in bran as in timothy hay.Since protein is by far the most important food constituent that the dairyman has to provide (the carbohydrates, or heat and fat producers, are always abundant in the com- 179 mon crops we grow) it follows from the above figures that for the production of milk a ton of bran, is equal to 4 tons of timothy hay, as it is ordinarily, cut and cured.If the comparison is made with mid- dlimgs or oil cake the difference is even more marked, for in one ton of middlings there are 256 pounds of protein, and in oil cake more than double this amount or ten times as much as in timothy hay.The manurial value of timothy hay is also much less than that of bran, middlings or oil cake.In the three substances which make up the plant food of commercial fertilizers the comparison is as follows: \u2014 Q a El sn 8.C2 4.© Sd £] Bz 5 S523 SF 5 4 ga A > 1 ton timothy hay 20.0 10.0 28.2\u2014$ 6.48 1 ton bran .49.6 52.0 27.8\u2014 14.46 1 ton middlings 45,2 244 19.2\u2014 11.60 1 ton oil cake 108.6 33.2 27.4\u2014 25.30 The values are obtained by figuring the nitrogen at 20 cents per pound, the phosphoric acid gt 5 cents and the potash at 7 cents, which is about what these substances cost in ccin- mercial fertilizers.The chemist may tell us that these comparisons are unfair, since the plant food in fertilizers is supposed to be more available than ip farm manures and hence more valuable.Be that as it may, these figures show at g glance the \u2018\u2018relative\u2019\u2019 manurial values of these feeds, a large proportion of which (probably 75 or 80 p.c., where the manure is not wasted) is returned to the soil after passing through the animal.For feeding horses and for wintering dry cows timothy hay is all right, at least for a large part of the ration; but when the price is good, and especially when we are feeding milking cows and young growing stock, Jet us sell at least part of our hay and buy concentrated foods rich in protein, such as bran, shorts, mid- dlings, oil meal, gluten or cotton seed.C.8.MOORE, Stanbridge East.A QUEBEC DAIRY FARM, \u2014 From Bulletin 28, Dairy and Cold Storage Commissioner\u2019s Office. IN BEAUHARNOIS DISTRICT IN 1911.Editor, \u2018\u2018Journal of Agrizulture\u2019\u2019.\u2014 I beg to present this short review of the progress of agriculture in the District of Beauharnois, more especially the County of Chateauguay, for the year 1911.The outlook for a crop was very favourable.looked well; pastures and meadows started to grow nicely up to the month of June, when for the want of rain gall crops came almost to a standstill, with the exception of some low damp lands which the dry season just suited.The soil was in fine condition when the seed was sown in spring.The carliest sown grain seemed to he the best as the later sown grain did not germinate.The soil was so dry that a good part of the seed did not grow.Hay in our County.Chateauguay, was an average crop; Clover was short, not up to the average.Potatoes were a failure and farmers will have to import them for their use as well as for seed.Corn (ensilage) for feed was an average crop as the dry weather did not seem to affect it as it did the grain crops.good Grass Roots are not grown much in our County, which I think is a great mistake as they are fine feed for dairy cattle, and a good crop to grow to clean the land, The few farmers that grow them have nad good results this year.it has been a poor season for fruit, apples being size, Dairying, the chief resource of the district, was only moderately profitable.Short pastures and the few and of small high cost of mill feeds offset the high prices paid for butter and cheese.The most serious problem that the farmers of our district have to contend with is the question of farm help, and the boys of the farm going to the cities.We hear a great deal about the high cost of living, and that the farmers are making themselves rich.I would like to see some of these gentlemen try farming for a few years to find out for themselves how much money there is in farming.Our farms are only producing about two-thirds what they might, if farm help could be got reasonably, or got at all.Last harvest some farmers could not get men at any price.The farmers of our district are waking up to the question of good roads.1 do not quite approve of the way that our Government is giving money to any municipality that complies with their terms.I think that the Government should undertake to build a through Toad through certain districts of the Province.The Government system seems to me too much like patch work.If we had a through road touching the principal towns and villages of the district it would be most beneficial to all concerned.The system that the Government has introduced does not seem to me very satisfactory.Every municipality has a village of which the streets must be done first.Ratepayers living on the outskirts of the municipalities have to drive some miles to look ai the village people driving over the road they were obliged to contribute to, and get very little benefit from their contribution.JAMES BRYSON, Co.Chateauguay, P.Quebec.AGRICULTURE IN PONTIAC COUNTY IN 1911.Pontiac is a large county, and for agricultural purposes it is divided into three divisions, each having gn Agricultural Society.It is of \u2018o- ciety No 1, which holds its annual fair at Shawville that I wish to write a few notes.This society was 1855.Wm.Clark, Morehead, Que., the first president, is still living.District No.1 includes the eastern of the County as far west For this Society No.1 the year 1911 was an important one.Public lectures were held at Quyon, Ladysmith, and Campbell's Bay, at which Mr.John Anderson of Western Ontario gave practical addresses on stock raising and general agriculture.He was accompanied by the secretary.Local speakers also gave short talks at these meetings and those present were much interested.A public Shaw ville view of industry organized in section as Waltham.meeting was held at on March 17 with a promoting the poultry and formiæ a Woman's Institute.Professor Elford and other speakers were present.Mrs.Muldrew of Macdonald College was unable to attend but a Provisional Institute was formed.The officers however, have heen much hindered in their work through not being able to procure hand books and regulations for their members.Such literature should be provided by the Department at Quebec.The Spring Stallion Show drew a good crowd of horsemen.The address on horsebreeding was instructive, but entries were not as numerous as in other years.A | Demonstration vas held on the Fair Grounds on May 24th.The proceeds of this, together with the night concert netted the Society over $100.profit.The Society plinned to have an to Macdonald College in 1908, but the increase in the guarantee required by the Railway Company caused this to be abandoned.The Railway Company should be asked by the Macdonald College officials and agricultural societies interested to reduce the amount of the guarantee.Ioxcursiors June, as in The Competition in Seed Grain was for Oats.A number of good fields were exhibited, but some were of mixed varieties and others showed rust or smut.The writer accompanied the judge, and noticed that he was anxious to show the farmers the defects in their crops.However, the judge was pressed for time as some fields were over-ripe, or cut on his arrival.The Conservation Commission again favored this district by sending Mr.W.W.Baird, student of Macdonald College, to inspect the farms and get information the Commission requires.The Annual Fair was held for three days.The Dominion election which followed on the next day no doubt interfered with it very materially, but notwithstanding this the exhibition was good, and the receipts the largest we have ever had.Mrs.Muldrew of Macdonald College visited the Fair for the purpose of interesting the ladies in Institute work; and Mr.Gordon Wood B.S.A.was present to meet the farmers and others to observe the condition of agriculture here, and to arouse an interest in improved scientific agriculture.These visitors were very much appreciated.So far as the Agricultural Society No.1 is concerned we have had a successful year.Our assets were increased by a special grant from Quebec and a county grant; both being applied to the building account.Referring to matters of generar interest \u2014 Crops have been good this season, grass and hay being an abundant crop.One thousand cars of hay will he shipped from this district, and clover seed and timothy seed will be fairly plentiful if we get the Government Clover Huller before the snow gets too deep for moving it.The farmers are discussing the subject of a rural telephone, and road improvements.Shawville school board have undertakers the erection cf a new academy.One new cheese factory has been erected; and numerous other things might be mentioned to show how progressive our people are.R.W.HODGINS, Secretary, Shawville, P.Q.AGRICULTURE IN MEGANTIC COUNTY.Editor, \u2018\u2018Journal of Agrisulture\u2019\u2019.\u2014 Among the pursuits of life there are but few that reflect the intelligence employed in them as readily as that of Agriculture, which affords its daily problems which vary with the different soil conditions, temperatures, weathers, markets, and facilities to meet suggested requirements, &s well as the individuality of animals, and the objects that the Agriculturist may have in view.Other things being equal we measure the agricultural intelligence and resourceft'ness of the farmers of any district by the progress made by each.Or, their industry and in- telligenc: Leinz : nown, we judge the natural resources and facilities by the results of their efforts.So that some of the conditions being known, we are inclined to judge others by results, ment upon both the and pass judg- agricuilturist, and his resources and facilities in turn.A glance at the trend of agriculture in the District of which Megantic County forms a centre may be said to be suggestive of slow, but steady progress, impeded cases by both defects in indefiniteness of purin many method, and pose.The extensive has been towards then intensive farming, owing largely to the increased cost of labor and the readiness with which farms have heen disposed of by those moving tendency rather to the West.The natural consequences of operating large farms with little help are generally evident, and too many old meadows testify that approved crop rotations have been crowded out of the plans of operation ; that they have not heen enriched in nitrogen by being frequently seeded with clover; and that the older portions of the farms are beimz supplied with fertility from the newer in cases where mill feeds are not brought in to contribute towards maintaining the supply of essential elements.There are happily many exceptions which only emphasize the importance of the agriculturist being guided by up-to-date approved methods, and show that our farmers are losing thousands of dollars every year as the result of misdirected efforts.In looking for a remedy recognize in Agricultural Journals and Farmers\u2019 Institutes valuable helps, but to accomplish the work speedily and effectively, an Agricultural Superintendent or Farmers\u2019 Adviser is required.He should be sent, in the first instance, by the Department of Agriculture to be at the service of the farmers cof ga township.By regular visits to the farms he would give detailed advice to all who would receive it on all points affecting farm operations, including the improvement of build- we ings; the most economical means of securing & water supply ; drainage; crops in rotation, and their cultivation; fertilizers and the requirements of different soils; the cattle to feed, how to feed them, and when to market them; the care of the wood lot; and other such questions that would naturally suggest themselves to a practical Agriculturist.In addition he would be the farmers\u2019 organizer, forming them into co-operative societies ; providing for thz improvement of live stock, workin: for the improvement of country roads ; and taking an active part ' in such movements as will advance the farmers\u2019 interests.The duties involved would doubtless call for a good practical Agricultural College graduate, and would naturally involve some expense, but very little compared with the cost of our present disorganized, haphazard farming which directly and indirectly is Er ie Le te 4 rrr Emre 2 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 181 costly to consumer and producer alike.Circumstances are such that a great many cannot attend even the shorter Agricultural-College courses, who could attend seasonable schoolhouse instructions which would naturally be adapted to the needs of the time and place, and probably \u2018 lead to immediate action, and give lasting results.So that the Municipality, in which the In- struetor would work, would be not only a school in which the Instructor would \u2018be the head-master, but a well organized centre of progressive, up-to-date farming.H.A.DICKSON, Rectory Hill.ALFALFA.Editor, \u2018Journal of Agriculture\u2019, \u2014 My land is sandy loam with a free open sub-soil.It is 30 feet down to the water in the well, and no water stands on the surface.I can grow good corn and potatoes on this land.Do you think I would succeed with Alfalfa?S.B.Reply.\u2014 If your land was in a hoed crop last season, and is perfectly free from weeds and fairly rich in plant food you should be able to grow big crops of alfalfa.I trust the land was thoroughly ploughed last autumn.Next spring do not get on the land too early, and allow the soil to get in perfect condition.Then plough as shallow as you can skim it, and roll to pack the soil and make a perfectly fine seed bed before sowing.Sow 25 lbs.of alfalfa seed per acre with the grass seed attachment on the regular grain drill.And at the same time sow barley per acre.a light harrow over cover the seed that on the surface.After sowing run the land to may be left J.F.HOW TO CLEAN UP A WORN- OUT FIELD.Editor, \u2018Journal of Agriculture\u2019.\u2014 I have a field that has been grow- ireg grain on it for several years, but it has got badly run down.I have but little manure ,on hand, and the weeds are also getting the start of me.How can I work this field to get it clean and build it up again.A.KR.Reply \u2014 To get your field clean and at the same time build up the plant food in the soil I would advise you to plow it shallow in spring and to roll and harrow it thoroughly before sowing.Sow from 3 to \"3 1-2 bushels of small field peas per acre, When the peas are in bloom turn them under.This will be along about July and the weather should be very fine for killing all weed growth.After cultivating 1 1-2 bushels of thoroughly, sow another heavy seeding of peas.The heavier the peas are seeded, the greater will be their smothering effect upon the weeds and they will naturally add more nitrogen and humus to the soil.This second growth is to he ploughed under in the autumn.With the small quantity of manure on hand I would advise you to apply it on top of the first sowing of peas.If possible use the manure spreader, and put on the lightest coating possible.The following season plant corn on this same land.This will have the extra cleaning effect, and also pulverize and stir the soil.The third year sow clover seed, 16 to 20 lbs.per acre along with the regular seeding of barley or oats.Allow the clover to remain down one year only, then turn the sod under and follow with corn.J.F.VALUATION OF ENSILAGE.Editor, \u2018\u2018Journal of Agriculture\u2019 .\u2014 There is to be an auction sale in our district and along with the stock there is to be sold ensilage in the bottom of the silo.The silo is 30 feet high and 12 feet in diameter.How much would there likely be in the last 15 feet, and what would the ensilage be worth if it is fed on the place ?W.B.Reply\u2014 ; The amount of ensilage in the bottom of the silo would depend on the condition in which the corn was harvested and packed in the silo.In a silo 30 feet high if it had been filled gradually to the top, and all but fifteen feet fed there should be about 21-2 to 3 tons per foot.If the corn when put in was well cobbed in the glazing stage it should be worth $2.50 to $3.00 per ton, or $8.00 to $9.00 per foot.In purchasing the ensilage I would have it distinctly understood that you pay for good ensilage only, as so many make the great mistake in building silos not having perfect drainage.If the surplus liquid from the ensilage cannot get away the probability is the ensilage will be very acid, if not unfit for food, up to the bottom door.J.F.TREATMENT OF BLACK MUCK SOD.\u2019 Editor, \u2018\u201c\u2018Journal of Agriculture\u2019 .\u2014 I have a field of black muck that has been in pasture for a number of years, but scarcely anything now grows on it.I had it broken some years ago but with poor results.It is fairly well drained, has a clay bottom down about 3 feet below the muck, and the land is still in sod.If you have any special treatment for this sort of land I would He very pleased vo hear from you.R.il.Reply.\u2014 I would advise you to pasture this field as closely as possinle up to about the middle of plow it sufficiently deep to wet a good mould.Next, put on ihe heaviest land roller you can #ecure to padi firm and level the surface.Next, apply a light coating ot barn-yard manure, and disc-harrow it in.The manure is most important on this particular soil.Many are deceived on account of the dark colour of the soil, thinking it rich.No doubt it is, but it requires the manure to start the.bacteria working.For tha.first year I would advise sowing or planting corn.Choose a flint variety so that it will mature early.If manure is not available for the whole field it may be applied directly over the corn on the hill or over the row.The corn should he thoroughly cultivated during the growing season, and the land ploughed in the autumn.The second season, an early ripening, six-rowed variety, and along with it sow Timothy \u2014 8 1lbs., common red clover \u20146 lbs., Alsike\u20142 1bs., Orchard Grass\u20144 lbs., per acre.Allow the grass seeding to remain down two years, then plow it « up and sow roots or corn.Follow a Four Year Rotation, this will require manure every four years.The application of manure is one of the secrets of success with this sort of land.sow Barley, J.F.THE SILO ON THE FARM.Now is the Time to Build the Silo.Hints as to Construction.Silage a Cheap Feed Silage, saves Pasture in dry Weather.(On account of the importance of silos to the farmer we re-publish an article by Mr.Fixter in the issue of March 1st 1910.This article contains a great deal of practical information which any farmer who intends building a silo will find very useful.\u2014 Editor) .Every farmer working 50 acres of land would find a silo one of the best paying investments on the farm.Corn ensilage is long past the experimental stage, and has been proved to be one of the most economical coarse feeds for live stock either summer or winter.A few years ago many farmers believed a silo had to be built square, and placed in one corner of the barn or stable.In many instances the silage was very poor in quality, and this led many good farmers to condemn the silo, However, with the introduction of the round stave silo, and more experienze in filling gilos, the prejudice is fast disappearing dnd silos are being built in every part of the country, where live stock is kept with profit.After many years\u2019 experience with square silos made with one, May; then \u2018two, three, and even four thicknesses of boards, with tar paper between with heavy studding; and with the octagon silo made with plank on the flat; and with silos made with 2 ply of 1-2 inch sheeting and studding outside, I can safely say that not any of the above mentioned silos is as good or as cheaply made as a plain stave silo boarded with iron hoops.In planning for a silo drainage is the first consideration, as with all other buildings.Whether the silo is located inside or outside, drainage is .essential to the preservation of both the silo and the ensilage.For the: bottom of the silo clay is preferable to concrete because more aronomical and equally serviceable.As to the size of the silo, this is to be determined by size of the farm and number of stock Kept.50 acres of land should grow sufficient coarse feed to keep 20 milk cows and other young stock; allowing 10 acres for corn which should give on an average 16 tons per acre.The following table gives the approximate capacity of stave silos for well matured corn in tons.\u2014 Depth in inside feet dimensions feet Tons.25 15 80 26 16 97 27 16 102 28 18 136 29 18 143 30 18 151 It is not advisable to build less than 14 feet in diameter, and if possible 40 feet high.With the modern ensilage blowers the silage can be married with perfect ease to a height of 40 to 50 feet.The silo built high is much better than one built too it is better to uncover the whole at a time.Taking off the entire top each day prevents the top of the ensilage getting mouldy.Location of the silo.\u2014 It should be located, if possible, on the south wide, as side of the cattle barns, and where: perfect drainage can be secured it may \u2018be found an advantage to have the bottom of the silo 3 to 4 feet below the stable floor; but not directly into the stable.The idea is to keep the odour from the stable, except when feed- ying, as the milk while being taken from the cows absorbs the odor and has been the cause of condemned milk from ensilage-fed cows.This contamination comes from the odor in the barn, and not because the animals are fed on ensilage.The Foundation.\u2014A circular trench 18 inches to 2 feet wide is dug about | two feet deep, or below the frost line; and the trench is then filled | With stone and well pounded down to the level of the interior.The balance of the foundation to whatever depth is wished below the surface is brought up to about 6 inches above the outside surface of the earth.The foundation may be made with either concrete or stone.It will be necessary to line the inside with cement wherever the ensilage might be expected to TT Ie nL SET ed RT.Tun SHES CL 182 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE touch.The top of the wall would also require a coat of cement which should be put on in such a way as to hold the staves in place and also shed any water off that may run down the side of the silo.In no case should the wood be allowed to come into contact with the earth.As to the Staves, \u2014 any of our common, soft woods may be used for staves \u2014 pine, hemlock, spruce, or good sound cedar.The best size of stave is prohably 2 x 6 inches, dressdl on both sides, and sized square on the edges.By using staves with a tongue and shallow groove they are more easily kept in place.Great care must be taken to have the lumber well sized, and with no loose knots or shaky spots.Tt will he found impossible to get staves much over 16 feet long, and for a 40 foot silo it will be necessary to make up each stave from two or more pieces.These must he of exactly the same size.The ends should be squared, and it is advisable to insert a bit of heavy iron to keep them together, unless the ends come immediately under a hoop.Hoops.\u2014 There are at least three kinds of hoops, the round, the flat, and the woven wire.Round hoops are vsually used from 5-8 to 3-4 inches in diameter, and are held in place hy castings or posts set in at regular intervals, and these posts also take the place of one stave, wherever set in.The distance of the hoops from one another should be regulated almost entirely by the size of the silo.The greater the diameter of the silo and the higher it is, the closer should the hoops he placed, especially towards the base.For a silo 16 feet the first hoop should be 4 inches from the bottom, the second 18 inches, third 2 feet, increasing to 4 1-2 feet at the top.The doors should be in line, one above arother.They should be no larger than will admit the person who removes the silage, \u2014 about 4 staves wide and about 18 inches long.The doors should he on each of the four sides, in such a way as to cause the tightening of the joints by the pressure of .the ensilage.The sawn with a hevel greater the bevel the better.The doors should he fastened with wire to the outside wall so as to hang suspended for the time when not in use.When the silo is built outside it will be found necessary to roof it.When posts form part of the silo wall they may be utilized as supports for the roof.Care must be taken to allow an opening in the roof in the most convenient place outside for filling.A chute covering the doors\u2019 and a place to throw down the ensilage from the top of the silo are necessities.The chute is simply a box with three sides, extending from about 8 feet from the ground to the top of the silo ; the proper size will be about 2 feet square.A ladder should extend upwards on one side of the chute for convenience in entering and leaving the silo.J.FIXTER, =e + + + +++ 400400404040 000404040040 40 + 0 + Mive Stock ; NE] + + * * EIRAAAUASAAAAS ASAE [1] FEED FOR THE ECONOMIC PRODUCTION OF MILK By Prof.H.Barton, Macdonald College.(From an address to the Huntingdor Dairymen\u2019s Association at the Hemmingford Meeting) .The production of milk depends upon two factors\u2014 the cow and her feed.The first has heen very ably discussed by Mr.Wood in his address.For a short time I should like to discuss the other factor \u2014 \u2018\u2018 Her Feed \u2019\u2019.Since feed and feeding rank almost as one factor in two we may well spend some thought on this in the way of cheap milk production and to show just what can be accomplished let me cite one instance \u2014In the College Herd of 70 cows we have heen able to produce milk with the cows in full milk at a cost of from 45 to 50 cents per 100 1bs., reckoned on a basis of feed consumed.In another herd in the vicinity of Montreal the same number of cows with about the same yield of milk produces it at a cost of 90 cents per cwt.or just double the cost, due to feed alone.In analysing the two rations we find they are widely different.This demonstrates the fact that if we are to produce milk cheaply, after we have the proper cows, much will depend upon the quality and character of the ration employed.What then are the sentials ?First, Cheapness.As far &s possible we must employ cheap feeds, feeds from which we can obtain a very large yield and thus cheapen the cost of production.In this connection I might say the grain or concentrate part of the ration, a certain amount of which is absolute\u201dy necessary, is in every case the expensive part of the ration, and just in as far as we reduce it by supplying other coarser amd cheaper feeds, yet maintaining the average output, will we reduce the .cost of producing milk on a feed basis.In the case mentioned above it is conclusively proved.In the College herd the cows on an average received an allowance of 8 lbs.of meal, whereas in the other herd referred to the average allowance was 16 lbs.Thus we have the same yield of milk, double\u2019 the.meal and twice the cost per cwt.of milk.The ration therefore must be composed to the es- must relish the feed, and eat a lot of it.Too many of us feed grudgingly, not iealizing that the first part of the ration\u2014 50 p.c., or in question.To illustrate the possibility , greatest extent possible of cheap .feed.Secondly, Palatability.The cow many cases 2-3 of it \u2014 will be required to maintain the cow ; all above that will be available for making milk.At the College the cow that ate most cost the most to keep, but gave the most milk and made it the cheapest, Thus it works out in most cases.Thirdly, Succulence.The reason why cows do so well in June is because the grass gt that time is so , succulent and easily digested that they can eat a great \u201cdeal of it.We cannot equal such conditions in \u2018winter, but we can approach them by means of certain feeds that we may have at our disposal.Fourthly, Bulk.From the physical side our ration must have a certain amount of bulk, else the cow will inot be satisfied pnd her system will not work properly.Fifthly, Nutritiovrsness.We carmot expect the cow to make milk unless we supply her the necessary elements in the ration material.Our :ation may have all the foregoing qualities, \u2014it may be cheap, palatable, succulent and satisfying\u2014 hut if it is not balanced in nutrition ,our cow cannot make milk.Here we must include some of the dearer but among these we must make a careful choice with regard to ingredients contained, character of feed, and market prices.In looking for a basis for our ration so that it may conform to the above requirements, we find there are a few feeds which fit not only many of the ration requirements but also the conditions of farm practice and the |choice of farm crops approved and recommended by the previous speakers.To begin with, we might take corn.Corn preserved by means of the silo meets all requirements to a greater degree than any other feed possible, and from the standpoint of farm production it is very desirable to grow.Silage, however, is not complete in itself and for this reason it is very often abused.It must be fed in combination, else as a ration it will fall decidedly short.As for the silo there is only om thing to say.\u2014 Every man must have one.There are a great many types but they may be really classified under three heads,\u2014 Concrete, manufactured wood, and home-made wood.Good silage czn be made from all three, and all may have objections.Frost, for instance, may give trouble in all three, although with care in removing silage trouble in this connection may be largely avoided.Frozen silage may be fed but it is as a rule not a very satisfactory feed.1f mixed with other feeds it will very soon thaw and spoil.In any case it should be handled with care.As to the type of silo to build, this will depend upon the man's cir- feeds, ! cumstances.Concrete makes the most durable and the best looking build ing.It will prove entirely satisfactory, but it costs the most money.Between the two wood types mentioned there is only one difference if both are put up carefully, and that is cost.If a man knows nothing about silos and does not want any trouble in building them, he can have a silo built for him for a certain amount of extra money.On the other hand, if cost is a big item and he is in a position to do his own work and get lumber at a reasonable rate he can build a silo for comparatively small cost, amounting to perhaps $80.to $100.The question of cost then really should need no argument because the silo cost to a large extent may he adjusted to the man's circumstances.| The next feed to which I wish to refer is one frequently placed in \u2018the same class as silage but to my mind not occupying quite the same position in feeding.Roots, it seems to me, should be employed not as silage for a ration basis but more as an extra in the form of an addition or a supplement to our general ration.They do not serve as a roughage and consequently should not be employed to replace silage.I mention this because I am perfectly aware that the general impression is that either one will do perfectly well without the other.We have found it impossible to get best results without both, and in our practice roots are considered as a supplement, an extra or special stimulant to milk flow.In this connection I should like to refer to a ration fed our hest cow.This ration includes among other feeds 15 lbs.of meal and 70 lbs.of roots.I maintain that by means of the roots that cow was enabled to \u2018make better use of a large quantity of feed, and at the same time produce milk from a correspondingly small amount of meal.This may seem a strange statement to make on the face of the fact that 15 lbs.of meal were fed.But for this particular cow, keeping in mind her capacity for feed and the milk she was giving (namely about 70 1bs.), this allowance of meal was quite moderate.But without roots, I am satisfied, to obtain the same milk supply much more meal would have been required.This of course would have been much harder on the cow and entailed a greater expense in feeding, Silage, I may say, was included in this ration as well, and if we had been compelled to dispense with either silage or roots our returns would certainly not have been as good as they were.Silage and roots, then, seem ideal for the succulence in our ration.At the same time they are very well relished, have a certain amount, of .bulk, and furnish considerable nutrition.To give us the proper physical make-up in our ration we think it wise to include a certain amount of fairly dry feed.In this connection we have nothing to equal mn THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE am TRE anv ines en om ir on 183 clover hay.Clover hay serves all the above requirements as far as is possible for a feed of this kind.Even in the question :of nutritive value we have in clover hay an abundant supply of the very ingredients nee- essary for the making of milk, which if not supplied as roughage must certainly be included in the more expensive form of meal.Timothy hay, I understand, is quite a popular hay in this section, and farmers have been frequently surprised to hear clover hay so much emphasized, they having in mind that timothy always brings one-third more in price on the market.I should like to make it quite clear, however, that the market price of hay is not based on its feeding value for milk production and there are other factors which will explain the difference in price.We take it, then, that in silage, roots, and clover hay, or alfalfa\u2014 which will rank in quite the same class\u2014 we have our ideal coarse feed based upon the above requirements.But as a ration it is still incomplete; consequently we must add some heavy feed.In reference to meal feeds or grain feeds I may say at the outset that there are a number from which we might make a choice.The one constituent which concerns us most in the choice of grain feeds for milk production is the protein, materiel or the nitrogenous part of the feed.A number of our grain feeds possess a comparatively large amount of this material.Among these we might mention oats, bran, gluten meal, cottonseed meal, and oil-cake meal.Such feeds as corn and barley would not be placed in quite this class.Although both can be used to a limited extent they will not rank among the best of milk feeds.In arranging the concentrate part of the ration 1 would say always keep in mind variety.In no case have we been able to obtain as good results from a single feed as from a mixture.Our choice among feeds already mentioned will depend largely upon market price.There are some feeds an amount of which I would always include in a ration, but the proportion of certain feeds will depend upon their market value.For instance last year oats could be obtained for 1 c.a lb.At that price they were the best value available, consequently 1 employed them liberally.This year they are extremely high in price and I em using them in very limited quantities.I use a certain amount of oats and bran at any price because they serve a good purpose gs grain feed, outside their nutritive value.To my mind the cheapest protein feed which can he bought on this year's market is cotton seed meal.This of course has to be fed in limited quantities and in combination with other feeds, but for the supply of actual protein material there is no feed to equal it at this year\u2019s price.Oil cake we always use at practically any price, but we use it in limited quantities, employing a little here and there where we think it will work to good account.It is an expensive feed and must be, handled with care.Our practice is to use a little oil cake for cows that have been in milk for a certain length of time and are losing flesh and getting a little stale on the ordinary ration.Right here a pound of oil cake will increase the milk flow and tone up the cow in a way \u2018that no other feed will do.In reference to buying feeds in gemeral, I would say \u2014 buy only those well known and do your own mixing; or in other words, avoid the combination feeds labelled with classy names which are marketed by so many of our feed dealers.THE PRESENT VALUE OF COW TESTING.By Chas.F.Whitley, Ottawa.It is now fairly generally understood that one fundamental principle of cow testing is that.each cow in the herd shall be known to make a profit\u2014surely a most reasonable proposition.If each does not pay, where lies the fault?Possibly a paraphrase of a poetic line explains: ¢\u201c The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our cows, but in ourselves that we are profit-less.\u2019\u2019 If in ourselves, the remedy is obvious.Surely we are \\sufficiently alive to our own interest to give cow testing a trial, to protit iby its numerous advantages.Probably we are apt to magnify the effort needed to weigh and sample: \u2018The milk from two cows can be | weighed in one minuite, less than ten minutes a month for each cow will serve to take samples and keep records of weights.What is the paying basis for a cow?If we agree that it takes $40 to feed a ow, then with milk at 31.per 100 lbs.the mature animal must give over 4000 lbs.before she returns a profit of even one cent.| Do all your cows give over 4000 lbs?On examining the records of , 1600 cows for last year, I found | that 35 p.c.gave less than 4000 1bs; | that is, 7 out of every 20 cows scattered over several counties could not be said to yield any i profit above the cost of feed.TABLE 1.CONTRAST BETWEEN TWO ONTARIO HERDS.11 Cows (Lanark) Average Yield.3794 Ibs.Milk 3.4 Test, 131 lbs.Fat.; Total Yield, 41,737 lbs.Milk 1445 lbs.Fat.$5 Profit per cow.5 Cows (Oxford) \"Average Yield, 12,068 1hs, Milk, 3.3 Test, 400 1bs, Fat.Total Yield, 60,340 1bs, milk.2003 1bs, Fat.$80 Profit per cow.Note that the 5 cows gave nine tons of milk and g quarter of a ton of fat more than the 11 cow.Every time the 11 cows filled one factory milk can the 5 cows filled not one but three similar cans.The 11 cows gave a bare profit over cost of feed, averaging only $5, but the 5 cows gave an average profit of eighty dollars.Thus one good cow equals sixteen of the poorer kind.For a moment notice the loss entailed by keeping these poor cows.They are the types of cows on which good human energy is being sacrificed.The economic instinct imbedded in man cries out against waste: it warns us not to let poor cows waste good feed that better cows with more suitable temperament can convert into milk at a handsome profit.In studying economy of production we need to think if it will cost more, or less, to produce 24,000 lbs, milk from 3 cows instead of 8.Dairy records show that some cows produce milk at a cost of 65c, per 100 lbs, while others under the same roof run the cost up to $1.20.What does your milk cost?A little more fuel in the stove than what serves to keep it just alight means more heat production, so a little more feed often means more cow comfort and a heavier milk production.Don\u2019t save at the spigot and waste at the bunghole.Surely dairymen can critically and wisely observe conditions in the business world.A manufacturer knows exactly the cost of his products.But two neighboring milk manufacturers find the cost is 65c, one side of the fence and $1.20 on the other.Can you possibly conceive a similar situation in the manufacturing world?Would any two makers of paint, bricks or flannel rest satisfied with such a state of affairs if they compared notes, as one costing practically double as much as the other?If such variation did occur, would you not be the first to exclaim something must be radically wrong, the raw material, the machinery, or the manager must be wofully astray somewhere?Take it even in the next stage of handling your own product, milk; imagine three cents a pound for making at one factory, and six cents on the next concession.There would soon be a rebellion! Cow testing is of grand immediate value because for one thing it enables us to individualize, to detect unerringly the useless animated machine that does not produce milk economically.We don\u2019t want the kind that only turns out $35 worth, while in the next stall is one keyed up to the tune of $80 or $100.We can therefore grip the present value of cow testing, because one main purpose is the determination and then the improvement of the dairy value of each individual cow.That is definite, economical productive power.The unit of measure of value is thus transferred to its rightful place from the herd to the individual.Then with the joyful departure of the unprofitable servant that has worked the confidence trick just a little too long, with the selection of young stock of individual merit from parents tried and tested, there must follow a demand for healthier, better class stock.Thus better milk and more of it will be provided.And such milk happily will be produced more cheaply.Our older men are more desirous of such results, our younger men are eager to speed the advent of that day, thus still more cordial relations between farmers are being encouraged.This demand further emphasizes the value of practical cooperation, particularly in the purchase of pure bred sires.There is another serious waste that has been almost entirely ignored: I refer to the fearful waste of human energy in handling these poor cows.Taking the one operation of milking, sixty hours per cow for ten months, then so as not to make out too staggering a case, cutting down that 35 p.c., of poor cows just mentioned to only 20 p.c., it means that there is a waste every year of the stupendous total of 30 million hours just in milking these profitless cows.This is hard to grasp, so let us digest it this way ; it means that enough energy, enough man power, is being put into jwst that one operation of milking poor cows in Canada to equal the work done by horses plowing 375,000 acres of land.It is appalling that there should be this burdensome tax on human endurance, and the strangest part of all is that many view this matter so indifferently and complacently.Our energy, above all things, needs conservation and turning to profitable account.There is a limit to our natural resources, therefore we wisely seek to conserve them, but of infinitely more value energy ( which we unthinkingly squander) , because knitted with human ingenuity it has to guide and direct the wider conservation.Cow testing has heen the first to point out this hugs expenditure of muscular and nervous force.Such sheer waste must he stopped, human energy must be conserved.We want no spendthrift nation! As the proof of the pudding is in the eating, so fortunately the value of cow testing is quickly tested in every district where dairymen have been bright enough to is human adopt it.Results are not insignificant, they are striking; rot measured in ounces but tons ; not counted by fractions of cents but by hundreds of dollars; and that just as quickly as cow testing is appraised not as a general privilege, but as a valuable personal opportunity and possession.Cow testing results are not fiction, though they sometimes approach the semblance of miracles ; they are sober, hardpan facts, No multiplication of words is necessary to prove this, a few figures will convinca any skeptic.The tree is known by its fruits.In testing we have no gambling or speculative proposition, we have certainty; no long odds apainst us, but the ball set rolling lands between the goal posts every time.In testing we have the substitution of pe EEE ee SE ee 184 definite knowledge for mere guess THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE perity, a happier and better home work as to a Ccow'\u2019s dairy capacity.for the wife, more interested and We have the elimination of shif- | contented toys and girls on the tlessness, disappointment and mort- farm.gaged farms.We have the develop- | Some increases are tabulated in the ment of thrift and general pros- following chart.TABLE 2.Trial Balance.In account with THE COW TESTING.AVERAGE FARMER.CREDITS.Present Yield | -_\u2014 - mm Per cow.| INCREASES IN MILK YIELDS oy oo Percentage.C4 | DEBITS.Province : 50 100 150 200 250 300 | | Lbs.Milk oT I TE ONT.EVE 128 p.c.8000 NO QUE.wae | 91 p.c.7270 LOSSES N.S.778 p.c.5520 AT 'N.B.EEE i 70 p.c.7835 | t Ï | ALL P.D.] er 300 p.c.5800 |B.C.\u2014 100 p.c.6180 An increase of from 70 p.c., up to 300 p,c., is here shown in each of the six herds.Irrespective of provincial houndaries or breed distinctions these six substantial increases are tabled as samples of the revolution that cow testing accomplishes.These men have succeeded beyond any dream of four years ago and now have herds in which each cow is worth keeping.\u2018\u201c Go thou and do likewise.\u2019\u2019 Our results establish cow testing as one of the best time-saving and labour - saving propositions ever placed before Canadian dairymen.For the investment of one littie dollar in scales men are now receiving $20, through the increased production, besides the intense satisfaction of knowing that they are milking none but profitable cows.Plrobably no work on the farm bays greater profits.It is no uncommon thing to find the press telling of dairymen making twi'e as much from their cows since they began to weigh and sample.There are cows on our records in British Columbia, Quebec, and Prince Edward Island, that are making 140 Ibs Lutter in two months, earning one dollar and sixty cents every second div of cold January and February.Some ing are giving with better breed- 2500 Ibs, milk and 30 Ibs, fat per month.The shining lights in the dairy world have been discovered through cow testing, and there are plenty ore.The simple fact is that there is a sum of over Z0 millions per year lying dormant in undeveloped cow quality.A good slice of that is yours if you acknowledge the present value of cow testing, and thereby get cach one in your herd geared up to the notch of large profitable produe- tion.BENEFITS TO THE FACTORY.Every cheese and butter maker, as well as every factory proprietor, should be interested in extending cow testing because with its adoption the factory stands to make This points important gains in several ways.A proportionate reduction in the cost of hauling milk results as more milk is obtained per cow gnd therefore from the present territory.There will he less waste from teams hauling c¢n!vy half a load.With the same plant a larger output can be handled, thus effecting a proportionate lowering in the cost of making.i As the cows are cared for better, the factory season will be lengthened ; this means running on a more economical basis, for no manufacturer rejoices to see his machinery in operation only half or threes quarters of the year.Patrons who take up cow testing pay better attention to their stock, \"ensuring milk being cared for better and delivered in better condition.to easier handling of the milk in the factory under more pleasant conditions, resulting in a \u2018shorter day\u2019s work and a better \\quality of product.As the district becomes the home \u2018of better dairymen the factory and its goods receive rratuitous advertizing and a desirable reputa- \u2018tion.| cash income also more and better to raise wages ; besides this, the Department pays \u2018for each test made for members of ,cow testing associations.There will be a growth in estimation of the worth of the maker to the district as his tactory becomes a clearing house of progressive dairy information and practice.An increased results, because milk will help BREED, FEED AND WEED We have three classes of cows in this country.One «lass turns feed into milk, Another turns feed into beef, and the third class turns it into bones and hair; perhaps there is a little beef or ag little milk, but the biggest part of it goes to bones and hair.J I believe that wein Ontario need the first class of cow, the dairy cow.Fverywhere farmers are finding out that there is more money to be made in dairying than in beef production.Many of them are making the mistake, however, of trying to produce milk from their beef cattle.It would be just as reasonable for a livery man to start into business with Clydesdale horses.Breed, feed and weed for the dairy cow.\u2014Henry Glendenning, President, Eastern Ontario Dairymen\u2019s Association.THE GENERAL STOCK BREEDERS\u2019 ASSOCIATION.Annual Meeting of the Association and of the Subsidiary Societies.\u2014Expansion in All Lines.\u2014Public Sales to be Greater and to Include Cattle as well as Sheep and Swine.\u2014 A Dog Law Promised.The General Stock Breeders\u2019 Association of the Province of Quebec met at the \u2018\u2018 Queen's Hotel\u2019, Montreal, on 30th January last, and sat throughout the day with short intervals for refreshment.The President, Hon.N.Garneau, occupied the chair and Dr.J.-A.Couture acted as Secretary.Eighty breeders of pure bred stock were present, among them the following: MM.Hon.N.Garneau, Dr J.A.Couture, Dr.Henri Gauvin, Robert Ness, Edmond Perrier, Alphonse Reid, Théo.Trudel, Norbert Perron, Edmond Poupart, Zotique Reid, H.F.Deland, Pierre Sylvestre, Jos.Coulombe, Camille Perreault, J.Riendeau, Jos.Bouchard, J.B.De- land, Wilfrid Dupuis, Adélard Fec- teau, P.A.Millette, Rév.Père Atha- nase, Ovide Loiselle, Alfred Laurin, Horace Morin, L.P.Sylvestre, Armand Denis, Victor Sylvestre, Antoine Phaneuf, J.A.Lavallée, Nap.Lachapelle, Aldériz Legris, J.Forget, Clovis Ouimet, Henri Fecteau, Wm.Greenshields, James Bryson, E.Lafontaine, J.H.Fortier, Anselme Cabana, O.Courchesne, Gédéon Gar- ceau, Dr.J.H.Vigneau, M.Dauphin, Jos.Coulombe, sr., Paul Lavallée.- The chairman thanked the breeders for attending in such numbers, and congratulated the steady progress and good work, especially during the last three or four years.Founded in 1895, with but few members, there were now 474 names on the members\u2019 roll.The secretary\u2019s report showed an increase of membership for each of the societies, with the exception of the French-Canadian Horse Breeders\u2019 Society, which had remained stationary.The membership of the different societies in 1910 and 1911 is as follows: society on its - ,of purchasing the 1910 1911 Increase French Can.Cattle Breeders, Ass\u2019n .70 93 23 French Can.Horse Breeders\u2019 Ass'n .66 68 2 Sheep Breeders\u2019 Ass'n .141 160 19 Swine Breeders\u2019 .131 153 22 Total .408 474 66 The Secretary congratulated the Association on the success of the public sales held last fall with the assistance of the Dominion and Provincial Departments of Agriculture.The following is the financial statement of these sales: SECOND ANNUAL SALE OF SHEEP AND SWINE BREEDING STOCK.In October last the Association put up for sale 193 sheep and 93 swine as follows: \u2014 In Montreal, 12 October 121 sheep costing $2476., sold for $2547.49 swine 1d 1053., 1d 975.In Quebec, 18 October 72 sheep costing $1495., sold for $1773.44 swine id 900., id 979.Loss in Montreal $ 7.00 Gain in Quebec .357.00 Surplus of sale over purchase $350.00 Average cost of sheep $20.57 Do of sale .$22.38 Average of swine .$21.00 Do of sale .$21.00 The total amount of disbursements was $8422.73 This gmount was met as follows: \u2014 Proceeds of sales of animals .co ee $5944.00 Paid by federal government for transport of stock.cr 44 ee ae 380.85 Paid by Breeders\u2019 Ass'n.162.50 Paid by Quebec government .1605.38 $8422.73 The deficit represents a loss of $6.90 per head as against $12.30 last { year.\u201c We endeavoured as far as possible\u2019\u2019, said the Secretary, \u2018\u2018 to buy from breeders in the province, Thus, all the swine, less 9, as well as 81 sheep out of the 193 were purchased in the province from 34 members of the Ass'n.\u201d \u2018\u201c The animals persons scattered province,\u2019 \u2018\u201c Messrs.Ls.Lavallée gnd A.Denis were entrusted with the task stock.It is needles to say that they performed it zealously, and that the success of the sale is in a great measure due to them.They were accompanied by Mr.A.G.Lambert, who represented the Quebec government, and who, while strictly doing his duty as comptroller, did all in his power to help our purchasers in the successful performance of their task.\u2019\u2019 The Secretary commented on the insignificant number of breeders of were sold to 89 throughout the 3 que 73 + 2 3 as THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 185 French-Canadian cattle: who are |léon Lachapelle, St.Paul 1'Ermite, He referred to the growth of the Such names as \u2018\u2018Burnside\u2019\u2019, \u2018\u2018Stone- taking advantage of the Record of representing the Sheep Breeders\u2019 Ayrshire Association during the |house \u2019\u2019, \u2018\u2018 Springbrook \u2019\u2019, \u2018\u2018Brook- Performance tests made by the |Association; Mr.Louis Lavallée, |past year and to its becoming a |side\u2019\u201d\u201d and others could not be Dominion Department of Agriculture.St.Guillaume, representing the Swine great National organization.He [duplicated and would soon become During the past year five only |Breeders\u2019 Association; Executive Com- said there was a great future for as noted as \u2018\u2018 Auchenbrain\u2019\u2019, \u2018\u201c Less- availed themselves of this advan-|mittee,\u2014 The President, the two |the breed in the western provinces, |nessock\u2019\u2019 or \u2018\u2018Netherhall\u2019\u2019 in Scotland tage, while the Ayrshires and Vice-Presidents and the Secretary.|and recommended that breeders send |are noted the world over for high Holsteins breeders who employ this means to advertise their respective breeds and herds are becoming more and more numerous.The discussion of the secretary's report took up the whole forenoon\u2019s meeting.At the afternoon meeting, the Hon.Mr.Burrell, Minister of Agriculture for the Dominion, the Hon.Mr.Caron, Minister of Agriculture for Quebec, and Mr.H.8S.Arkell, Assistant Live Stock Commissioner, were present.Hon.Mr.Burrell surprised and delighted the members of the Association by addressing them in French, which is the language usually spoken by a great majority of the members.Mr.Burrell dwelt on the good work done for the province, and the country generally, by the association, and expressed his wish to aid them all he could during his tenure of office.In order to accomplish his purpose he proposed to work amicably, hand in glove, with the Minister of Agriculture for the Province.They were not agreed in politics, but that was no reason why they should not agree to do all they could for the benefit of the objects which the association had at heart.Hon.J.-E.Caron, Minister of Agriculture for the Province, also spoke and reciprocated the sentiments which Hon.Mr.expressed.The meeting was unanimous in protesting against the slow tran- Burrell had sportation of Live Stock to Exhibitions, and adopted a resolutions requesting the railway companies to improve the present conditions of affairs.It was resolved that the Annual Sale of breeding stock shall include cattle as well as sheep and swine.A motion was passed requesting the Provincial Government to enact a better \u2018\u2018 Dog Law\u2019.The Hon.Mr.Caron promised that this would be done, if not at the present session certainly at the next.The meeting discussed at length the advisability of having a Winter Exhibition in Quebec.Finally a Committee was appointed with instructions to study the matter and report to the executive committee at its next meeting.The followirz Board was elected for the current year: President.\u2014 Hon.N.Garneau M.L.C., Quebec; 1st Vice-President.\u2014 Mr.Thos.Drysdale, Allan's Corner ; Secretary \u2014Dr.J.A.Couture, Quebec; Mr.Victor Sylvestre, (St.Theodore d\u2019Acton, representing the French- Canadian Cattle Breeders\u2019 Association; Mr.Joseph Deland, representing the French Canadian Horse Breeders\u2019 Association; Mr.Napo- SOME GOOD SALES OF HIGH GRADE HOLSTEINS Editor, \u2018\u2018Journal of Agriculture\u2019.\u2014 As you know, one of the most important purposes of the exhibitors at a fat stock show is to increase sales of their stock.Besides this, I think we all realize that the great improvement to our dairying must be attained by the use of pure bred sires and by hreeding up.At Ottawa there was a large lot of grades which did extremely well.The Holstein grades swept all before them; these were mostly sired by pure bred sires.The winning three years grade stood 6th among all the animals competing, and about 6 p.c., in excess in points of the 1st prize pure bred Ayrshire which was in the aged class.This grade, as well as the 1st prize in grade aged class, was owned by Mr.Robert Heron ot Ottawa who supplies milk to the Ottawa Dairy Co.During the show Mr.Heron sold 8 Holstein grades for $775.00 to Canaan Farm, St.Lambert, Que., who needed milk at once to enable them to fulfill their milk contract with a Montreal dealer.Canaan Farm also bought another Holstein grade for $100.00 and offered $150.00 for another.I think this amount of $1025.00 cash for 10 grade dairy cows makes the highest price ever paid in Canada to date for so many.Canaan Farm has about 80 pure bred Holsteins besides.No such price could be paid for any other class of grades.This shows the general trend of the market in favor of the Holstein as a money maker, and such cows, many of them producing 7 1-2 gals, per day, can be obtained by any farmer out of his present grade stock by simply grading up with a Holstein bull.F.E.CAME.CANADIAN AYRSHIRE BREEDERS\u2019 ASSOCIATION Annual Meeting.The Annual Meeting of the Canadian Ayrshire Breeders\u2019 Association was held in the Board room of the Prince George Hotel, Toronto, Ont., on February 8th.It was the largest and most enthusiastic gathering of Ayrshire breeders that ever met in annual session in Toronto.The address of the president, John McKee of Norwich, Ont.was full of information and suggestion.Mr.McKee is as full of profitable ideas as he is large in stature, and is as optimistic of the future of the Ayrshire breed as he is possessed of geniality.only the best animals to that new country.He gave some good advice to breeders regarding the breeding of their animals so that the type, vigor, and producing powers may be perpetuated and improved.He considered the Record of Performance test was the best medium to demonstrate the value of the Ayrshire cow to the dairyman.Also it was bringing into the limelight cows and heifers that would otherwise be obscure, and instanced the case of the two-year-old heifer, Briery 2nd, of Springbank, owned by A.S.Turner, Ryckman\u2019s Corners, Ont., that gave in one ycar 14,131 lbs.milk and 520.49 lbs.butter fat, equal to 607.24 lbs.of butter, in one year.Thus Canada holds the world\u2019s record for milk and fat of a two- year-old Ayrshire heifer.The record of this heifer excels that of the heifer Milkmaid 7th, owned by And.McRae & Sons, East Royalty, P.E.I.that gave last year 11,673 Ibs.milk and 492.75 1bs.fat equal to 574.87 lbs.butter.Formerly this heifer held the world\u2019s record.The president glso referred to the fact that the Department of Agriculture was now taking into consideration the question of feed, and calculating the cost of same during the test period \u2014 this to enable them to figure out the cost of milk production and improve the ration fed to the cows.He had a strong paragraph advocating the payment for milk at cheeseries by the butter fat test.Under the pooling system the farmer that sends 3 per cent milk gets the same price as one that sends 4 per cent milk, while the latter is entitled to a higher remuneration.No other product is sold in this way.He further referred to the report of the Ontario Milk Commission which states.\u2014 \u2018\u2018 Whereas 3 p.c.of butter fat and 12 p.c.of solids are considered as a reasonably moderate standard, some samples went as low as 1.91 p.c.of butter fat and 9.07 p.c., of solids.That it is not a matter of a few isolated cases is shown by the fact that of 2541 samples tested, 1014 samples or about 40 p.c., were below 3 p.c.butter fat.\u2019\u201d\u2019 One of the reasons given for this was the fact that the herds from which the poorest samples were taken, \u2018\u2018 were noted for producing large quantities rather than milk rich in tood values.\u201d (The above was reported in relation to the milk supply of the city of Toronto.) Mr.McKee contended that had Ayrshire herds been kept there would not have been such deplorable results.He also referred to the wisdom of registering with the Secretary of the Association the farm name, and fixing it to the animal on the pre- name of the registered certificate.class stock.The Secretary - Treasurer, W.F.Stephen of Huntingdon, Que., presented a report showing that there had been great progress during 1911.The membership now stood at 785, there being an increase of 153 members during the year.Quebec led with 369, Ontario 253, Alperta 34, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, each 28, Manitoba, 28, British Columbia 16, Prince Edward Island 13, Saskatchewan 10 and the United States 11.There was an increase in registrations to the number of 438, and transfers 175.The total receipts were $3490.04 and expenditure $4115.- .68, leaving a balance of $1374.36 to add to the amount on hand which now totals $2853.06.The secretary called attention to the extra amount that would be required to meet the expansion work called for by the dispersion of the breed into every part of Canada and especially in the west.The report of the Record of Performance test showed a large entry in 1911, and that 60 cows and heifers had qualified with large records of milk and fat since the last report was issued om May Ist last.Ayrshire breeders had much to do in inaugurating this test, and it had proved to be the best standard by which to measure the cows\u2019 production.He reported sales more numerous, and higher prices were paid.Also the Ayrsaire exhibits at all the leadinz Fairs had far surpassed any former year, gud had dome much to advertise the breed on its merits.The following resolutions adopted: \u2014 That the vendor of an animal shall not be compelied to surrender the Registered Certificate until an animal is paid for.That the Secretary be to get Record of Diplomas for females.That bulls be admitted for registration after having four of their progeny in the Record of Performance, each from a different dam.That where g female has qualified in the Record of Peeformance test her Certificate be returned to the Record Office for enrolment of ber record thereon, and, in the case of a bull qualifying, the number of qualified progeny be also inserted.That the Secretary prepare a strong memorial to be sent to the Ministers of Agriculture for the different provinces, requesting that legislation be enacted making it compulsary to pay for milk at cheese factories and creameries by the butter fat test.to have been were authorized Performance bulls as well as for a =a 186 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE That, commencing May 1st, 1912, the fee to members, for recording bulls he $2.00, over two years of age $4.00, and double those fees to non-members.Also that the transfer fee be 50 cents to members and $1.00 to non-members.That a registration fee of $5.00 be charged for every cow or heifer that qualifies in the Record of performance test.Delegates and judges were appointed for the summer and fall Fairs and Exhibitions.Also grants of $25.to $100.were given to these er- hibitions to the amount of about $800.; and $200, each was voted to the Dairy Tests in connection with the Winter Fairs of Guelph, Amherst and Ottawa.The following were elected Directors :\u2014 R.R.Ness, Hector Gordon, Ho- wick; P.D.McArthur, N.Georgetown; James Bryson, Brysonville ; N.Lachapelle, St.Paul l\u2019Ermite, Que.; G.C.P.McIntyre, Sussex, N.B.: W.W.Ballantyne, Stratford; John McKee, Norwich; A.Hume and Wm.Stewart, Menie; A.Kains, Byron ; A.8S.Turner, Ryckman\u2019s Corners, Ont; A.H.Trimble, Red Deer, Alta.At a subsequent meeting of the Directors Dr.J.G.Rutherford, Ottawa, was elected Hon.President: Hector Gordon, President: Wm.Stewart, Vice-President: W.F.Stephen, Huritingdon, Que., Sec.-Treas., The salary of the Sec.-Treas.was fixed at $1000., with an appropriation of $300.to provide for a stenographer.Executive Committee.\u2014 R.R.Ness, N.Lachapelle, Hon.Wm.Owens, A.Kains, W.W.Ballantyne, and Wm.Stewart.Registration Committee, W.F.Stephen and R.R.Ness.Delegates to the National Record Board,\u2014 W.W.Ballantyne, John Mec- Kee and W.F.Stephen.Delezates to the National Live Stock Association,\u2014 W.W.Ballantyne, R.R.Ness and W.F.Stephen.A strongly worded resolution to the Hon.Minister of Agriculture was passed, asking him to endeavor to retain the services of Dr J.G.Rutherford as Live Stock missioner.The same evening a banquet was held in the Prince George Hotel, when 50 covers were set.The company was graced by the presence of six or seven ladies.Com- The new president, Hector Gordon acted as toastmaster.Speeches were given by Prof.Arkell, Asst.Live Stock Commissioner, Ottawa ; Dr.Tolmie, Vet.Inspector, British Columbia; Prof.Day, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph; W.L.Smith of the \u2018\u2018Sun\u2019\u2019, Toronto ; J.W.Wheaton, of the Canadian Farm, Toronto; Mrs.W.F.Stephen, Hun- tingdon, Que.; R.R.Ness, Howick, Que.; G.C.P.Melntyre, Sussex, N.B.; Jos.Brethour, Burford, Ont.; Wm.Stewart, A.Hume, Menie, Ont.; P.Ryan, Brewster, N.Y.; John Mec- Kee, Norwich, Ont.; J.Lockie Wilson Toronto, Ont; A.McIntosh, Toronto, &¥ NYY YY YE ¥ g Che Dairy 2 ERARARARARARANAAAAAAARAA HUNTINGDON DAIRYMEN\u2019S CONVENTION The ammual meeting of the Dairymen from the district of Beauhar- nois, held at Hemmingford, on Friday, .Jan.26th., was addressed by the following speakers Mr.A.McNeil, Chief of the Fruit Division, Ottawa; L.8.Klinck, Professor of Cereal Husbandry ; H.Barton, Professor of Live Stock ; J.Fixter, Farm Superintendent, Macdonald Coilege ; and G.W.Wood, Agricultural Representative for the District of Beauharnois, Mr.R.Ness, Sr., President of the Association, acted as chairman.Before the regular programme in the afternoon, excellent speeches were delivered .by Mr.J.P.Brown, M.P.; Mr.J.A.Robb, M.P.and Mr.Louis Simpson.Mr.Simpson dealt at some length on our rural school problem, and stated that at the present time children are being educated away from the farm rather than being prepared for it.He said that the school books should \u2018be entirely changed and declared that they were following the old English classical ideas of education, which were not suitable to our circumstance.Mr.A.McNeil, before dealing with his special subject, \u2018\u2018Co-opera- tion in Fruit Growing\u2019, referred to the previous address and said that he quite agreed with what Mr.Simpson had said, and, that the education of the present time was not of a kind that best suited the boy and girl for their vocation in life.In reference to co-operation in fruit growing he cited the ex- traordimary results obtained by certain sections in Ontario, where co-operative societies had been started.He said, that no other part of the farm would yield as large a profit as that devoted to fruit growing.Fameuse and McIntosh Red apples could be grown ground Hemmingford as near perfection as in any other part of Canada, and that these two varieties when properly grown, packed and shipped command as high, if not a higher price, than any other variety on the market.He advised them to prune, spray and cultivate their orchards in order to get large crops of high quality fruits amd urged that they Ont., and others.Many complimentary things were said about the Ayrshire cattle.and several of the speakers gave good sound advice to the breeders which if followed would lead to a still greater improvement in the Ayrshire breed.Thus closed the most successful meeting and banquet ever held by Canadian Ayrshire breeders.form a Co-operative Society to obtain the highest market price for it.By co-operation he said, orchard supplies could be procured more cheaply, better pickers and packers secured, cheaper railways rates obtained while, the instruetion secured through such a society would be of an immense value to them in growing a high class product : After = some preliminary words, Prof.Klinck referred to the different strains of Alfalfa.Those strains obtained from southern and semiarid regions were not giving as good results as those from more northern regions such as North Dakota and Minnesota.The Grimm strain from the northern sections was proving hardier thars the ordinary Turkestan.The soil suitable for growing Alfalfa is onz of a fairly open subsoil, free from acidity and not subject to summer flooding.He said that he had changed his opinion on this question of soil during the past ten years.Previously he held that it could only be grown on open loam soil, but now good results were being obtained on heavy clay, providing the ground water is not too near the surface.He advocated sowing at the rate of 25 lbs.per acre, the seed previously inoculated with of 3 pecks of an early maturing variety of barley.The best time for sowing is about two weeks later in the spring than the best time to sow wheat and oats.Special attention should be given in preparing the seed bed to have it as free as possible from weed seeds and grasses.He made the statement that more Alfalfa is lost each year from weeds and grasses overcoming it, than from freezing out.Alfalfa seeding should follow a hoed crop.At the college three cuttings have been secured each year yielding over 5 tons of cured hay per acre.He advised farmers to go slowly in growing this crop and thereby gain experience in its peculiarities before devoting large areas to it.Alfalfa, he said, is one of the best soiling crops, and by feeding it to the dairy cows during the summer the milk flow may be maintained.Mr.J.Fixter gave a very enthusiastic discourse on Clover and Clover Seed production.He emphasized the value of Clover as & soil improver and as a forage plant.He said, experiments had proven that the fertilizing elements left by the roots and \u2018stubble of one clover crop was equal to from 10 to 15 tons barnyard manure and com- i paring the hay with timothy, 88 lbs.of well cured clover hay was equal to 100 lbs.of equally well cured timothy.Clover seed, he said, could nitroculture.Sow with g nurse crop\u2019 be produced in the province of Quebec as easily as it is in Ontario.During the past few years large crops of clover seed have been produced on the college farm.This past summer, from 24 acres of the second cutting 2776 lbs.of clover seed was obtained, this at the normal price of 20e.per lb.equals $555.00.He said that instead of celebrating on the 12th of July and thers starting to harvest the clover, reverse it, cut the clover first and then celebrate.By cutting the hay earlier g, better quality is secured, Also, it allows more time for the clover seed to ripen in the fall.In seeding down meadows he advocated much heavier seeding of clover than is the general practice, Instead of sowing 2 or 4 lbs.per acre sgw 6, 8, or 10 lbs.and if you think that is too much, sow a little more.The difficulty of thrashing clover seed is now being overcome by the government hullers, which are sent through the province at the government\u2019s expense.He promised the people of Hemmingford that if 8 or 10 farmers would grow clover seed next season, g huller would be sent on application to thrash it for them.Mr.Fixter, who is a strong advocate of deep tillage, advised the farmers to plow their land much deeper than formerly.By deeper cultivation the soil would hold more moisture, permit greater circulation of air, plant food would be liberated while \u2018the roots of the plants would have a larger area to feed in.With deeper and more thorough cultivation the chances for a loss of a clover catch would be greatly lessened.Prof.H.Barton, the energetic live stock professor, gave a talk on the feeding and management of dairy cows.In touching the subject of stabling dairy cows, he condemned the hot house practice.Disease, he says, is all too prevalent in our dairy stock, and if our cows are shut up in dark, ill-ventilated stables the chances of disease are much greater, He then referred to the cost of milk production in winter.He cited two herds, where the milking in ome was costing over 80c.per hundred pounds, in another it was only costing between 40 and 50 cents.Ensilage, mixed hay, and con- ,centrates were used in the first.case; while ensilage, roots, clover hay and concentrates were used in the latter.By using roots and clover hay in the ration the amount of con- | centrates was cut in two and thereby lessened the cost of milk.With the college herd a mixture of meals has given better results than a single one, but the meals in the mixture are always governed by the market price.In summer the college cows are allowed on pasture for about six weeks, then the pasture is supplemented with green peas and oats, alfalfa or silage.A silo full of corn: is one of the best ways of overcoming shortage in pastures.A small allowance of concentrates is always given with the green crops or silage.He condemmed the general practice of allowing the cows no feed during the summer other than pasture.Mr.G.W.Wood gave talk on keeping milk records as a a briet means of improving the dairy herd.He gave three reasons why milk records should be kept.1.\u2014It aids the dairyman in finding out his poor unprofitable dows.2.\u2014He is able to find out much better, which cows respond to better feeding and which ones will not.3.\u2014It aids in breeding up the herd, because heifers could be selected from the bast milking cows.A cow requires to yield about 4000 lbs.of milk annually to pay for her feed and the \u2018\u2018net\u2019\u2019 profits from a dairy cow increase rapidly as the milk above that required to pay for her feed increases.In conclusion he cited the results of two dairy herds in Huntingdon County, where individual records had been kept for a few years.Herd No.1 started keeping records in 1907, average yield 4106 Ibs., three years later this same herd produced on an average 7046 1bs., or an increase over 70 per cent.Herd No.2, gave an average in 1906, 6875 lbs., this same herd in 1911 gave on an average 9314 1lbs., or nearly 40 per cent, increase.The great \u2018objection to keeping records by the average dairyman is the amount of time required to weigh the milk, but when results like the above are shown, where is there any other line of work in dairying that will show such splendid results?\u2014G.W.W.ANNUAL CONVENTION OF THE DISTRICT OF BEDFORD DAIRYMEN\u2019S ASSOCIATION AT COWANSVILLE.Feb.1, 2, 1912 The first session of this Convention opened in the Town Hall, Cowans- ville, at 2 p.m., with H.S.Foster Esq., Knowlton, in the chair.There was a good representative attendance of the farmers of the district, among whom where G.H.Baker M.P., and WwW.F.Kay, M.P.| In his opening address Mr.Foster emphasized the importance of meeting the Paint Brush evil with no uncertain measures; he advocated keeping more sheep, better control of dogs, advised against shipment of cream, the disuse of hand separators by irsdividual farmers; and regretted the absence of the Hon.Messrs.Burrill and Caron, the Dominion and Provincial Ministers of Agriculture.Letters of regret were read from Mr.Burrill, Mr.Bernard, M.L.A.for Shefford, A.J.Brice and Hodgson.Mr.G.A.Gigault of Quebec was present representing the : Hon.Mr.Caron.| The first speaker of the aîternoon ; was Mr.Chas.F.Whitley, who is in | charge of the Dairy Records for the | Dominion, and his address was \u2018\u201c The Present Need of Cow-Testing\u2019\u2019.In another column will be found a full report of Mr.Whitley's valuable | address which awakened much interest and favorable comment from the | t audience.The second speaker was Professor Lochhead of Macdonald College, who discussed the Paint Brush Problem.| He had studied the problem at A CREAMERY AT COWANSVILLE.\u2014 From Bulletin 28, Dairy and Cold Storage Commissioner's Office.close range for three weeks last summer, had visited farms in the worst infested sections of the Eastern Townships, and had talked with all kinds of farmers concerninz their experience with Paint Brush.As a result the speaker was able to speak rather authoritatively, and his remarkxs wersg listened to with close attention by everybody present.Good farmers did not fear Paint Brush ins tillahle land (except for the extra lahor it gave them, and perhaps this was gain).Thorough cultivation after harvest with a hoed crop the following season would eradicate the weed.As a matter of fact it is not so difficult to control as Quack Grass or Sow Thistle.Rotation of crops, in other words, would control Paint Brush.With regard to the control of Paint Brush in rough pastures, Professor Lochhead thouizht the only practical solution was the keeping bf sheep which, experience showed, fed on the weed and kept it under control.With the imposition of a \"stiff dog tax, and the harmonious | cooperation among the farmers themselves, a lucrative sheep industry might be built np in a short time in the Eastern Townships.The District is admirably adapted by its physical features to a combination of dairy and sheep industries.The second session in the eveniag brought out an unusually large number of ladies from the Women's Institutes of hoth Cowansville and Dunham.The first speaker was Mr.E.D.Eddy of the Seed Commissioners\u2019 Staff at Ottawa, who discussed \u2018\u2018 The Production of Clover Seed\u2019\u2019.A full report of this address will be given in the next issue of the \u2018\u2018Journal of Agriculture\u2019\u201d Mr.Eddy was followed by Mr.G.H.Barr of the Dairy Division, Ottawa, who gave an illustrated lecture on showing many types of the best bred cattle, and the best and worst types of cheese and butter factories in Canada, and other countries.He also demonstrated that the really good butter-maker was the one who got the largest over-run, i.e.the largest number of pounds of real butter in excess of the number of pounds of butter fat in the milk handled.dairying, At the morning session of Friday, 2nd., a letter was read from A.J.Brice, advocating the appointment of \u2018an Official Referee in Montreal, and 'the pasteurizing of milk.A letter from Mr.A.H.Hodgson advocated the increase of the efficiency of Cowansville Board by abolition of Farnham Board, as Cowansville factories already had the highest reputation of any in the Province.Mr.Foster, the President, advocating the extension of the Board to include the St.Francis District A MODERN QUEBEC CREAMERY AT ST.HUGHES, missioner\u2019s Office.\u2014 From Bulletin 28, Dairy and Cold Storage FA 188 factories.Mr.George H.Barr, on rising to speak as per programme, prefaced his remarks by stating that the people of this country could always have an official referee in Montreal, to settle cheese and butter disputes, just as soon as they demonstrated that they needed one.The Department had discontinued the office simply because it was not patronized.He, Mr.Barr, had been Official Referee for a year and had had practically no calls for his services.In fact, he had been un-occupied three-fourths of the time.His successor had been even less in requisition, till the Department considered they were not justified in paying a high-priced man for doing scarcely a month's solid work in a whole year.There has been only three requests for the services of a referee during the past two years.There is an official weigher, but his services are not required, as Mr.McLeod, the Produce Merchants\u2019 weigher gives satisfaction and does his work well.Coming to his subject of handling milk, Mr.Barr stated that mot as good butter is being now made in Quebec as was made several years ago.We can sell locally a larger percentage of our butter ; it does not have to stand the test of several months wait before being eaten, after shipment to England, consequently, it just passed muster and the brisk demand put it through.It was sold not on merit but on this demand.The cream-gathering creamery is a popular institution and will probably stay with us, but it does not tend to the manufacture of such good butter as the separator creamery.But both systems should be assisted and taught how to improve, The former leaves at the farm the good sweet skim-milk and that increased its popularity.In sending milk to a creamery, it must be sweet or it will spoil the entire lot of skim-milk.Certainly, the skim-milk-vat should be washed often.Separator creameries have made the mistake of not pastewriz- ing every bit of their milk; and even pasteurizing the skim-milk, in certain cases.This poor quality of skim-milk has contributed to their unpopularity.The difficulty met with at the cream-gathered creamery is to get the cream rich enough.It shold be sent at least 30 p.c., of butter fat, yet it is often sent with only 15 and 16 p.c.This mears simply tbat less than the proper amount of skim-milk is left on the farm and goes into the nearly useless product of butter-milk, for few in:tories utilize the butter-milk in manufacture of casein.The hest money is made in making the cream about 30 p.c., and not more nor less.Mr.Barr gave the names of standard makes of separators.The best time to separate milk is when it is first milked, when the temperature is 90 degrees or even a little more.There is a big loss in separating milk at a temperature of only 60 degrees.There is also a loss in skimming milk with ga separator that is only washed once per day.Every separator will skim cleaner and save much money for its owner if washed twice per day.If the bowl of the Cream separator gets unbalanced, or if the machine is turned too slow more waste is caused.Every feature of this game must be watched.The keeping up one large separator ny the creame- ry-man is simpler than exnecting cach farmer to take wverfect care of his own machine.Keeping the cream for two or three days is a \u201cproblem, hut can he done with ice, and in nearly every case not without.Our rnning streams and springs rise in lemper- ature from May till August from 40 to 60 degrees, and cream kept at the latter temperature will spoil in 36 hours and have so much acidity that the butter made therefrom will not keep long enough.Cream kept at 50 degrees or lower will stand 84 hours without sourinz, hut it lacks the fine nutty flavour that is so much sought after.The best cun to use is one 20 inches long and 8 inches in diameter.Pack or set them in an insulated box, with three or four inches of shavings and galvanized lining to_ keep out the heat.It very essenitial to make butter that will last for several months, for the most of it is made during the middle portion of the year and has to he \u2018kept until winter for consumption.Winter dairying should be gone into more extensively, as the cows freshening in the Autumn would be on grass during the latter portion of their milking period, and thus have conditions tending to make their milking periods ten or eleven months instead of present duration average of only eight months.Tt is possible to pasteurize cream with acidity in it, i.e.if sour, unless it he too thin.But 22 p.c.cream will not pasteurize without curdling.There is more loss in making up sour cream than sweet cream.At the afternoon session following resolution was passed: \u2018\u201c Moved hy Dr.F.H.Pickel, seconded by Messrs.L.J.Marsh and M.E.Baker that Whereas the hill pastures and portions of our country not easily the tilled and not arable are becoming infested with noxious weeds, especially the orange hawk - weed (Paint Brush) ; Whereas the root of this paint brush spreads: with such rapidity and in such a degree that all useful plant-life is destroyed in the immediate vicinity of the weed; Whereas great injury and detriment is thus caused by this state of affairs to the dairy interests of this District; Now therefore be it resolved that the Dominion and Provincial departments of Agriculture be memorialized to instruct their experts to assist this section of country, afflicted as above mentioned, in fighting these noxious weeds in an effective and vigorous manner ; And to look to the putting into actual force of laws already on the statute books.Mr.W.F.Vilas read the laws on these points which are very plain, including a fir: on any person who does not at least mow the weeds on his farm and prevent them seeding each year.Mr.Vilas also presented the regrets of the Hon.J.- Ed.Caron, Provincial Minister of Agriculture, and his deputy, Mr.Gi- gault, both of whom were ill, the former seriously.The election of directors for the ensuing year was then proceeded with resulting in the re-election of the old Board, namely H.S.Foster, William Curley and Jas.E.Millar for Brome; W.N.Martindale, John Butler and Andrew Ruiter for Mis- sisquoi, I, H.Lawrence, J.Augustus Hayes and M.E.Dunlavey for Shefford.Adjournment was then made to some date about the first of March next, the same to be declared after consultation with the Hon.Mr.Caron, or his Deputy, to take into further consideration this weed question.The Directors\u2019 meeting will be then held for election of President and other ' officers for 1912.At the afternoon session Mr.F.T.Shutt, chemist of the Dominion Exp.Farms, Ottawa, spoke on \u2018\u2018\u2019The Use of Commercial Fertilizers\u2019\u2019.He made the important statement that Commercial Fertilizers could never take the place of barnyard manure.THE JOURNAL or AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE + + INCUBATION.The spring season is almost here and it is time to make tions for this season\u2019s hatching.On many farms where only a few fowls are kept it is best to use the sitting hen to hatch the chicks, but where one hnndred or more fowls are kept the farmer or poul- tryman may find it to his advantage to use an incubator.The natural and the artificial methods have each their advantages but the prejudice against artificial methods of hatching and rearing, which for & long time hampered the develop- PROFESSOR M.0000000006 Moultry BAA AN AY SAYS 'now heen set aside prepara- industry, has very largely ; and within récent years these means have been adopted by a large number of farmers in this country.When it is desired to rear two or three hundred chickens in a year it is usually found necessary to employ the artificial process owing to the diffileulty of procuring enough broody hens at a season during the hatching operations.Also an immense amount of time and labor would be lost in attempting to ment of the poultry rear such a number of chickens by the natural prazess.There was a tendency for the lazy farmer to use the former to the exclusion of the latter.The speaker showed plainly the part played by manure in keeping the soil in good condition through the addition of vegetable matter which became (humus.The Journal hopes to be \u2018able to give this important address vat fuller length in a subsequent issue.i | The last speaker was Mr.A.Mc- i Neill, Chief of the Fruit Division, Ottawa.He was well received, and | he began by stating that the District , about Cowansville was admirably suited for Apple Growing ; and that every farmer might have in a few years, in addition to his dairy herd, an excellent orchard, and his land worth at least $300.an acre.Mr.McNeill then proceeded to show how an orchard should be managed.many problems involved There are SE A.JULL, successor to Prof.Elford, as Manager of the Poultry Department of Macdonald College.in incubation, and the first and one of the most important problems which should be considered is THE PRODUCTION OF EGGS SUITABLE FOR HATCHING.This problem has been too oîten neglected, and many reliable incubators have been condemned when the trouble really has been with the eggs used.The hest of success, either in natural or artifical incubation, can only be expected with eggs which will hatch well and produce strong, vigorous chicks.The successful renewal of the flock is not wholly a problem of incubation.It is only one of the many factors, and one which, for the time being, we must consider a means to an end.If farmers would use more care in THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 189 THE NATURAL BROODER.the selection of their breeding stock, and adopt improved methods of breeding, more satisfactory results would follow in the hatching of chicks.If the germs are naturally weak, the most careful attention during the incubation of the eggs and the brooding of the chicks will not make up for their lack of vigor.Negligence with the breeding stock or improper systems of breeding may often be the cause of poor hatches and weak chicks.The breeding stock is the foundation upon which the health and vitality of the chicks depends.The flock should have abundance of constitutional vigor, be well housed, receive proper food, and should he carefully managed at all times.IMPORTANCE OF CONSTITUTIONAL VIGOR AND VITALITY.The first and probably the most important problem in the poultry industry is to maintain and increase the constitutional vigor of the flock.In this age of breeding for heavy layers, this vital question is apt to be overlooked.Many breeders have increased the productivity of the hen but at the same time have weakened her constitution.The value of a strong constitution was not realized until the health of the hen was seriously affected.Naturally, if 5 hen is excepted to produce more eggs in a year, she must develop a stronger constitution to withstand increased demands made upon her.On the other hand, a poor layer does mot generally exhibit the best type of health and strength.What is most needed is, firstly, to breed for health and vigor, then, secondly, more eggs or flesh.The breeding male should be fully matured and well developed, though not too heavy, as \u2018heavy breeders often seriously injure the females.The male should be a sound bird constitutionally, and his head should give every evidence of masculinity, combined with quality.A bright eye and a rather short, stout beak are other requisites.In general, he should be active, a bird of quality, and one possessed of abundance of vitality and vigor.The same characteristics may be applied to the female.A two-year old or a yearling hen are best to use as breeders.Many times the vigor of the flock has heen greatly reduced by breeding from immature pullets.In the light breeds about fifteen females may be mated with cne male, while in the heavy breeds ten females will suffice for hest results in fertility in the eggs.NATURAL INCUBATION.On many fowls kept the use of places the the hen.The first essential raise chicks with hens is fertile eggs from healthy and vigorous breeding stock.Another essential is to use medium-sized hens with properly constructed nests.The nests should be carefully huilt of fine, soft straw, or hay, and of such size and shape that the hen will fill it nicely, affordimz complete protection for the eggs.Although the nest should be reasonably flat on the bottom, care should he taken to avoid the eggs coming in contact with the floor.Later in the spring a sod of grass may be used to form the nest.The nest should be placed in such a position that the hen will not have to fly or jump into it.If placed on the floor there will be little danger of broken eggs.The sitting hen should he given a variety of food, consisting principally of hard grains.Green food should he supplied, and pure water and grit should never be wanting.Every means should he taken to insure the absence of mites and other vermin.The hen should be thoroughly dusted with some good farms the number of is too small to warrant an incubator.On such chicks are hatched by to successfully commercial insect powder when placed on the nest, and onze or twice before the brood comes off.When the chicks come off should be treated for head lice.ARTIFICIAL INCUBATION.The incubator holds an important position in the development of the poultry industry, for without it we would not have had such a large industry as at present.There is a great difference between different makes of incubators.The use of the standard makes will prove more satisfactory.Many machines have been placed on the market which will hatch successfully for one or two seasons and then practically become { worthless.They have been con- \u2018structed of cheap material, have not been put together very well, and cannot be relied on to give satisfactory results season after season.These machines should be avoided, for as soon as they become unreliable they become valueless, and eggs placed in them are usually ga total loss.Therefore it is wise to take no risk with inferior makes, but durable efficient makes should be secured.The hot-air and hot-water incubators usually hatch with equal success; each involves the sams general principles with slight minor variations.THE LOCATION OF THE INCUBATOR.Much depends upon the location of the incubator for the reason that intluences external to the incubator may influence the hatch.The incubator room should be well ventilated, thus providing for an abvadant supply of oxygen for the developing chicks.Fresh air is essential but draughts should be avoided.The incubator room should be clean and light.It is quite advisable, however, to keep the incubator chamber dark while the chicks are hatching, and until after they are removed from the incubator.A dark egg chamber tends to keep the chicks quiet.THE OPERATION OF THE INCUBATOR.The degree of success in incubation depends to a great extent upon the operation of the incubator the first week.Amateurs should follow the directions of the manufacturer more or less closely.The incvihator should be started one or two days before the eggs are to be placed on the trays, so that a temperature of 103 degrees may be readily maintained.A temperature of 103 degrees should be the registered temperature on a they level with the tops of the eggs as they lay upon the trays.The eggs should not be placed in the incubator until a fairly uniform temperature has been maintained.When the machine is in good running order the regulator should be adjusted properly to make accurate records of any variations in temperature.Another important factor which has to do with the maintaining of a uniform temperature is the flame.The wick of the incubator lamp should be trimmed in such g manner as to give a broad, even flame, the corners of which are slightly rounded.When a new wick is to be used the rough edges should be burned off by holding the end of the wick in the flame of a lighted match.When the wick is in use it should be trimmed in the following manner.With the fingers rub off the charred portion carefully and light.If an even flame does not show as the wick is turned up, remedy the defect and then round off the corners of the wick so that no smoking will result.The eggs should be turned twice a day, particularly during the first week of incubation.They should be tested and all infertile agzs removed not later than the seventh day.Another test should be given on the fourteenth day to see if there are any dead germs.At both tests the air-cell should be noticed.As incubation progresses the air-cell will become larger, since the egg loses a certain amount of moisture each day.The size of the air-cell indicates to a greater or less degree the amount of moisture the egg is losing, consequently its condition is more or less directly connected with ventilation and moisture.It seems best to supply moisture to the incubator during the entire three weeks.Moisture pans are supplied with some makes of incubators but for those where it is not supplied a small dish or pan of water can be placed in the incubator.At hatching time the incubator chamber should be kept dark.The chicks should not he removed from the incubator until thirty to fifty hours after hatching.This will give them a \u2018chance to become thoroughly dry, and will also allow of the final absorption of the contents of the yolk sac.During this time the temperature should be gradually lowered, as in this way the chicks are \u2018\u2018 hardened off \u2019\u2019 gradually and will he better prepared for the brooder.M.A.JULL, Macdonald College.THE ARTIFICIAL BROODER AND MOTHERLESS CHICKS 190 A $50,000.000 INDUSTRY The value of poultry products pro- duced-in Canada last year amounted to $50,000,000.This is about one- half the value of dairy products for the same year.The development of the Canadian poultry industry has heen wonderful during recent years.Tn 1901 the value of poultry products $16,000,000, the value of eggs produced that year being $10,500,- 000.Although the industry has developed so rapidly it is astonishing to note our enormous importations of eggs from abroad.Canada is now importing eggs from the United States, Russia and China, and she is also losing many thousands of dollars through had methods of marketing her products.The value was own of our eggs and dressed poultry could easily be doubled without affecting the market situation.The supply is not keeping pace with the constant and increasing demand and prices are graduallv rising.Tha from the flocks are former years.Since of all poultry products the farm the greatest the industry will average profits larger than in about 90 pu.come from improvement in result from hetter methods of breeding, feeding and selection of fowls on the farms.We mnst also have better methods of marketing our products.M.A.TJ.PURE BREEDS VERSUS MONGRELS.Many farmers do not think that pure hred or standard heed poultry are as profitable as the ordinary farmvard fowl, Sometimes the woneral flock mav he made very brofitable, but improvement in eve production mast he very slow.Of course, there are some strains of our standard lred fowls which are not profitable, but as a ruls the keaop- ing of à standard bred variety will he found much more profitable There is more in hreeding standard bred than the mongrel flock.uniformity fowls, hoth in the flock itself and in the cges and dressed poultry.The eggs are all of one color, and the same with the roosters.The farmer can also improve his flock more readilv\u2014 that is in increasing the number of c\u2018evs faid per hird.A hasket or a case of eges all of one color, and a case of dressed poultry uniform in size of fowls and of the same colored flesh throughout will demand a higher price than eggs of all colors and dressed fowls of \u201ccolors of fleshing, duced from the average or farmyard flocking standard bred farmer can work np good sales for his Dreeding stock, and cres for hatching.This he could not do with mongrels.Tf more of our farmers would keep more pure hred poultry they would he making larger profits, and we would not have to import so many eggs from other countries.various sizes and ns is usually pro- Also in breed- poultry M.A.J.mongrel | the THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE + + THE CHOOSING OF TEXTILES By Miss K.A.Fisher, Head of School of Household Science Macdonald College.\u2018\u2018O yes, Madam, this is all wool\u2019\u201d, the salesman assuæes us, and because the shopper has little basis for judging the quality of the cloth in question, she opens her purse to purchase what very often proves to be an inferior piece of goods.Probably the THE POULTRY INDUSTRY OF QUEBEC RECEIVES ENCOURAGEMENT.The sum of $3,000 has been propriated for the encouragement of poultry raising in Quebec by the Quebec Government.ap- Hon.Mr.Caron, Minister of Agriculture, in askine for the appropriation, referred to the two year campaign conducted by the Department of Agriculture in the encouragement of the poultry industry.In particular, information was disseminated regarding increased eco production, and the proper fatten ing of poultry, and much eood had resnlted.The farmers are haginninz to realize greater nrofits in poultry keeping, and the dnality of dressed poultry has heen imvroved considerably.This first special appropriation will do much to stimulate an important industry, and it is hoped that the Government will continne its snpport in such a worthy cause.Meanwhile there is great room for improvement in the Quebec poultry industry, more especially in regard to the housing of the fowls, hetter methods of hreeding, better methods of feeding for increased ecg produ- tion, and improved methods cf fattening poultry for the table.M.A.TJ.POINTS ABOUT INCUBATORS.Now is the time to get an incubator to work.The chickens will sell well as a rule.Ducklings, too, find a ready market.In managing an incubator, keep the temperatur» as close to 103 degrees as possible.;Tf it varies too much the ege- | will spoil.Be careful to ventilate the eggs thoroughly for ten minu- ites morning and night, but in doing so do not let the temperature of the machine go down.See that the moisture, too, is properly re- gulated according to the prevailing weather; too much moisture is better than too little, but it is very necessary to keep to the happy medium.Turn every egg at least once a day\u2014 preferably twice during the first ten days.M.A.J.: Woman\u2019s [orld 3 Es Vo AY YO VAY YO AY NZ y SSE ° J NANINIAANNIAANINIAANVNIAANINIANIN DI oo TReaTE \u2018\u201c\u2018gpecial sale\u2019 price is thirty-three cents for \u2018\u2018fine suiting\u2019\u2019, consequently she feels that it is a bargain, \u2014 and a bargain is very dear to the feminine heart.How often we are assured in buying goods that \u2018\u2018There is very little difference, just a little difference in quality, that is all\u2019\u2019, or, \u2018This piece is very much better than that.It is well worth the difference in price\u201d I wonder if salesmen are not sometimes better judges of human nature than of the quality of the goods they sell.The stretch between the simple weaving of primitive peoples and machine methods of to-day is great indeed.In contrast to our modern mills equipped with carding engines, spinning frames, and power \u2018looms, are the looms of the American a reed and a aborigines, composed of a bar upon which to suspend the warp threads while the hand completes the processes of manufacture.And yet the Navajo Indians, \u2014 no doubt the: most skilled now in primitive weaving \u2014 with a wooden fork for! slender twig for a shuttle, produce those beautiful blankets famous for their beauty of design and colouring.' Household \u2018manufacture has passed into the | present factory system and with it | that intimate acquaintance with fabrics.In its stead is the situ- \"ation of purchaser on one side of the counter, and salesman on the other, each with a very limited knowledge of textiles, Our grandmothers made homesptran clothes which were worn until they had passed their period of usefulness.To-day the \u2018\u2018made over\u2019 dress is rare.It is difficult to judge of what a piece of cloth is composed and of all the processes through which it has passed in the mills.Expensive effects are produced with cheap materials, as weighting inferior silks, \u2018\u2018 dressing \u2019\u2019 cotton, mercerizing it to make it look like silk, and\u2019 mixing good wool with cotton, shoddy, mungo etc.The result is often attractive goods with a low wearing efficiency.The wool tariff is a topic which the average woman does not attempt to discuss, hut she is probably aware of the fact that wool fabrics have been advancimz rapidly in price during the last few years.As a result we find innumerable substitutes for wool\u2014 quantities of cotton, remanufactured wool \u2014 as extracts and flocks, waste wool shoddy, mungo, as well as noils and tha Figure I.\u2014 36 p.c.COTTON.= Figure IT.\u2014 Sale price 49 cents.She pherd check suiting, found to contain 57 p.c.cotton.EN \" THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND\u2018 HORTICULTURE Figure III.\u2014 80 p.c.COTTON.PRICE, 39 CENTS.of the factories.These materials have white check at forty nine cents their place in producing low-priced \u2018also.It was found on testing to goods and in such are not adul- \u2018have a cotton warp as shown in terants, but they should not be sold ; the illustration.Figure III.shows as the best grade of all wool, in what a small quantity of wool,\u2014 expensive fabrics.twenty per cent\u2014 was used, as the \u2018residue, after boiling out the wool, {1 present even a Figure 1.shows a \u2018\u201c\u2018novelty\u2019\u2019 suiting at forty-nine cents.It was |d0eS not sold to me as \u2018all wool\u201d.After |WOrk effect, but a respectable and boiling it in a solution of caustic |Plece of cotton cloth.potash, a price of cotton * drawn Cotton mixed with wool in this bave these qualities, work\u2019 remained, and it was found |Way causes the cloth to wear ! Figure IV.s greatly affected by the presence drawn of cotton.The terms warm, thick, heavy are not synonymous.Mixtures of cotton and wool may but are not deal for protection against cold.to contain thirty-five per cent of !\u2018\u2018shabby\u2019\u2019 very quickly.As wool cotton.Wool had been merely has a fine lustre and takes the twisted around the warp and woof [dye readily, and as cotton is dif- Q threads to give the appearance of |ficult to dye and has little natural popular fabric in a j p Fish Will Bite like hungry wolves, fill your nets ), traps or trot line if you bait with Magiec-Fish-Lure.i Best fish bait ever discovered.Keeps you busy woollen goods.Figure II, was a lustre, the appearance of woollen pulling them out, 25cts.à box.Write for Free ooklet and my Special Offer of One hox to help black and cloth, after wearing a short time, \\ntroduce it.J.F.Gregory, K-102 Bt.Louis, Mo cake dirons MA dot Sea ain ph card tent Mt, ce TEN ry Ne .vv FIR KEK We'll send our free booklet (How to build barns) to all who'll ask for.Send us sizes of your building by the first mail and we'll furnished all information you\u2019ll need.Write for our price before buying.J.L.LACH LIMITED 253 St.Paul Street, WRITE FOR OUR PRICES OF THE -Calvanized Shingles, \u2018Aspha\u2019't £oofing, Tm vi\u201d a 1e on ey 2 FOLLOWING GOODS Corrugated She:t=-lron Ashestos Shingles, Rubber Roofing, Embossed Sidings and Ceilings, All kinds of Sheet-Iron, Sheathing felt, Farm Trains Pipes fom 2 {0 12 inc.Stone and Concrete Pipes for Bridges, Portland and Canada Cement, Lime and Soil Plaster.NCE, QUEBEC \u2014 On testing, this Silk was found to contain.53 p.c.cotton.Light, pure wool fabrics are warm, as wool is a poor conductor of heat, and they retain their color and lustre until worn out.As silk is our most expensive raw fibre, it is probably more subject to adulteration than anv other.Sometimes it is mixed with mercerized cotton, as in Figure IV.Very frequently it is weivht-d.You have noticed the small holes that so often appear after wearing a silk skirt for a short time.Figure V.is a sample of one of these.The silk \u2014\u201c\u2018\u201c\u2018eut\u2019 and literally fell to pieces very quickly, and on testing it I found it weighted to the extent of forty per cent.This is dom: by placing it in a bath to which salts of tin are added.Silk has the power to take these chemicals permanently on the fibers, thus increasing the weight to any desired degree.Thus a poor quality of silk may be made to look like a high-grade heavy silk, but the salt particles rub together in the wearing, soon causing the holes and \u2018the cutting.Black, navy, and other dark colored silks are more liable to be weighted than the light colored ones, and soft silks have less weighting than stiff taffetas.Comsider well the buying of a stiff \u2018\u2018 papery\u2019 silk.Good silks that \u2018\u2018will stand alone are not on the market to-day.Vegetable silk is a common silk substitute.It is made from wood pulp and has a very fine lustre.It is much used in the knitted ties so popular now, and is to be commended for supplying us with a fifty cent tie when a silk one would cost a great deal more.It should not of course be sold for silk as its wearinz quality is not as good.À simple test for it is to masticate a few threads.They softens and become a mass of pulp, whereas pure silk retains its strength and shape.(To be continued) .ZE 192 These nested bundles are carried to the job by | vagon- this- when they are firmly clamped by this three- ply flange.After that you simply can\u2019t break down Pedlar culvert.and get a free sample of Pedlar Corrugated QU» Culvert by P roturn mail.\u2018The non-corrcding galvanized Toncan metal, and the strength of the sample, wili tell you the whole story.Send to our nearest office below.vis make good roads.REGINA VINNIPEG VICTORIA {3 Lombard St.434 Kingston CALGARY Room 7, Crown Block ST.JOHN, N.B.2.46 Prince William St.PORT ARTHUR 45 Cumberland St.MONTREAL 321-3 Craig St.Good cul- vu A Sample of sur Culvert and a Special Book about it to any Farmer or Reeve or Municipal Officer === St.LONDON 86 King St.TORONTO 111-113 Bay St, HALIFAX 16 Prince St.Lo THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE To make better roads, reduce taxes and cut down statute labor, use Pedlar\u2019s Nestable Culvert.Instrong,corrugated, non-rusting metal, you build any length needed at the job, excavate just enough to fit it in place, and tamp back the earth.Your culvert is made for years to come.Won't cave in, frost-proof, better than brick, cement or wood.Handy, quick and sure.So good you\u2019ll always use it.Holds up traction engines easily.Learn everything about it in our free book.Write for sample free.METAL > 8 ins.to 7 ft.sizes ok at the pictures on the right.A man sets up Pedlar Culvert, ready to roll into place.Two men place it.This saves time and money.See what a fine bridge it makes at your gate, or see it make a perfect culvert on your farm.This is the best and strongest culvert Send for sample.ever made.IT Established 1861 414 The above two pictures tell the whole story of installing a frost-proof, able Culvert./ A 7 - A See What a Dice Entrance Tt Makes! OTTAWA 423 Sussex St.QUEBEC 127 Rue du Pont EDMONTON 563 Third St, W.CHATHAM 200 King St.W.VANCOUVER 108 Alexander St.[-3 OF COST REPAID BY GOVT.Quebec country mvmicipalities which buy Pedlar Culvert for Road Purposes, are repaid 1-3 of the entire cost of culverts and freight, by the Provincial Department of ture.Use Pedlar Culvert for municipal work, and save 1-3 of the cost.Agrizul- | | | Figure V.\u2014 The residue in the bottle shows the weighting in this sample of silk.My wise A DAUGHTER IN THE HOME The morning mail had brought me two hig blue worries.They nagged me all the time I was fussing ahont the house, helping Jane with the luncheon, dusting, making beds, and sewing the buttons on the haby\u2019s waist.Now that he creeps about I am beginning to doubt the wisdom of tiny cut pearl buttons on every little garment, for he bursts them off, regardless, and larger plain ones might hold better and not get lost so entirely.neighbor told me so when I was making his new rompers, but the little ones were sy dainty! However, my worries were not to be put off by thinking of the baby\u2019s buttons.I was getting regularly into the dumps, so when Baby was asleep in his carriage out on the verandah and Jane well started at her work I decided time-proof Pedlar Nest- | i to take my letters to the Wise Woman and ask her if there was anything I could do about it.The letters were from Mother and Sister.She and I did wish each could have seen the other\u2019s.Mother wrote that she missed me more .than ever ; that college had done Sue far more harm than good ; that she took no interest in anything at home but was dissatisfied and critical of everything.And it did seem hard to have done all they had for Sue and find that it had alienated her and made her sit in judgment on her own people.Young people were certainly different nowadays and not improved.She was glad I had not gone to .college.And there I sat down and wept a little, for though I'm fairly happy and knew quite a lot practi- {cally to help me keep house when i I married, yet every year I feel the i lack of definite solid training more and more.I did so want to go to iI wasn\u2019t very strong.When Sue's time came along I insisted on her going.Was I wrong?I wondered.Sue, for her part, wrote that she ; came home determined to help : Mother, and make up to Mother | and Father all they had done for j her.She had had two good offers, one to coach, and the other to go - on and do graduate work; and she would have loved either but felt she was needed at home.So she never told even me, but came home to be a daughter to Mother in my place.But she made a dead failure of it from the first.If she did things the least bit differenti, \u2014and she couldn't help seeing some easier, quicker ways of doing things, and couldn't help thinking some of the work was nonsense anyway\u2014 why, Mother was vexed and said she was criticising her.If she left things alone, Mother said she was indifferent.She had to ask Father for every cent she had, yet she could have been earning a thousand dollars at work she loved.Did I think it was her duty to stay home, when it did nobody any good but made them all unhappy?Of course Father had plenty ot money to give her a good allowance, and would be hurt if she said she wished to earn her own living.And may be she would take a position from some girl that really needed it.But what should she do?Well, I could just see both sides.I knew how it was with Mother.I had learned all I knew from her and until I lived next to my Wise Neighbor it never occurred to me to, ask why I did anything a certain W&y; or Was there any better way; or was it worth doing at all.And I know Mother will be wild, when she comes next summer, to see some of the changes I have made.But then, in the old way, Mother is a perfectly exquisite housekeeper, and I don\u2019t wonder she resents criticism.Nobody can make such pastry gs she can, and to see her darns in a damask tablecloth is a revelatiom of the skill zollege.I \u2018\u2018had\u2019\u2019 brains enough, but - THE _ JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE F YOU - are at all the subject.book will be sent Home-Mixed Fertilizers I would like to send you my book on It contains full information, formulas and lots of information to farmers who want to get the most and the best for their money.by post card from you.Dr.WM.S.MYERS, Director of Propaganda | 17 MADISON AVENUE, No Branch Offices interested in The free upon request NEW YORK there can be has injured her eyes; and Father eats far too much pastry, I know, but I shouldn't like to tell her so\u2014 as 1 suppose Sue has.And poor Sue! She\u2019s logical, and practical, and original to the last degree.She and the wise neighbor would be such chums about draining the dishes dry instead of wiping them ; about using self-basting roasters, and all that sort of thing\u2014 where it takes me months to give in that a new way isn\u2019t wrong just \u2018\u2018because\u2019\u2019 it\u2019s easier.Thinking all this I took my two letters over to the wise neighbor and read parts of them to her.She was tying a comforter on her curtain frames and I joined in to help her.It is pretty work and makes it possible to work out such pretty in human fingers.She bedroom schemes.You can have your silkoline curtains, your bed and couch covers, and your comforters, all of the same material.The Wise Neighbor listened in- terestedly to my troubles, Then she said ¢¢ It's a common problem nowadays.So many sore-hearted parents and daughters trying to get adjusted to the new order! I think your idea of sending your mother Sue\u2019s letter is good; but not your mother\u2019s to Sue.Your: more amenable to praise than blame as a rule; and Sue's side of it will necessarily look plainer to her than her mother\u2019s.Can\u2019t you induce your mother to put certain matters absolutely into Sue's charge \u2014 say, the meals\u2014 and get your mother to have your father pay Sue regularly for doimgz that work ?Then when Sue does wrong she will be more open to criticism, realizing that, like any other paid assistant, she must satisfy her employer.And , if your mother quite resigns one field of responsibility the blunders will not fret her so much as they'll amuse her; and she will be more rested all the time, too.Then you write to Sue to come and visit you for a while, and see if you can't give her some of your enthusiasm for home work and its allied branches.Take her to your Village Girls\u2019 Club, and get her interested to start one like it at home.She'll soon develop new lines for herself, once she\u2019s started.\u201d \u2018\u201c The very thine! I'm so glad T people are\u2019 i \u201cDaffodils\u2019\u2019 add \u2018have known it: e MOTHER.There is a shrine whose golden gate Was opened by the hand of God ; It stands serene, inviolate, Though millions have its pavement trod; As fresh as when the first sunrise Awoke the lark in Paradise.\"Tis compassed with the dust and toil Of common days yet should there \u201c [fall came to you.Why, Sue can give my girls a paper on John Burroughs ! She knew him at college And you know we are reading the Nature authors this year \u2014 Burroughs, Thompson-Seton, Thoreau, Audubon, and even some older ones; and then making a list of the Flower poetry we like best, beginning with Shakespeare's \u2018\u2018I know a bank where on the wild thyme grows'\u2019, and Oh ! It's fascinating work.\u2019 \u2018\u201c I know.Millie Jamison met me the other day, so absorbed she didn\u2019t know me.I stopped her and she said \u2018\u2018 Oh! I beg your pardon, but I've just learned Wordworth\u2019s the music is so pretty, and I wish' (there were tears in her eyes) \u2018\u2018 Mother could her daffodils were the pride of her heart.\u201d Sue will find plenty of work to do at home, and find that college has prepared her for it.But you must not think you've missed college, dear.We've been able to get it out of life.It doesn\u2019t matter where it comes from just so one gets it before one dies\u2019\u2019.So I went home comforted, and wrote Sue and Mother, and I'm sure it will come out all right.MARGARET GRAY.FREE \u2018vo oor SEEDS With over 250 Illustrations and invaluable Cultural Directions.DUPUY & FERGUSON, 38 Jacques Cartier Square, MONTREAL IX A single speck, a single soil, Upon the whiteness of its wall, The angels\u2019 tears in tender rain Would make the temple theirs again.Without, the world is tired and old, But once within the enchanted door The mists of time are backward [rolled, And creeds and ages are no more ; But all the human-hearted meet In one communion, vast and sweet.I enter; all is simply fair ; Nor incense clouds, nor carven [throne ; But in the fragrant morning air A gentle lady sits alone.My mother\u2014ah! whom shall I see Within, save ever only thee ! \u2014Dighy Mackworth-Dolben\u2019\u2019.A Mother-Song By Charlotte Wilson Within the hushed throne-room of [Life Spent I shall lie, and still, Whilst thou thy small, indignant {breast.O Little Soul, shalt fill With breath of strange mortality ; And send thy lromeless cry A-groping for the mother\u2019s heart, Where, spent and still, I lie.Oh, if God, entering, should leave That august Door ajar, And let the wind that stirs his robe, Chill-blowing from afar, Puff out my spirit like a flame That dieth in the night,\u2014 God shield THEE with his hollowed [hand, O little, little Light ! ARGUMENTS IN FAVOR OF HOME MIXING.An Extract from \u2018\u201c ARTIFICIAL FERTILIZERS : Their Nature and Use \u2019\u2019 by B.Leslie-Emslie, F.C.S., P.A.S.I,, C.D.A.\u201c1.ECONOMY Usually at least 25 p.c., is saved in purchasing the separate ingredients.There is nu useless \u2018Filler\u2019 to add to the freight charges ; there is no duty on the separate ingredients, whereas the farmer must bear the cost of the duty imposed on the ready-mixed fertilizers when these are imported from the United States.\u201c2, ASSURANCE The farmer who purchases the separate ingredients, especially if he insists .on getting the goods in the original sacks, knows exactly what he is getting for his money; whereas the purchase of a ready-mixed brand is more often like buying a \u2018* pig in a sack\u201d.\u2018* 3.ADAPTATION : With a stock of the separate ingredients on hand, the farmer is enabled to make up his mixtures accordirz to prescriptions which he has prepared to suit the varying requirements of the different crops and soils.\u2018 From this farmer may short resume each judge whether, in his case, it will pay him to purchase the separate ingredients in preference to the ready-mixed goods\u2019.Copies of this important bulletin may be obtained by writing direct to GERMAN POTASH SYNDICATE.1105-1106 Temple Building.Toronto, Ont.AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION IN CANADA (Continued from January issue) And the Quebec figures relating to these same items, as well as those tor apples, oats, and hay, are sufficient to show that the farmers of this good old province have had a very creditable share in the progress that has been made.The one regrettable feature is the decrease in the number of sheep in the Province.0 In Canada, as a whole, sheep have just about held their own.In this Province, one of the best adapted to the industry, they have fallen off by about 25 per cent.We trust that the minimum has now been reached and \u2018that the next ten years may show a notable growth in the beneficent agricultural in- \u2018dustry of sheep-hreeding.FARM PRODUCTS DOMINION 0 The area in crops in Canada in 1 was 19,763,740 acres, an increase of t was 32,711,062 acres, an increase of sixty-five per F CANADA.891 was 15,662,811 acres; in 1901 it wenty-six per cent, and in 1910 it cent.over 1901.The area in wheat, oats and barley in 1910 was 20,992,900 acres, being 1,229,- 160 acres more than the area of all FIELD CROPS, 189 crops in 1901.1, 1901 AND 1910.1891 1901 1910 (Bushels) (Bushels) (Bushels) Wheat.coi ver er une 42,223,372 55,572,368 139,989,600 Barley.\u2026.\u2026.2e vue ses 17,222,795 22,224,366 45,147,690 Oats.83,428,202 151,497,407 323,449,000 Rye.cer ene eee areas 1,341,325 2,316,793 1,543,500 Corn in ear.cco +2 eee aes 10,711,380 25,875,919 18,726,000 Buckwheat.4,994,871 4,547,159 7,243,900 Peas.14,823,764 12,348,943 6,538,100 Beans.800,015 861,327 1,177,800 Flax seed.138,844 172,222 3,802,000 Grass and clover seed.346,036 288,275 Potatoes.53,490,857 55,362,365 74,048,000 Field roots.49,679,636 76,075,642 95,207,000 Hay (in tons) .7,693,733 7,852,731 15,497,000 Tobacco (in pounds) .4,277,936 11,266,732 Hops (in pounds) .Lu 1,126,230 1,004,216 Mixed grains (in bushels) .cer rec ur 19,433,600 Sugar beets.cer ver eee a 155,000 x THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Largest and Most Complete Dairy Supply House in Canada Full and complete line of Creamery and Cheese Factory Supplies and Apparatus including Butter Tubs, Cheese Box Material, Rennct Extact, Cheese Bandage, Disc Heaters, Boilers, Engines, ete.Sole distributers in Canada for the famous De Laval Factory Cream Separators, Whey Separators and Milk Clarifiers, Write for Catalogue and Prices.De Laval Dairy Supply Co.173 William St., Montreal.14 Princess St., Winnipeg EE LIVE STOCK, 1891, 1901 AND 1910.1891 1901 1910 Horses.1,470,572 1,577,493 2,213,199 Mileh cows.1,857,112 2,408,677 2,853,951 Other cattle.2,263,474 3,167,774 4,260,963 Sheep.2,563,781 2,510,239 2,598,470 Swine.\u2026 1,733,850 2,353,828 2,753,964 DAIRY AND POULTRY PRODUCE, 1891, 1901 AND 1907 1891 1901 1907 Number of Dairy Factories .1,736 3,580 Value of Factory Products .$10,780,879 $29,731,922 $35,457,543 Pounds of Home-made Butter .111,577,210 105,343,076 Dozens of eggs.coo woo ver wer oe 84,132,802 PROVINCE (QF QUEBEC.The area of field acres in 1891 was 4,064,716 acres; in 1901, it was 4,704,396 acres; in 1910, it was 5,457,050 acres._ FIELD CROPS, 18£1, 1901 AND 1910.1891 1901 1907 (Bushels) (Bushels) (Bushels) Wheat.LL.oo.1,646,882 1,968,203 1,827,000 Barley.1,580,197 2,535,597 2,547,000 Oats.17,818,589 33,336,677 48,927,000 Corn in ear.ce ee Lee 826,179 1,384,331 860,000 Buckwheat.2,118,197 1,849,596 1,851,000 Peas.24 2 Les 2 Lee 1,912,463 908,656 729,000 Potatoes.\u2026 .04 La Le 2 15,861,797 17,135,739 21,271,000 Roots.2,656,587 3,626,187 10,159,000 Hay (in tons) .2,243,435 2,581,823 5,502,000 Mixed grains (in bushels) ee 3,523,507 3,508,000 LIVE STOCK, 1891, 1901 AND 1910 1891 1901 1910 Horses.\u2026 344,290 320,673 368,419 Milch cows.549,544 767,825 856,151 Other cattle.cee ee ee 419,768 598,044 600,277 Sheep.730.286 654,503 549,068 Swine.369,608 404,163 651,415 DAIRY PRODUCTS 1891, 1901 AND 1907, In 1891, the Value of dairy produets from factories was $2,918,527 ; in 1901, it was $12,874,377 ; in 1907, it was $15,144,738.FRUIT, 1891 AND 1901.1891 1901 (Bushels) (Bushels) Apples.Les eer das een ee en ee es en ee ee ee 1,034,139 1,896,229 Peaches.co civ th ee ee ee ee ee ee Lee 927 PeATB.vi \u2026.22 24e 244 ee ee ee ee ee ee ee ee 2e 844 2,378 Plums.60,513 109,141 Cherries.68,210 136,789 Other fruits.60,177 20,104 central PUBLICATIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE.The November issue (No.10) of the Canadian bulletin \u2018\u2018 Publications of the International Agricultural Institute \"© devotes its attention particvdarly to the work of agricultural co-operation.With reference to the latest data furnished by the Institute concerning the world\u2019s crop production, it may be noted that the production of wheat in Russia is 623,306,000 bushels, compared with 629,300,000 reported last month and 775,691,000 last year, and the production of rye in the same country is 761,764,000 compared with 804,192,000 reported last month and 868,626,000 last year.For the countries in the Northern and Central Zones from which the Institute has so far received reports, the total production of wheat is 3,093,066,000 bushels, compared with 3,086,892,000 for the same countries last year.When the reports of the harvest of the Southern Hemisphere are in, it is expected they will show a decrease in the Australian crop and a large increase in that of Argentina.Recent reports concerning the sowing of winter cereals in Europe are generally favourable.A table giving the world\u2019s corn production in 1909, 1910 and 1911 shows the 1911 crop to be 300,000,000 bushels less than 1910.This is explained by the falling off of the crop in the United States where three-fourths of the world\u2019s corn is produced.Concerning co - operation it is pointed out that in Germany there were at the beginning of the present year 2,265 co-operative purchase societies and 15,616 riral co-operative \u2018credit societies.To effect the utmost economy and uniformity of method, purchase societies have been organized of which there are 20 in Germany.These are constantly in contact with each other and always act in common accord in their business relations with supply syndicates.The total value of goods purchased by these societies in 1908 was $24,166,181.The co-operative burchase societies have at their disposal large sums of money as essary SSH SNS ir ernie seven vec» ites si cents 0 RHR = = or POWDERED 3 NT M-GILLETT co.LTD.TORONTSS L'ARTICLE \u201cSTANDARD\u201d EN VENTE PARTOUT TTT TTT GIT ATTA Ti POUR FAIRE DU SAVON, POUR ADOUCIR L'EAU, ENLEVER LA PEINTURE, POUR DÉSINFECTER LES ÉVIERS, CABINETS D'AISANCE, CONDUITES ET POUR BEAUCOUP D\u2019AUTRES USAGES, si i Sn UHL EEL HELE ELL EW.GILLETT COMPANY LIMITED TORONTO,ONT.working capital.Working expenses are low amounting in 1908 to 2.7 per cent of the amount of goods purchased.It is not the mission of these societies to realize large net profits, their essential duty being to supply their members with good marchandise at small cost.Bonuses are returned to members in proportion to their individual purchases.In Germany, it is pointed out, there were in operation in 1910 3,- 300 steam ploughs.It is admitted in that country that a steam plough cannot be owned and operated profitably when less than 2,500 acres are to he ploughed.For those ploughing land of less extent, the MAPLE SYRUP MAKERS DO NO THEY ARE THE MOST PROFITABLE.of Evaporators, left handed, it will get your THE GRIMM MFG.co.Ltd.58 WELLINGTON STREET, MONTREAL, QUE.is impossible for us to carry a complete line of all sizes in stock, so orders are filled in rotation as received.machine berience a great rush of orders in the month of March\u2014 Don\u2019t put off placing your order Write us to- day for our ba Ç information in regard to Sugar and Syrup making.\u2014 = = =\u2014 LOSE THE FIRST RUNS OF SAP AS As we make 22 different sizes and they are both made right and If your order comes in first, you first.Each season we ex- until that time.\u2014 free booklet giving you all THE BEST LINIMENT some coke ih crow 1S SAAS AN AAPA RA A AAAS RA AAS FOR THE YEAR (912 \u20ac OR PAIN KILLER FOR THE HUMAN BODY Gombault\u2019s Gaustic Balsam] IT HAS NO QUAL using these strong birds the stamina of poultry can be augment- \u2018ed in a few seasons.| An article dealing with organiza- | tions in the United States gives of the Farmers\u2019 | the membership For ol je penotrat: Portectly Safe Educational and Co-operative Union, the Sores.Bratseecr and | which was formed in Texas some TNO wounds, Felons, Reliable Remedy] @ 8 years ago, as 6,000,000.One of the Corns and or divisions of.this organizatio Human gt Sore Throat i orga mn 10 squal an Ch Cold known as the Pacific Northwest Body a Liniment, est ° F \u2019 3 3 5 Backache Farmers Union, is stated to have We would say © all Neuralgia decided to send a representative to who buy it that it does .ÿ England to investigate the wheat set contain a particle Sprains \u2018situation with a view of sellin nn theretore we hoe] Strains airest to tn er.He will can result from its ex- Lumbago re 0 e consumer.wi ternal use.Persistent, iohth ae endeavor to establish a market not À Ethorouph use will cure Diphtheria onl £ rain.but f fruit nd rai cree] Sore Lungs jor grain, but for fruit a used on any case that Rheumatism whatever per farm products the ar 5 ' i - | icauites an utward and ; armers nion members may pro E Iperfect safety._ all Stiff Joints JB duce.| REMOVES THE SORENESS-STRENGTHENS MUSCLES J B Cornhill, Tex.\u2014\u2018\u201cOne bottle Caustic Balsam did |B M my rheumatism more good than $120.00 paid in A doctor's bills.\u2019 OTTO A.BEYER.Price $1.80 per bottle, Sold by druggists, or sent & 88 by us express prepaid.Write for Booklet R.a 3 The LAWRENCE- WILLIAMS COMPANY, Teranto,Can, | While Denmark has occupied the foremost position in the world in \u2018regard to agricultural co-operation, \u2018she has no law governing com- | panies limited by shares nor any special law on co-operative souse of a steam plough is only cieties.A bill has, however, been profitable by hiring or else through ; very carefully drawn up by members the medium of a co-operative s0- interested in agriculture and the co- ciety.Such societies are as a rule | operative movement, aided by a based on the principal of unlimited committee appointed by the Minister liability and the shares of members |of Customs and Navigation.For the are from §120 to $600.It is establish- [guidance of Canadians interested in ed that for a certain number of 'securing better laws relating to co- acres to be ploughed a share must operation the next of the Danish be bought, and it is stipulated that Rij is given in full.the members\u2019 liability should be for Under the bead of Insurance, it is ten times the amount of their [stated that the condition of cattle shares in order that the society may intended for slaughter in Germany is obtain the necessary credit.governed by the Civil Code, under Agricultural organization is spread-, which the seller is liable, in the ing rapidly in Great Britain.| case of horses, asses, mules, horned Among other organizations for the cattle, sheep and swine, only for advancement of agriculture there is \u2018certain definite defects and only held, in the County of Essex, a \u2018when these manifest themselves series of cock-crowing competitions.\u2018within a definite period.À list and It is believed that such matches description of the defects, terms, etc.will do much good to the cause of are given.better poultry, as it has been In the case of Prussia alone more noticed again and again that the than 300 companies insure butchers\u2019 \u201cSTELLA\u201d Tame Handsome enough for the Parlor ALL METAL Cheap enough for the Kitchen Safe to carry around.SOLD AT A POPULAR PRICE AT ALL DEALERS.Ontario Lantern & Lamp Co.Ltd ONT.P.0.MAN.Head Office : HAMILTON, Branches : { MONTREAL, LE des ui e ul * WINNIPEG, RTE ole In all Le |Plication to T.K.Doherty, _ THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 4 very first., Your aim should be improve the condition on the farm.A TFairbanks-Morse\u2019\u2019 engine is an improvement that should be the It accomplishes those hard and disagreeable you used to do by hand and reduces your expenses to a minimum.No progressive farmer can do without a gasoline engine on the farm Have you our catalogue describing machinery ?Sent free on request.XI jobs our farm engines and TT end ed ed ed od ff nf WAS NASA THE CANADIAN FAIRBANKS-MORSE CO.LIMITED Fairbank Standard Scales = Fairbank - Morse Gas Evgines Safes & Vaults.Montreal, Toronto, Saskatoon St.John, \u2018Winnipeg, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, Victoria.aa MAA MAAN WSN aN aS NaS aaa An NANA aS SaaS aS beasts, ot which there were insured in 1901 some 3 1-2 million animals.With the exception of 27 societies, all were founded on the mutual principal.A number of useful articles on the high cost of living are published.As a relief co-operative and other measures are recommended and methods of procedure are described.Other interesting articles, taken from bulletins of the International Agricultural Institute and publications which have been reviewed in the Canadian office, make up an exceedingly useful number, copies of which may be obtained free on ap- Chief Officer, Publications Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.G REAT registered Yorkshires, $6.00 at one month or $10.00, at 50 lbs.weight or about 2 12 or 3 months Few registered Ayrshires calves born this spring, offsprings of very good milch cows, Pure Barred Plymouth Rocks\u2019, Eggs, $1.00 for 15 or $5.00, an hundred.Apply to ALFRED COUTURE, Belair, Portneuf, Co.VV ANTED \u2014 A young married man, (without family preferred) , must he sober and have a good knowledge of the farm\u2019s work.Mention skill and salary wanted.Apply to H.GALE, 518 St.Valier St., Quebec.LSO for sale artichoke\u2019s seed at $2.00 À a bushell f.0.b, À FREGEAU & SONS, Rougemont.Jor SALE \u2014 A fine stallion half breed Clyde and St.Lawrence, * stallion weight 1700 lbs., 7 year old, red hair, good speed and perfectly sound.This awarded the first prize in Bagot County.Apply to HUGUES FONTAINE, St.Hugues, Bagot Co., P, Q.SANITARY STABLING OF CATTLE.Prof.G.E.Day gives somes Valuable Advice regarding Sanitary Stables at the Winter Fair Guelph.\u2014 Effective Ventilation, a relatively Cold, Dry Atmosphere, Plenty of Light and Cleanliness are Essential to Healthy Animals The average farmer is very apt to believe that an animal that appears healthy and thrifty is necessarily sound, and it is this point that makes many people careless in connection with the health of their cattle, Prof.George E.Day of the 0.A.C, Guelph, declared in the course of his talk on ¢ Sanitary Stabling of Cattle.\u201d\u201d The speaker had especial reference to the existence of tubenzulosis among cattle when no outward symptoms were ohservable, and the farmer naturally was satisfied that all were in good health.Suvich a farmer may regard sanitary precautions as unnecessary, and some day has a rude awakening.The only safe plan for a man who wishes to have his cattle healthy is to maintain conditions about them that are unfavorable to the development of disease germs.Effective ventilation is one of the first requisites of a sanitary stable, Prof.Day believed, but great care was necessary on this point.\u2018\u201c Any system of ventilation that XIT A Cream Sep | Dm EE ) UT | fee Uj | d wh ly arranged d t A =), ?N EW A U TO M ATI C O | Li N G permit of ony drauehte, which is an > dyed ALL these 1 = DIFFERENT KINDS arator for Butter Factories THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE air from near the floor.The only objection to this system is that the animals may not always be immune from draughts.The other and more advisable system, the speaker outlined, was permitting foul air to be removed through flues in the ceiling and running up through the roof of the barn, the fresh air being admitted through openings at the floor.This form of ventilation is preferable, he said, because it is simple, inexpensive, and effective, important consideration.Well, Well! THIS isa HOME DYE Hs, that ANYONE can use \u2014 [| wg The most important Cream Separator improvement since the AS \" P : LOW TEMPERATURE STABLES.\u2014 of Goods introduction of the present type of with the SAME Due.| De Laval machines Prof.Day advanced several argu- = i d | \u2019 ments in favor of a low tem- use The new automatically oiled De Laval Cream Separators are perature stable.Some farmers es- 4 now being supplied in gll sizes, and this improvement constitutes another great step forward in cream separator construction \u2014 the one thing possible in betterment of the previous De Laval machine of the present type.The new system of De Laval automatic oiling is distinctively different from any other splash or spray system in that there is a constant regulated feed of fresh oil and discharge of used oil.Other splash systems use the same oil over and over, until it soon does more harm than good.pecially dairy farmers, declare that cows will not give as much milk if kept in a cold stable.This, however, he believed was not always true, and if a cow was not reared to become used to heat it would give equally much milk in a stable of lower temperature.Many people, too, were afraid calves would suffer if kept in a cold place.Experiments DY OLA CLEAN and SIMPLE to Use.NO chance of using the WRONG Dye for the Goods one has to color.All colors from your Druggist or Dealer.FREE Color Card and STORY Booklet 10, The Johnson-Richardson Co., Limited, Montreal, fresh air.Dry, cold air does not in- Tn the new gutomatically oiled De Laval machines all gears, .; , - shafts and hearings practically float in a misttlike spray of conducted by the speaker proved the Jure cattle, but damp, foul air will oil and literally never touch each other during their operation.opposite to be the case.Animals sap the vitality of the most rugged Tt ; A .that are gaining rapidly by all animal.If we would bear these De Laval agents will be glad to exhibit the new machines means should be kept in a cool facts in mind and act accordingly I arsi demonstrate the working of the new automatic oiling place, for the reason that they believe we would hear less about system, which more than ever enhances De ; Laval superiority in actually suffer from heat.tuberculosis in the herds of this coun- every feature of cream separator practicability.There are many other essentials try.To maintain sanitary conditions DE LAVAL DAIRY SUPPLY Co., Limited about a sanitary stable, namely, in our stables requires effort and light and cleanliness.Sunlight isa [Some expenditrre of money, but 173 William St., Montreal 14 Princess St., Winnipeg disinfectant whereas darkness breeds there are few things which are worth SP mms lisease.Money spent in furnishing a having that can be obtained for ads won tbe opening and| VENTILATION ESSENTIAL IN, N stable with plenty of windows is no said Prof.Day in con- Closing of ions can scarcely be | SANITARY STABLE.money well and profitably spent.| -\u2014 regarded as satisfactory, for there | There are two systems which Prof.WORTH THE PRICE.| are times when it is not safe to Day would approve.The first is one \u2018I would especially urge upon PROGRESS IN BREEDING ot have windows or doors open; yet the [that admits the fresh air at or breeders to give animals protection DAIRY CATTLE.air should be frequently renewed both near the ceiling and has the outlets from the weather, but along with day and night,\u201d he said.so arranged that they draw the foul that protection give them plenty of (From an address by PROFESSOR T J.M.TRUEMAN, at the Summer INVINCIBLE FENCING Meeting of the Connecticut Guernsey ; Breeders\u2019 Association.) Like the invincible, thoroughbred British Bulldog, never lets go.Its locks, stays and strands are of the hardest, strongest, I have been asked to give a talk touzhest, best galvanized open hearth steel wire ever used in on some appropriate dairy topics.fencing.They embody in zinc-clad, rust-proof steel, tha This is an association of men invincible qualities of that famous breed of doz which interested in the breeding of Guern- never relaxes its hold.sey cattle.Whenever I am called upon ; to face such a group of men, my mind invariably turns to the main problem before the breeder, which undoubtedly is the improvement of his herd and the breed.I might talk about feeding dairy cattle, a large, interesting, and important subject, but a comparatively simple one when considered alongside the question of breeding.I do not mean to make light of the feeding problems, they are extremely important in the work of improving any kind of live stock, but we know enough cr in these days to be able to tell what feeds will produce strong growth in the young calves.We know how to \u2014 make a Guernsey heifer weigh 400 - and From first to last, from ore to finished product, INVINCIBLE FENCING is Canadian made and Canadian quality, intended for Canadian trade.The Steel Company of Canada wants the patronage of Canadian fence buyers and intends to get it by supplying a product which in quality and value cannot be surpassed.Invincible, Hot process Galvanized Gates, galvanized after made, absolutely lead the world in quality.They are the final word in the art of gute making, ; ble £ lbs.when she is one year old, ne | ur agency is without excep ion he most desirable fence without makin her fat, and from | line for the future ip all Canada.Write at once.600 to 700 lbs.Sy the time she is ; So The Steel Company of Canada, Limited, two years old.We know how to feed Sha ) Guernsey cows so that they will pro- the The Fence Department, Box 24 MONTREAL, CANADA.duce 700, 800, yes, and over 900 pounds bre \u2014 of fat in one year.This requires care stal Ww THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE XII Exclusive Features The Philosopher of Metallic Town THE \"EASTLAKE\" TEEL SHINGLE will save you money Mr.Farmer, I suppose you know of the big experimental farm at Guelph, Ontario.There, the farm buillings have \u2018\u2018 EAST - LAKE \u2019' roots.Some of these buildings were roofed 18 years ago\u2014all are in perfect condition to-day.A pretty stiff durability test, don\u2019t you think ?It\u2019s the \u2018\u201cRASTLAKE\u2019\u2019 exclusive features that count.The telescopic side - lock and gutter, the \u201c EASTLAKE \u2019\u2019 counter - sunk cleat and the three-inch lap.The \u2018\u2018 EASTLAKE '' side - lock makes it the easiest and quickest to lay and per - manently weathertight.No rain or snow, no matter how fine, can sift in under gn \u201c EASTLAKE\" STEEL SHINGLE.There is a full three- inch lap and the counter-sunk cleat holds the bottom of the shingle\u2019 as tight as though welded in place.: The bold \u2018\u2018 EASTLAKE '\u2019 Pattern is so deeply embossed that ONLY the very best steel will stand it.Let us send you our illustrated booklet, \u201cHASTLAKE METALLIC SHINGLES.Write to-day\u2014just your name and address on a post-card, We also manufacture Corrugated Iron, House and Baru Siding, Metallic Ceilings, Cotnices Eavetrough, Conductor Pipe, Ventilators, etc.rhe METALLIC Ro0FInG MANUFACTURER 1186 King Street West BRANCH FACTORY: WINNIPEG.TORONTO.AGENTS IN PRINCIPAL CITIES crops or grain, and the nozzles \u2018\u2018 will not clog.\u201d Get our free treatise on crop diseases.AGENTS WANTED.W.F.HEARD, 1369 KING ST.LONDON, CAN.SPRAYING TREES with the H.P.SPRAMOTOR means that the trees will be adequately protected.T he horse does everything but direct the nozzle and that you will prefer to do yourself.The SPRAMOTOR can be operated by hand where preferred.Has 8 nozzles with 17 pounds pressure.The number of nozzles can be arranged to suit size of trees.No tree too large.THE SPRAMOTOR is equally efficient for vineyards, row and a large amount of skill, t1t is,methods, the production of Lure, THIS FROST.& WOOD DISC cETs vou | DRILL CROP.Y using a Disc Drill for sowing your crop you are assured that all your seed is put into the ground and covered \u2014 none left on top to be blown away or picked up by birds.The \u2018Champion\u201d Drill plants and covers the seed just as you want it done.Distributors that conduct the seed from grain box to tubes are the Fluted Force Feed type.They are posi- WE tive in theit action \u2014and will not bruise or crack any seed.Indexes on grain and grass Boxes permit of very fine adjust- .ments.No slot holes HE Frost & Wood \u201cChampion\u2019 DisC in which the Pointer Drill is very light draft, because each must fit \u2014Frost & Disc runs on its own special ball-bear- Wood Drills have ing.This is the only ball-bearing Disc Drill 2 Thumb Screw an on the market It means fast sowing the Shes (ornter you moment sowing can be done, and an early please.Remember start means an early harvest.that good germin- Heavy angle steel frames keep the whole ation, started carly, F.& W.Drill true and accurate.A pressure getting a crop.device keeps the Discs at the set depth, thus insuring even sowing.The Discs open the drill furrow just sufficiently to scatter the seed slightly.This means the best growth of seed.The dust-proof ball-bearings and the sharp steel discs keep in perfect condition throughout the whole sowing season.When buying a Drill you want: to be assured of speed, accuracy and dependability.You find all three in this machine.Investigate and see.THE FROST & WOOD COMPANY, Limited SMITH\u2019S FALLS, ONTARIO For Sale in Western Ontario and Western Canada by 92 THE COCKSHUTT PLOW CO.Limited, WINNIPEG, BRANTFORD °) Full details in our Champion Drill Booklet.À Post Card brings it.Send to us to-day.Unrivalled nutrient, tonic and fortifying powder for all tarm animals.Specific in all cases of intestinal worms, aversion for food, constipation, colds, strangles, diabetes and adhering skin.La Cie de Medecine du Dr.Ed.Morin Enreg.Froprietors 113 Mountain Hill Quebec, P.Q.after all a simple matter compared with the skill required to be able to select and mate animals so as to secure a high percentage of extra good individuals.Again, I might talk about the handling of young calves, the time at which it is best to breed the young heifer, general stable management, good business clean milk in sanitary buildings and by intelligent workmen, about the ethics of selling pure bred cls, or the wisdom of buying the best bred animals, all of these are important, but the answer is easy compared with the question of how to lessen the downward drag of this race in our breeding operations, or take appearing by mutation or other- advantage of the extra qualities | wise in some sire or Jam.(To be continued \\ 5 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE How long do you expect unpainted wood and metal to resist the wear and tear of weather and hard usage?Here are the facts\u2014ihe unpainted house or barn will probably be beyond repair in less than 25 years, while the properly painted building, will be practically Leave a new buggy, wagon, or piece of farm machinery without repainting, and in less than seven years it will be bzyond repair from the checking, splitting and rusting of unprotected surfaces.Paint your implements regularly as good as new.and you will still be using them at the end of ten or fifteen years.For a reliable first quality finish, ready for the brush, to meet any paint or varnish need around the farm or farmhouse go to your local merchant who sells SHERWIA PAINTS & SWP\u2014Sherwin-Williams Paint\u2014is the paint that will make the house look best and protect it the longest.SWP is a pure lead, zinc and linseed oil paint, ground and mixed by powerful machinery.Itis as good as 40 years of paint- making experience cn make it.For the Barn and other outbuildings use Commonwealth Barn Red.Spreads easily and covers economically.Put up in full Imperial Measure Cans.Sherwin-Williams Wagon and Implement Paint is the paint to use to protect your wagons, tools, implements, etc.from rust and decay.Made for that particular purpose, stands severe exposure and hard usage.Sherwin-Williams Address all inquiries to THE SHERWIN-WILLIAMS Co.of Canada, Limited, Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, Vancouver.ARNISHES Around the Farm and Farmhouse use S-W Buggy Paint\u2014for buggies, porch furniture, boats and other surfaces exposed to water and hard usage.S-W Aluminum Paint-for metal surfaces and machinery, S-W Floorlac\u2014an easy-to-apply combined varnish and stain for woodwork, furniture and floors.S-W Family Paint\u2014tor cupboards, furniture, woodwork, etc.Stands repeated washing.S-W Inside Floor Paint\u2014a hard wearing paint for [loors and stairs, Eight attractive shades.S-W Brighten-Up Finishes\u2014a different paint, varnish, stain or enamel for every household use.S-W Roof and Bridge Paint\u2014for windmills, metal roofs.etc.Prevents rust and decay.S-W Creosote Paint\u2014a preservative paiat for barns, sheds, fznces and all rough lumber.R-member there\u2019s a Sherwin-Williams agent in every town.81 er Ar Dr \u201cHow to Raise Calves Cheaply and Successfully Without Milk\" Contains full information and complete feeding directions for using Blatchford\u2019s Calf Meal \u2014The Perfect Milk Substitute Three or four calves can be raised on it at the cost of one where milk 1s fed.No mill feed The only calf meal manufactur-d m an exclusive Calf Meal Factory Istablished at Leicester, Ei.gland, in 1800, WILLIAM EWING & CO, - MONTRE L, QUE.¢Y oa ix Gasoline and Petroleum Motors The simplest, safest and the most useful for the farmer, for threshing grain, cutting wood, separating cream, etc.Our engine is the only one running with common petroleum which you can secure everywhere, it is cheaper than gasoline.Always ready to run, and no danger of fire or explosion.We give every desirable guarantee.Write at once for circular and prices.Good agents wanted.Freight \u201cYour 1ncubator and brooder best I ever used.I have batched an average of 90 p.c.Your machine is very easy to understand and manage.\u2019.\u2014 G.E.HALL, Marinette, Wis.\u2018* My first hatch was 12 strong.healthy chicks from 130 eggs.I consider this great (95 p.- c.!) \u2019\u2014 J.Anderson, Oshkosh, Wis.balance paid Get Our Big Offer Sent out on world's Ynost liberal guarantee\u2014a guarantee of satisfaction or no sale.Trifling deposit\u2014then small after you say machines have proved satis- Teel 125 Egg Incubator $4 A) EE BOTH 7 1) and Brooder For a VU Lg 4 If ordered together.\u201c2 Freight paid east of FE î Rockies.Hot water, ee \u2014= copper tanks, double fem walls, double glass fe doors.Free catalog describes $8 them.Send for it today.Wisconsin Incubator Co.Box 166 Racine, Wis.TIOR SALE \u2014 Farm located in Rou- gemont Village, Co.Rouville, 45 acres of land for fruit trees\u2019 cultivation, including 1000 apple-trees, 10,000 plants of rasberries, 25,000 plants of strawberries in culture, also a nursery of 25,000 young apple-trees, which may carn easy $2000 net.Proprietor leaving the place will sell for $8000; $3000 cash, balance $200 a year, with interest of 5 p.c.\u2014 Apply to Box B., \u2018\u2018 Journal of Agricultural\u2019, Montreal.LAKESIDE AYRSHIRES We have still a few fine young registered bulls of different ages sired by our imported bull Barcheskie Cheerful Boy No.28879.The best value for your money in the country.Write for catalogue.LAKESIDE FARM, Philipshurg, Que.GEO.H.MONTGOMERY, Proprietor, 164 St.James St., Montreal.CATTLE FATTEN QUICKER -take on weightfaster-make better beef - when dehorned.Cows givy more milk-and half the dangerin shipping by rail Or boat is eliminated.\\ KEYSTONE DEHORNER SW does the workin 2 minutes.Cuts NE {rom 4 sides at once.Write for ree booklet.Rr.H.M N 219 Robert St.Toronto, Ont.Lite of Blotont Una Fully Warranted J CONOMICAL way to plant orchard, 14 is to get apple-trees\u2019 grafts at $5.00 an hundred, from the firm A.FRE- GEAU & SONS, Rougemont, WANTED at once a bhuttermaker holding good diploma and references.LA BEURRERIE DU 1T.AC MEGANTIC Lake Megantic, P.Q.AYRSHIRES AND YORKSHIRES FR SALE \u2014 High class Ayrshires all ages including Calves and Bulls fit for service.First Prize large Yorkshires all ages.We are booking orders for pigs to he delivered March, April and May at $5.00 each.Registered in name of purchaser.Apply to Hon.W.OWENS, Robert SINTON, Proprictor.Manager.River Side Farm, Montebello, Que.\\ 7E have also for sale plants of all varieties of strawberries at very low price, sent on request, A FRE- GEAU & SONS, Rougemont.POULTRY rI\"HKE SUCCESSFUIL POULTRY BOOK A simple and comprehensive Treatise on care and culture of Domestic Fowls.We send this Book Free on request.O.ROLLAND, Sole Agent for Des Moines Incubator.P.O.Box, 2363.Montreal.TEI ) ; and Brooder Komon Sense Incubators and BROODERS offer you this liberal and hitherto un- opportunity.Try them out on your own Dpre- Send them back if you want to, These machines are built by the world\u2019s most experienced and expert incubator builders.They embody all that is known about successful incubators\u2014lead you by a safe, sane and sure route into the fascinating and enormously profitable poul- try-raising business.90 p.c., hatches happen every day with these 130-egg machines.These letters prove it.Get all the facts.Study our catalog hefore buying else- It has been the means of saving thousands of worth of fertilized eggs.It\u2019s yours, FREE \u2014 obligation.Komon Sense Incubator Co., Dept.45, Send your address now.Racine, Wis.The old-time remedy for keeping horses in condition.Don\u2019t lose the services of your high-priced horses, Bickmore's Gall Cure cures (ialls and Sore Shoulders while the horse works, Approved remedy for Cuts, Wounds, Scratches, (frease Heel.Sold by dealers, money back if it fails, and valuable ¥i-page horse book sent on receipt of a stamp for postage.WINGATE CHEMICAL CO., Canadian Distr\u2019s, 8 6 Notre Dame St.W., Montreal, Can.Gray horse trade mark on every box, Sample SN - ome LUD WL NS N40 ,- lc Tr eh Pee OTR WR 1 re ee \u20140o 75 éme THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE XV HE above illustration shows the difference in crops, | between the I H C way of spreading manure\u2014and the pitchfork method.4 The pitchfork way is slow, hard, and disagreeable, wastes much 4 of the value of the manure, and the results hardly justify the labor and ¥ time invested.The IT H C Spreader cuts the manure into fine shreds, spreads it evenly, and makes the work easy.Spreading manure the I H C way is bound to result in better soil, bigger crops, and more profits.I HC Manure Spreaders Corn King\u2014Cloverleaf are simple, strong, and durable.They have many advan: i tages that make them superior to other spreaders.qu All working parts are extremely simple and wonderfully strong.The beater driving gear is held in a single casting, § gears springing out of alignment, M port for the apron reduces the draft.The levers are conven- MA ient.The feed changing device can be shifted quickly and easily.The wide range.of adjustment allows you to spread 8 manure heavy, medium, or light, as your judgment tells Bil You is best for the soil.: Whether you have a large or small farm, or want a spreader for orchard use or truck gardening\u2014there is an I H C that will suit your requirements, Why not see the I H C local agent at once?Get a catalogue from him, or, write nearest branch house, CANADIAN BRANCHES\u2014International Harvester Company of America at Brandou, Calgary, Edmonton, Hamilton, Lethbridge, London, Montreal, North Battleford, Ottawa, Regina, Saskatoon, St.John, Weyburn, Winnipeg, Yorkton.INTERNATIONAL HARVESTER COMPANY of AMERICA (Incorporated) USA \u2018The roller-bearing sup- Chicago À x The purpose of j§ this Bureau is to furnish farmers with information ; on better farming.# If you have any À worthy question M concerning soils, crops, pests.ferti- £ lizers.etc., write to § the IH Service @ Bureau, and learn what our experts 4 and others have § found out ccncern- ing these subjects, .CT en CA iin kk) The \u2018\u2018 Bissell \u2019\u2019 Rollers are built by men who have made a life study of this work, and are SPECIALISTS IN THE BUSINESS.Search as you may, \u201c there are no such perfect Land Rollers on the Continent as the | = \u2018* Bissell.\u2019\u2019 Make a note of these points and compare the \u2018\u201c Bissell \u2019 Rollers with any other Land Roller in America.If the \u2018\u2018Bissell\u2019\u201d\u201d does not convince you that it is the best Roller, then don\u2019t buy, but you ought to know the facts, and it will do any person good to make the comparison.No need to send special travellers to sell \u2018\u2018Bissell\u2019\u201d\u201d Rollers.Practical farmers see the difference and prefer the \u2018\u2018Bissell\u2019\u2019.! The 18 cold rolled anti-friction Bearings 1-2 inch thick with lathe cut ends, held in the one piece Malleable Iron Cage, is a single point placing the \u2018\u2018Bissell\u2019\u201d\u2019 Roller away ahead.Look for the name \u2018\u2018Bissell\u2019\u201d\u201d on every Roller.No other is genuine.Ask, Dept.G., for free catalogue.el J Bl T.E.BISSELL CO., ELORA, ONT.HN KEEPS YOUR HARNESS SOFT AS A GLOVE TOUGH AS A WIRE BLACK AS A COAL Sold by Dealers Kverywhere.The Imperial Oil Co.Limited EUREKA | HEXRNESsS OIL LESAGE FERTILIZERS.One bag (125 lbs.) Lesage\u2019s Fertilizer, contains as much plant food as 3 loads manure.Now is the time to place your order.If there is no agent in your town, write direct to the Company.ACTIVE AND RELIABLE AGENTS WANTED.Dealers and importers of THOMAS PHOSPHATE POWDER.Lesage Packing & Fertilizer Co., LIMITED Head office, 53 St.Paul St., Montreal.rE] For The Boy N A LOUDEN LITTER CARRIER changes barn N drudge into child\u2019s play.With powerful worm gear (an exclusive Louden feature) 1 pound pull on the chain lifts 40 pounds in box\u2014a boy can hoist half a ton.Raises and lowers any distance up to 25 feet.Stands where put; can't fall, Fill the box, raise\u2019it and give it a shove.It carries the load out of the barn to manure spreader or litter heap, wherever you i want it; dumps load automatically and returns to you, he Louden Way 5c rae 3 y Cleanliness, #8 Economy end Profit in the barn.Our 40 years experience (87) in fitting barns is at your service for the asking.Send us rough SFOUNU PL&UL OL SOUL vik n dou We will send you price.We make full line of stalls and stanchions, hayZtools_and foor hangers Write For catalog of Barn Equipment, Louden Machinery \u20aco., gue oitario.à D Lil Li Lu 9% for NEAR AAC THE Rock CITY ToBACCO >= © @MDOUEBEC XVI THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE MORT HF rer pT [HH In p= ; 22 : 2 LS THISPLANTIN MONTREAL STANDS BACK OF EVERY | NORTHERN RURAL'PHONE | [| HIS is the immense Canadian factory where Northern Electric Rural Telephones are made\u2014in fact, where ninety per cent.of the telephones used in Canada come from.Our big organization, with its branches extending straight across Canada, 1s ready to help you in every detail of the formation and construction ofa rural telephone line in your own community.Not only will we help you with your company-organization, line-con- struction, instrument-installation, etc., but our men are ready to give you much personal help out of their own telephone experience.With the help we offer, you can easily interest your friends and neighbors and operate This is the make of instrument that is on the wall of nine out of every ten telephone users in Canada.Send For our Book À TREE \u201cHow to Build Rural Telephone Lines\u2019 is an illustrated, cloth- bound book of one hundred pages, full of a carefully indexed mass of information on rural telephones.This book tells you absolutely everything in detail.No other book in existence deals so thoroughly with the subject from your standpoint.While this book has been costly to produce and we really ought to charge for it, we will send it free to anyone who, by sending us the coupon, proves that he is really interested.farmer in your district can have just as perfect telephone connection as if living in the city.With the management entirely in your own hands, you and your friends can regulate the cost of operating the line.Send us the coupon to-day and iet us send you the book by return of mail with our compliments.THE os The Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company Limited Gentlemen: Please send me FREE, one copy of your 100-page bound and illustrared book î on \u2018How To Build Rural Telephone Lines.\u201d 238 238 40) Post Office.PO EST TETTE Province.ano MANUFACTURI Manufacturer and supplier of all apparatus and equipment used in the construction, operation and maintenance of Telephone, Fire Alarm and Electric Railway Plants.Address our nearest house Send your own self-maintaining telephone system.Us The .Coupon You And Your Neigh- Let Us Show You Just Now bors Can Form Your Own How You Can Do It n and give you all the detailed information Telephone Company you need.When you have read \u201c How To Build Rural Telephone Lines.\u201d Every To Build Rural Telephone Lines,\u201d you will have at your finger ends a mass of information that will enable you to give your friends, positive, definite facts, and make everyone around you anxious to help.All it needs to get a telephone system going is for some one progressive man to start the movement.You be that man.Send us the coupon.Tec NG CO , LIMITED, Toronto Winnipeg Regina Calgary Vancouver "]