The Journal of agriculture and horticulture, 1 février 1914, dimanche 1 février 1914

[" \u201c T OURNAL | \u201cAGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTUR > Volume 17.FEBRUARY 1st, 1914 Number 8 re \u2014 To \u2014 - = \u2014 oz PN 73 7 ~ 2 > aa mar\u201d.83 A 35 ai a Se 2 su a Ce 2 5 a æ = ok x: ® , = 3 = Ry Re = #2, = 2 3%, % Ë Ne 6 4, es sé ee 5 >, a r » 3, A x oH isd hi æ : i © x \u20183 Es a i no pt es ue att & Eo og Fier wi 27 EY A + se = .SN i i bE 3 2 fe += a = = ; A # ee ss ee à : he: ks 0) ré sign Ÿ oii 3% 2 = 4 es ee, £3 Yo 2 a en LE 7 WE SR ES £a, À or i 2 23 A SER 353 2 a 2 = 3 = A x ib A br À 5 #- 2 = > or Si sr LR 3x + 27 2 RES RE 3, He a \u201cBy 3 be A, a = 5 oe js 2 .ce SE, nt sr 5 Se an & a, 24 Le 5 SA 1e D Sar X, 8 x i a rs He Ln LEE in i + oF 7 2 \u201cori = 33 i Res i % Lo 0e se 5 = Be 2 a! 5 3 a.sn x 5 Re LA i x on ox sé ait Ky ce A i ig oon x Se 4 a hy A a 2 5 if Ry 2 Ps 2 = ee Ese 3 Ps 2 ar A os hi tas SE eme ss i 2 Doro, Ay: i x = 2 oot \"are rer Rae ih Bs qe vos ENS ze pt fa Wen 5 ATER BA ce = Foe ogy Wc 5 2e or iin ci 2 wg 2 cons Ay i > 26 rs ses Re Re sSmtre: SN tir 5 = Se Von, © ig de oi = $ 5 VA ed Es a ce pus, 52) Fa ne irs 0 \u2014 NA Yh ol = frs hi: os i: ie jac 5 A; Aver iS recov is yy ar nl i es © + ae nées es > 55 ne 4 a, Ps te RY, NY SH No: Ne iF my wr i; PS an AS ne ver Ft Gah i bi a enri hg 3 = o> = en Je he.Sud AY 3 Ri Re ne oo) Apt DES Red ve a 5 se of See by Ne dot fe SN sas os Gk i 7 a jay nd LR Xe 55 7 a ss, = a N Sot, A 5 GS 7 Hs.prs a] 2 na = ie ERS a es 2 Ÿ éme) eu Sa ce 2e va ses on [A ES ER - [5 Re po ikl Le, ie 4s x 2 Para ca 5 SR a TI = Xe Se tes het es i .PUBLISHED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.æ Le Eee pee THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE WIRE FENCE Direct From Us Freight Paid and Save Money END your next fence order to the nearest PAGE Branch.Buy for cash at the lowest prices ever made on GOOD fence.Get the genuine well-known high-grade PAGE FENCE\u2014the kind that lasts a life-time.You pay no more for this splendid fence than you'd pay for common fencing.Yet the PAGE FENCE will outwear several ordinary fences.A PAGE F ENCE, in the long run, saves you several times its present low first cost.And never before has fence of this quality, been sold direct by the THESE PRICES SUBJECT TO ADVANCE WITHOUT NOTICE makers at these low prices.Lowest Prices For Good Fence Study the prices quoted below for genuine PAGE WIRE FENCE.Compare with them the prices of other fences: Remember that PAGE WIRE FENCE is the finest farm fence ever made.That it will outlast several ordinary fences.The more thorough your price comparisons are, the more strongly you realize that PAGE prices are the lowest at which GOOD wire fence has ever been sold.| Page Guarantee s With Every Rod Irence goes this guarantee: \u201cIf PAGE Fence proves defective, return it and get your money back\u2019.No quibble \u2014 no strings \u2014 no red tape \u2014 to this iron-clad guarantee.We can give it with absolute confidence, because PAGE l'ence is the best fence made.Big carbon - steel wires, woven under uniform tension\u2014with evenly spaced uprights\u2014non-slip- ping knots\u2014and the best galvanizing money can insure; these make PAGE l'ence good for a life-time, while ordinary fences may reed replacing every five or ten years.PAGE CATALOG 104 pages, illustrating and describing a hundred useful things for the farm.Many of them aren't carried by your dealer.All are sold at remarkable low prices for cash.Write to-day for this catalog.TORONTO ST.JOHN ST) PAGE HEAVY FENCE \u2014 = yg £,.No.9 Pare ire iron ehont in 20.30 and 40 = $3 CE 22 2 Spacing of Horizontals \u201cin Inches ZE 4| 30| 22 |10,10,10.| $0.18 5| 87| 22 18,9,10,10.| .20 6] 40] 22 6 1.8)8,9,9.ee ee Le 23 T| 40| 22 15, 516, 7, 7, TL, 8.oa 25 7| 48| 22 15,64, 714,9,10,10.cL 25 8 42/ 22 16,6,6,6,6,6, 6.0.28 8| 42| 16146, 6, 6,6,6,6,6.La VAR ee a aa a ee 30 8| 47; 22 14,5,5,7,8%,9,9.28 9] 48! 22 16,6,6,6,6,6,6,6.31 9| 48] 161416,6,6,6,6,6,6,6.0.33 9| 51| 22 |4, 4, 5, 515, 7, 815, 9,9.Ee 31 10] 48| 22 13,3,3,4,515,7,7, Ts, 8.FE 33 10| 51) 22 |3,38,3,4,516,7,814,9,9.33 EDIUM WEIGHT FENCE No.ÿ Top and Bottom, and No.12 High Carbon Horizontals between; No.12 Uprights; No.11 Locks.6) 36] 161416, T7, 7, 8, 8.iii 2% 5| 36] 1614!8, 8, 10, 10.iii eee 19 6| 42] 1614617, 7,8, 10,10.Ld 21 T| 42] 161416, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8.viii ieee 24 T1026] 8 13,3,4,5,5,06.00 LL La aa Le C25 8| 48] 1614614,5,6,7,8,9, 9.ci LL 28 9 36, 12 |3,3,3,4,5,6,6,6.29 9| 50] 161413, 4, 5,6, 7,8, 9,9.30 10] 54] 1614i3,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,9.co.32 | | | Special Poultry Fencing | Abi Bottom.Intermediates, No.13.Uprights 18! 48| 8 Close bars .44 201 60] 8 Close bars.49 | | Staples | | Staple || 125-1b.box, freight paid.| 80 | | Brace Wire | | | |25-1b.rolls, freight paid.75 | | i Stretching Tools | | |Complete labor-saving outfit, ft., pd.8.50 | | | Page \u201cRailroad\u201d Gates | | | | 48| |10-ft.opening .4.00 | 48| |12-ft.opening.4.20 | 48| -413-ft.opening .4.45 | 48, \u2018|14-ft.opening.= sr 4.75 | | | .Any of these FENCES painted white or green at 2c.a rod extra 507 Notre Dame St.W., - PAGE WIRE FENCE CO.LTD.MONTREAL.WALKERVILLE WINNIPEG bustards.BRONZE turkeys (one male and two females) from $10.00 to 515.00.Eggs for hatehing, $3.00 10; $4.00 for 15.Red Rhode Island, errs brood, $2.00; Game Cornish, $1.50.Hens and cockerels of all breeds, always in stock: geese and ducks.1 buy wild and domestieal Write to-LA IFERME AVICOLE, YAMASKA, St.Hyacinthe, Que.THE SYNDICATE of St.Peter Broughton want to sell its beautiful purebred Canadian Stallion, known and registered under the | ONE erossed-bred name Louis ler and Nao, 526.This stallion was winning first prize in three counties and is to DELPHIS ROY.Page Fence Reaches You Quickly When you order PAGE FENCE direct you get it without delay.Because we ship it from fully-stocked PAGE Warehouse near you \u2014 not from a factory hundreds of miles away.You know what it means to be held up for fence in your busy season.PAGE Warehouses cover Canada from St.John to Vancouver.No matter where you live, there\u2019s an immense stock of PAGE Fence near you, ready to ship at a moment\u2019s notice.Send Your Order To The Nearest Page Branch Mail your order \u2014 with check or money \u2014 to be nearest PA GE Branch.Tear out this price list, and mark on it what you want to avoid mistakes.Get a lc.per rod discount for car lot orders.Get immediate shipmenteto your railway station \u2014 freight paid on 20 rods, 200 lbs.or over- If you want te order through your dealer, we'll allow him lc.per rod for handling your order.Best order to-day\u2014before these low prices go up.Send your order to the nearest PAGE Branch.2 FOR SALE Percheron stallion, five- Ayrshire Bulls fit for service, year-old, black color, weight 1820 lbs, very one of the finest specimen of its breed.Apply Well trained.Apply to JOSEPH BEAUCHE- MIN, Ste Julie, Verchéres County.FOR SALE also calves, Oxford Down Rams, Yorkshire pigs.Apply to R.SINTON, Manager or Hon.W.OWENS, Proprietor, 4026 Dorchester West, Montreal. PROFITMAKING Dairy Equipment Up-to-date dairy equipment brings bigger profit to users, because it saves time and insures higher grade products.We carry a very complete line of all requisites for the creamery, cheese factory, dairy and milk dealer, all of the highest grade, because we know it does not pay the dairyman to buy equipment of any other kind.The De Laval Line of Dairy, Creamery, and Farm Supplies VICTOR CHURNS.The best butter No dairy without a with the least work can be made with silo is fully equiped.the Victor Churn.Both churns the butter The Ideal Green Feed .JA Silo has been longest and works it.Years of churn building i ; on the market.The experience back of it.Large sizes for best and most popular all creameries and smaller sizes for farm silo made in Canada.&-\" dairies.All sizes.Lo 2; bol ; q f DE LAVAL WHEY SEPARATORS turn waste into profit.Every cheese factory should instal! one.Butter made from whey cream brings a good price and the butterfat recovered from the whey will more than pay for the machine the first year.Our line of creamery, dairy, cheese factory, milk dealer\u2019s and farm equipment is most complete.We shall be pleased to mail complete catalog if you will write advising what supplies you require.DE LAVAL DAIRY SUPPLY CO., Ltd.LARGEST MANUFACTURERS OF DAIRY SUPPLIES IN CANADA Exclusive Canadian distributors.of the \u201cWorld Standard\u201d De Laval Cream Separators MONTREAL PETERBORO WINNIPEG VANCOUVER i Knife Crinders International Harvester Manure Spreaders HE THC LINE [XIE RNATIONAL Harvester ma- MACHINES nure spreaders have a score of good Binders, Reapers Headers, Mowers Rakes, Stackers Hay Loaders Hay Presses CORN MACHINES Planters, Pickers Binders, Cultivators Ensilage Cutters Shellers, Shredders TILLAGE features in their construction.Each one is the result of careful field experiment.An 1 H C spreader is low enough for easy loading, yet it has plenty of clearance underneath.\u201cThe rear axle is well under the load, rear wheels have wide rims and Z-shaped lugs, insuring good traction under all conditions, Frame, wheels, and all driving Combination, parts are of steel.Apron tension is adjusted by a P he pud Spring-Tooth, simple device.Winding of the beater is prevented Cultivators by large diameter, and beater teeth are strong, square GENERAL LINE and chisel-pointed.Gil and Gas Engines International manure spreaders are built in several styles and sizes, low or high, endless or return apron, Manure Spreaders à | [ for small farms or large.Examination will show Cream Separators Farm Wagons sturdiness of construction in every detail.Repairs Motor Trucks if ever needed, may always be had of the local dealer.Grain Drills Examine International spreaders at the dealer'sec rinders We will tell you who sells them, and we will send you interesting catalogues.1.Binder Twine: \u2018 International Harvester Company of Canada, Ltd At Hamilton, Ont.; London, Ont.; Montreal, P.Q.; Ottawa, Ont.; St.Jokn, N.B.; Quebec, P.Q.RAE ARN NOE TY DOT RUS I Re A re EN i ana rr EN BUILD TO LAST ONE HUNDRED YE RS But BT Steel Stalls and Stanchions in your cow stable, and, with cement floors and walls, it will stand the wear and tear for a century.Not even fire can destroy it.There will be no rotting boards to disfigure the appearance.No broken planks to be repaired.And your stable will be sobright and clean and Sanitary that your cows will be far healthier.They\u2019ll give far more milk, and far better milk, too, B T Galvanized Stable Equipment BT Steel Cow Stalls are galvanized to make them practically indestructible.The galvanizing material enters right into the pores of the metal, so the moisture can\u2019t affect the stalls and they always look as good as new.Made of heavy 2-inch steel tubing, guaranteed to stand the heaviest strain.BT Steel Stalls are ten times easier to install than wood.With only the help of a boy you can put in 20 of them in 2 hours.You can remodel your barn yourself if you use BT Steel Stalls, There are many more interesting facts about these stalls.Let us send big, illustrated book, free, telling all about them.WRITE TO-DAY FOR FREE BOOK NO.21.Free Book show many fine views of modern barns, with BT Galvanized Stalls, Bull Pens, Calf Pens, Cow Pens, Water Bowls, and Horse Stable Fittings.Also ask for Free Book \u201cHow to Build a Dairy Barn\u201d telling how to lay cement floors and walls, frame your barn, ventilate it, ete.Both free for your name and address on a post card.State if building or remodelling, and how many cows you will keep.Write to Wm.GRAY SONS CAMPBELL, Limited MONTREAL, QUE.œ.: ren + a x PR | A Fearn Pa, Ts À pr rer li wet breeds STR LA + A A AL SE - g pe ne Eg iv.\u2018 # RE meurent tue, g \" TTT rr PD Rai SN - 130-Egg Incubator and Brooder to\" $13.90 If ordered together we send both machines for only $12.90 and we FREIGHT 8, pay all freight and duty charges to any R.R.station in Canada.AND DUTY \u2018We have branch warehouses in Winnipeg, Man.and Toronto,Ont.PAID Orders shipped from nearest warehouse to your R, R.station.RE Hot water, double walls, dead-air space between, double glass 3 doors, copper tanks and boilers, self-regulating.Nursery under | \" egg tray.Especially adapted to Canadian climate.Incubator and Brooder shipped complete with thermometers, lamps, egg testers\u2014ready to use when you get them.Five year guarantee\u201430 days trial.Incubators finished in natural colors showing the hixh grade California Redwood lumber used\u2014not painted to cover inferior material.If you wiil compare our machines with others, we feel sure of your order.Don\u2019t buy until you do this\u2014you\u2019ll save money} FE sa \u2014it pays to investigate before you buy.Remember our price of 613,90 is for both Ineubator and = Brooder and covers freight and duty charges.Send for FREE catalog today, or send in your order and save time, Writeur todsy.WISCONSIN INCUBATOR CO., Box 220 , Racine, Wis., U.S.A. IV THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE §5< 5% f5< ( b fu ( & puit \\ ig ( Hitch Your Sleeping Schedule to Big Ben Big Ben will wake you early enough \u201cgood morning'® ring calls millions of live wires to for profitable hefore-breakfast action.action.Thousands of successful farms are run on His le sret J starts the dav a Big Ben schedule.He starts vou off right in the Is gentle get-up cass starts the da morning and keeps you right all day.From \"Sun with a fying start on thousands of up\u201d to Lights out\u201d be regulates your day, He'll farms work for 36 hours at a stretch and overtime, if .necessary.\u2018The only pay he asks is one drop of For your accommodation he rings oil a year.TWO WAYS.He'll get vou up by degrees or mm a hurry.Set him either way you wish\u2014to give one long five- minute ring, or ten short ring, ut onc-half-minute intervals, until vou>re wide awuke.He is sturdy and strong\u2014built to lart a lifetime.Yet under his dust-preof steel coat is the most delicate \u201cworks.\u201d That's why his vin-the-dot accuracy has won bim fame.Big Ben's wonderful sales 2re due to his having \u201cmade good.** His bigzest hit has been with folks with the \u2018make good\u2019 habit.He stands for sue- He stands 7 inches tail: is triple-nicket plated cess-\u2014thats why yowIllike lim for a friend.over a tested implement steel coat, the handsomest ; Les ee nu and truest thoroughbred in the clock world.He When 3 million families find Big Ber a good has big, bold numerals and hands that show the clock to buy and 20,000 dealers: prove he's a good time plainly at a glance, large keys thatanyone can wind easily, and such a pleasant tone that you are glad to get up when he calls, clock to sell, it's evidence that he is worth 22,00 nf your money.Suppose you trade $3.00 for Limtoday.A community of clockmakers stands back of him, Their imprint, Mode in La Salle, Hlinois, by Hoest- eux, ts the best alarm-clock insurance you can buy.Big Ben makes early rising easy.He's the leader of the carly morning brigade.His cheerful N72 1, 7 THE STLELTRDUOH E MACHINE Cot?3 # TANKS FOR EVERY PURPOSE Fig.1 We are proud of our well-deserved reputation as makers of high-grade tanks for every of the leaky and unsanitary wooden tank.by beads instead of hoops No place for dirt t> accumulate.variety of sizes or to your order.to strength.h az pas of rags Sn rf ' 1) \u201cNa an Le TRE STELLYABUGH MACHINE Colm.| bia 20 qe ale \"| LEE > Hy e L'5j AS Lee > JAZ, Fig.3 WAGON WATER TANKS (Fig.3).Cover supported with angle steel.Fitted with man hole and outlet.Strong bulk heads.MILK COOLING TANKS (Fig.4).Cools milk rapidly and keers it at proper temperature.Clean, sanitary and durable.À real convenience to the Duiryman.GASOLINE TANKS (Fig.5).For underground storage.A first-class tank that willnot rust.Thoroughly rivetted and soldered.We sell the best Sel{-MCeasurirg Pump on the Market.These are only a few cf our many tanks.Let u3 now your requirements.The Steel Trough & Machine Co.Ltd.À F4 155 James St., Tweed, Ont.F6 i FA Write for ; \\f Ee er A 175 Catalogue.if WZ Toy (= a once \u201c yy pui, | Wt fo à Y63 7 ot 2a) \u201d ol mn = 2 = = Zr WA Zl WwW 7 » UE ay 8 71 purpose.May we quote on your requirements for sheet steel or galvanized tanks ?They have taken the place ROUND GALVANIZED STOGK TANKS (Fig.1).Added strength assured BARN TANKS OR CISTERNS (Fig.2).Made from heavily imported galvanized steel.Absolutely water-tight.Thoroughly rivetted and soldered.Finished with heavyangle iron, greatly adding \u201c 2 ry Woy RO PIN Ina gassssssssss AHAALLAAALL GLELLLEE0L00L202000800000000000000008000000048440008000844400000440 + SYDNEY BASIC SL'AG \u20ac $ THOMAS PHOSPHATE) Ÿ The ideal Fertilizer for clay and muck soils and wet sour land.4 Wherever used last season gave wonderful results.$ Hundreds of Quebec Farmers will fertilize with Sydney Basic Slag this Spring.\u20ac Apply it to your wornout Pastures.4 Use it on all Grain crops and Turnips.$ There is no necessity to use foreign Basic Slag when you can buy Basic Slag manufactured in Can- 4; ada.Support your own industries.$ On sale by: QUEBEC :\u2014P.T.LEGARE, Limited.MONTREAL :\u2014A.GUERTIN, 534 Notre Dame St.: UTIFOSTHTTHSTHTHHTHSSFHVHRVGSTHFPTFTHTHHSHHHTHHH ISIS SSIES SSSI PFIITTIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIY Br In-Foal Mares INSURANCE FF ALI: the losses owners are liable to, none can be LESS PREVENTED OR MODIFIED in any manner whatsoever THAN LOSS BY FOALING.Notwithstanding the best care and attention, although a mare MAY HAVE FOALED many times successfully, she is always a cause of worry and anxiety to the owner through the fear of LOSING BY DEATH the often very HIGH CASH VALUE OF THE BEAST, not to mention service fee, care and expenses incurred for no avail.WHY RISK LOSS when a payment of a few dollars in premiums would COVER YOT sh happen.Reduce the amount OF THE RISK by insuring, only risking thereby the OF THE PREMIUM if the mare foals allright.We issue 30 days, 6 months and 12 months policies with or without cover on foal.Write for address of nearest agent.HEAD OFFICE THE GENERAL ANIMAL INSURANGE CO.OF CANADA, All kinds of livestock insurance transacted.71a St.James St.Montreal, Que SUCH ould it LOSS ~ 8 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE \\4 mess \u2014 \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014 C\u2014O ae £ FREE Premium of : Le \u201cCanada\u201d The ALPHA Gas Engine \u2014\u2014 AT YOUR CHOICE : FOR MEN An engine which is so well built that you can always depend on STRAIGHT PIPE (Briar it; which is so simple that a boy can run it; that can be run on either and Amber).gasoline or kerosene; an engine that starts on the magneto and that CROOKED PIPE (Briar does not stop until you want it to.and Amber).AUTOMATIC STITCHER (always ready.ENO =U) FOR WOMEN EEN ROCK CRYSTAL, beads with golden setting.PRAYERS BOOK, with shagreen cover and gilt- edged.KITCHEN SETS ( Hatchets, knives, forks, etc).Hopper Cooled, Semi-portable Alpha Engine Furnished in sizes from 2 to 18 Horse Power, BIG folder, printed in French, and handsomely illustrated is now on the press.If CONDITIONS .One car subscri tion£to i A you want to know all about a reliable gas engine for farm use, send to our 5 \u2014 wR I nearest office for it.It\u2019s free.Le CANADA Weeklv DE LAVAL DAIRY SUPPLY CO.Ltd.73 St James Stre et LARGEST MANUFACTURERS OF DAIRY SUPPLIES IN CANADA \u2019 \u2019 MONTREAL PETERBORO WINNIPEG VANCOUVER Circulation Dept.MONTREAL __ NHE GEOR GE#SHINGLE pp A = N TALK No.1 on the \u201cGeorge\u201d cu.Shingle In last issue we gave you a general talk on Pedlar's Perfect Products.Now we are planning a few chats on the many points of excellence of the \u201cGEORGE\u201d and \u201cOSHAWA\u2019 Metal Shingles.We want to emphasize right now, the positive FOUR.SIDE interlocking device\u2014 so easy to adjust\u2014so rigid and waterproof when placed in proper position.Dust and chaff cannot lodge in the joints.Rain cannot get underneath to draw Pedlar\u2019 I the nails.It is a self-cleaning, sanitary roof, hi s Meta Water is carried down without possibility of a leak in the beaded groove of the S ingles protect you joint on to the next shingle below, preventing leakage and damage to building and from fire, wind contents, ; .The big \u201cGEORGE\u201d Shingle (24 @ water and lightning.x 24\") is specially made for your barns The All Perfect and big buildings, but the M I .\u201cOSHAWA\u201d Shingle (16\u201d x 20\") eta Shingle-No of identical pattern and quality Greater Cost, but is equally efficient for .smaller buildings.greater service and .° Large and varied stocks al- satisfaction.ways carried at Oshawa, Montreal,Toronto,Chatham London, Quebec, Calgary, Halifax, St.John, Sydney, Ottawa and Winnipeg.Get our Prices on Siding, Corrugated Iron Vents, Eaves- trough, Conductor Pipe, Finials and Or- * naments, Every article is standa:d mmm em throughout Canada.The Pedlar People LIMITED AV A , A Py NA AAD) Dl dnb DAL NL O:h ITED tari Va ; sa LU shawa ntario J > ¥ ; CAGE DEA NN Established 1861 à VI | THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE | 12 and 16 Gauge ANY BRANDS OF BAKING The Safest Breech-Loading Hammerless \u2014E POWDER CONTAIN ALUM WHICH Gun Built! \u201cPump\u201d = IS AN INJURIOUS ACID.THE IN- === we \u20ac GREDIENTS OF ALUM BAKING \\ Guns A A OMPOSED Orn POWDER ARE SELDOM PRINTED 2 gr HBA Ri) 0\u201d EX | ON THE LABEL.IF THEY ARE, THE ee a ES 3 a .{ i ALUM IS USUALLY REFERRED TO : nes oN Six AS SULPHATE OF ALUMINA OR Tea ° \\ )) : Quick SODIC ALUMINIC SULPHATE.Mer, 77 \u2014 Shots! ee hammerless repeating , shotgun is a fine-appearing, beautifully-balanced gun, without any objectionable humps or bumps; no holes on top for gas to blow out through or water to get in ; can\u2019t freeze up with rain, snow or sleet; its solid steel breech (not a shell of wood) permits a thoroughly symmetrical gun without sacrificing strength or safety; it is the safest breech-loading shotgun ever built.It is Hammerless with Solid Steel Breech (inside as well as out)\u2014Solid Top\u2014Side Ejection \u2014Matted Barrel (which costs $4.00 extra on other guns)\u2014Press Button Cartridge Release\u2014 (to remove loaded cartridges quickly from magazine without working through action) Double Extrac- tors\u2014Take-Down Feature\u2014Trigger and Hammer Safety.Handles rapidly ; guaranteed in shooting ability: price standard Grade \u201cA\u201d 12-gauge gun, $22.60; 16-gauge, $24.00.Send 3 stamps postage for big catalog describing all 7%.re ° PONS 7 Harlin 7 se shotguns (hammer and hammer- e Lin fire Go, ess), à repeating rifles, etc.Do it now! 81 Wiliow Street, New Haven, Conn, FC E\u2014\u2014 Are you anxious to save Time and Money on the Work you are doing on your Farm at present and to get Larger Crops from your Farm or Orchard ?If so, let us send you Free of Charge our Pamphlets on the use of TUMPING POWDER \u2014\u2014USED FOR\u2014\u2014 REMOVING STUMPS AND BOULDERS DIGGING WELLS AND DITCHES PLANTING AND CULTIVATING ORCHARDS BREAKING HARD PAN, SHALE or CLAY SUE- SOILS, Etc.Etc.Figure yourself what Clearing your Farm is costing now or what you are losing in crops through not clearing Write Us About Arranging Demonstrations CANADIAN EXPLOSIVES, Limited MONTREAL, P.0.MAGIC BAKING POWDER CONTAINS NO ALUM THE ONLY WELL-ANOWN MEDIUM- PRICED BAKING POWDER MADE IN CANADA THAT DOES NOT CONTAIN ALUM, AND WHICH HAS ALL ITS INGREDIENTS PLAINLY STATED ON THE LABEL.ANT 57 PEK E11 Coun ay LNT?od] wi ja LTOROP TO, ONT.ky E.W.GILLETT COMPANY LIMITED {4% WINNIPEG TORONTO, ONT.MONTREAL, CoN or it aa VE TAIN SX WT AO DE EEE IST UE ASE DEEE no NO A ETE Ce Er MG er and Feeding Floors Enable you to raise bigger hogs and better pork without heavier feeding.A concrete feeding floor permits the animals to clean up a// the feed without waste, and climinates the possibility of your hous contracting disease.To you they .Mean Bigger Profits Hog houses of concrete are sanitary, easily cleaned, maintain an even temperature and give plenty of .nu light and air, which tend to better the quanty of pork.Concrete will not rust or rot.Never needs repairs or painting.It wi] outwear any other material for farm structures.Write for this beautifully illustrated f ee book \u201c\\Vhat the Farmer can do with Concrete.\u2019* It shows how to build Hog Houses, Feeding Floors and many other things the farmer needs.Farmer's Information Bureau Canada Cement Company Limited 573 Herald Building, Montreal qua Whine et a HH A ve You'll be prouder than ever of your (TCO, woodwork when you clean it with fC PORTLAND g PORTLAND ai Vos Pa 4 ALT =) GOLD DUST A It quickly dissolves and removes all dirt | | | \\ 1 and grease, and cleans everything.GRAIN AND SEED GRAIN 2, D vec ef 7 ONE = 5c and larger packages.Q e [ERK FAIRBANK 22a] aD) ; TSI ; MONTREAL .Washing Powder _ \u201cLet the GOLD DUST TWINS do your work\u201d Our stock of grain and seed grain is completed.Please write for our prices before buying elsewhere.SPECIALTIES for farmers\u2019 Clubs.J.B.RENAUD & CO, (Reg.) [18-150 ST.PAUL ST., QUEBEC CURE SEE NE TT POCA: se = { { THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE VII | pratt H 3 a >hurnint \u2014 \u2014 churning that 1s more of a pastime than a labor.That's the kind of churning a MAXWELL'S Adjustable handle\u2014 moveable to centre, right or left, as desired.| NTN Remedies \u201cFAVORITE\u201d does.- The mechanism is so per- Ad fect\u2014so smooth.And it gives splendid results.JA .Pratts Poultry $0 ! RULE ulator, \u2018 ee ( te Pratts Baby Chick \u2019 Food, 25¢ to $5.75 : Pratts quid Lice al Killer, scat.$1 gal.Pratts Powdered Lice Killer, 25c-50\u20ac.N Pratts Roup Cure, ç Bane 25¢-50¢ .- in ho Remedy.5650 FAVORITE\u201d CHURN gow Ever hoea Remedy.25C-50C ; Pratts Poultry Disin- (57 x Z.NS en ZZ .\u2014, a nT : + at is used in thousands of dairies\u2014in Canada\u2014 fectant, $1.50 gal.en ely, Segoe © tT Australia, New Zealand, S.Africa and Denmark.It Prats Head Lice produces butter with a minimum of effort.Used in Pratts Gape Remedy.Agricultural Colleges.Praised by Government Inspectors Strong light steel frame.Prats B tonchic as the finest butter maker in the world.All roller bearings.(not ball) > Remedy, 25¢-50 _ et your dealer to demonstrate the hui atts B b Chi k F d Pratts Condition Tab \u2018unique features of the MANIVELL Dark oak finish with gold I aby 1C 00 Pratts Sore Head : FAVORITE\" (with Bow Lever) = : Brats Sealy Leg \u201cDAVID MAXWELL & SONS, St.Mary's, Ontario Sold in eight sizes.2 is a combination of simple nutritive elements in just the Remedy.25¢-50¢ 3 = - 5 z right proportions to properly feed baby chicks.It is a lot cheaper to SAVE the chicks you have than to hatch out more and lose them too.Improper feeding means weak, puny, stunted chicks or NO chicks.Pratts Baby Chick Food will save the youngsters and hasten their graduation into the producing cless.\u201cYour Money Back if It Fails.\u201d 25¢., 50c.and $1.00 at your dealer's.Pratts Poultry Regulator ensures fertile eggs and more of them If a hen doesn\u2019t want to lay, she simply has to when she gets a little Pratts Poultry Regulator in her system, amd it costs YUU but one .À ceut a month per bird.A _.i ! For 42 years this preparation has stood the test of continuous use, giving universal satisfaction and never \u201cYour Money Back if It Fails.\u201d At your dealer's, 25c., Ste.and $1.00; 25-1b.pail, $2.50; 100-1b.bag, $9.00.PRATT FOOD CO.of Can., Limited TORONTO Send us this coupon, with 10e.to cover postage, wrapping, -etc., and we will \u2018mail vou a copy of our 160-page Poultry Book.injuring the stock.JLT MEN my TIDY UN XIE | Lo NÉ ; : io - a i Coupon \u201cA 15 \u201d 7 qe\u201d |! CS BE Gt TS Lr Zo (as NN : Send me your 160-page Poultry ) ay AN \u20180 = = Book.Enclosed find 10e.in stamps.A Ne NA \u2018NX Wl \u2014 Teas) \\ SAN VS tess err res res eerste sar \"ANAS aw = a SN, SN =A irs EAN Sa AIDE -N SZ 4e > = OEIL Et KING GEORGE NAVY PLUG CHEWING TOBACCO IS IN A CLASS BY ITSELF! Maple syrup and sugar Evaporator it It surpasses all others in quality and flavour because the M process by which it is made differs from others.\u2014It is deli- maple syrup, the maple bush owners must ciously sweet and non-irritating.: In order to- put on: the market first class have # Gauthier Evaporator which one is selling at moderate prices.In sending your SOLD EVERYWHERE: 10c À PLUG early, you wont have any annoyanee or : ROCK CITY TOBACCO Co., Manufacturers, QUEBEC For further information apply to LOUIS GAUTHIER, St.Pie, Bagot Co.To all Farmers: - The Peerless Incubator which is shown here, is now offered for sale, payable in two yearly instalments, the first in November, 1914, the second in November, 1915.It is shipped, complete, freight prepaid, to your nearest station\u2014in Quebec only.- Gan we Offer you a Better Guarantee for this Incubator ?You have heard this Incubator spoken of favorably as being the best.This Incubator will give you a chick for every hatchable egg.It is the easiest Incubator to Peerless Incubator guaranteed for ten years.manage, in fact the only Incubator with which you can make money.BUY IT AT ONCE\u2014YOU CAN PAY FOR IT LATER.In this way, you pay for it out of the profits.Write us at once for our free catalogue, price-list and order-blank.COTE & CO, 2154 St.Denis, Street, Montreal.=. VIII I, AE somme HH Sm {| You've Building to Do | ThisFREE Book (=== ma { METALL] | BUILOING MATERIALS MR Cite Gi EE | 7 is for OU: \"EASTLAKE\" id anew 4 anning 10 build Ww met Perhaps you are Pair an old one sou de ont materials you 1] use til yo decide VA \u201c4 and read this aout have ee uilding materials.FR Met you don't want @ } you = = = = = = = = = = we É i Send for the hook a i Le .£ made building = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = [Stel Shinges | Ce Metallic Rooring Ca rong iS A ea | LIER apa See | ovr er wom os of ind when Di se your mn A î T rou may change SC wind on er that the best vain vos Furie VE once built vo ildings tha en \u201cecay-proof-\u2014bule | ta Ce Cr orever\u2014 May cost wo Mm vi us V nd.you're planning to sp ; \u201cMetal- escribes all E inds of Mes Tes aterials .arn.ne ded for your house and bur nee sur the famous including b \u201d ORIT NOW! (EAST ANGLES EF ICS WRIT METALL for Roofing st-\u2014make corrugated Irom fof Get the facts-\u2014figure on Metter building Corrus and SIE 5e \u201c - ret \u20ac ; fetailic © sure that you cas fes decide.1f yes Mets V'entilators at no greater OF your money by it.; Weather Vanes actor could get Wo 4 quickly SOC v\u2014 jave Trough an this buok you LA write right away, Fave pe Lights wouldn't you?ding you're P anniné Acheson Barn Roof Lig Lei} us what book À Z- s = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = Z S ACT ! \\ pT z EE I BEWARE] LAST DISTRIBUTION OF THE AUTOMATIC STITCHER OF \u201cLE CANADA\u201d.DONT DELAY FOR THERE IS ONLY FEW DOZEN TO SPARE.AI Ni: 7 See advertisement, page VIII.BEATS ELECTRIC HE) ered THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE \u201cLe Canada\u2019s AUTOMATIC STITCHER The subscribers to \u201cLe Canada\u2019, weekly edition, who will pay directly and in advance their subscription for a year, will receive by return mail that awl WHICH IS VERY USEFUL FOR THE FARMER.(VALUE $1.00).Those who dont receive the paper, should take advantage of this offer and send their subscription for a year, $1.00.Send money by postal note or money order.DONT DELAY, NUMBER IS LIMITED LE CANADA.Montreal.10 Days FREE-\u2014Send No Money We don\u2019t ask you to pay us a cent until you have used this wonderful modern light in your own home for ten days, then you may return it at our expense if not perfectly satisfied.We want you to prove for yourself that it gives five to fifteen times as much light as the ordinary oil lamp; beats electric, gasoline or acetylene.Lights and is put out just like the old oil lamp; BURNS 70 HOURS ON 1 GALLON OIL \u201c== Givesa powerful whitelight, burns common coal AG E N TS === oll (kerosene), no odor, smoke or noise, simple, WANT \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014 clean, won't explode.(Guaranteed, ED == = $1000.00 Reward to demonstrate in territory where oii lamps - SN ais 2 will be given to the person who shows us an Way gg 374 970 ~~ are inuse, Experience olllamp equal to this Aladdin in every way (de- CATTLE FATTEN QUICKER T WE BUY when dehorned.They are quieter\u2014 RA PP ERS FOR CASH do not waste energy fighting.The And pay highest prices for Fine KEYSTONE DEHORNER is recom- | @/ Fox, Mink, Martens, Rat, Lynx, mended by the Department of Agrt- |! Wolves and all other Furs, Hides culture as the most effective Instru- America Sens for Fred Fahey in ment on the market.Write for tos an hooklet D.R.H.M'KENNA, 219 and Shipping Tags.No commission Robert St., Toronto, Can, ROGERS FUR COMPANY Dept.282 St Louis, 0 unnecessary.Many s av talls of offer given in our circular), Would we En day erage Bre dare make such a challenge to the world if there $300.00 per month._ was the slightest doubt as to the merits of the One farmer cleared / Aladdin?We want one person in each locality over $800.00 in 6 weeks, Hi mt to whom we can refer customers.Write quic You can make money = T Ju AN M for our 10 Day Absolutely Free Trial Prop- CYenines and spare time.A 7 | Ny oxition, Agents\u2019 Wholesale Prices, and learn - m= D how to get ONE F Write quick for territory and aample.MANTLE LAMP CO., 733 Aladdin Bldg., Montreal & Winnepeg IT A CANADIAN and MEDICINAL FOOD for HORSES, COWS, HOGS, SHEEP, FOWLS.Nourishes, strengthens, fattens, prevents sickness.Ask for free VETERINARY BOOKLET.Dr.Ed.Morin Co.\u2014 jets a me {IL Ramm | anism.a sigh ene Lette LE mn = = \\ Er AT a Vl \u2014 Wh) (lh) | Y\u2014 Le 1 | [_W._JP™\u201d THE FENCE AL), fl Ld AL IN Read These Letters Gentlemen \u2014I have handled your fence for four years and find it a good, strong, durable fence, and that the galvanizing is first-class.[Fla THAT'S STRONG-YET J\u201d SPRINGY AS A BED SPRING! Animals can\u2019t break through it no matter how hard their attacks.simply can't be broken, It Just springs back in shape like a bed spring.It's made of heavy Open Hearth steel galvanized wire with all the impurities taken out and all the strength and toughness left in.bottom wires are extra heavy.Absolutely guaranteed.Will not corrode or rust, Will not sag.Top and Requires less posts than ordinary fence.Here\u2019s Proof of Our Statements In referring to this I have a fence that I Limited, QUEBEC.RP AS AS Tr pine À tu Age - > put on four years ago across a gully and the water is as high ns the second wire and it is not rusted nor broken yet.I had a team of heavy horses that ran into your fence last sumer and did not break or damage it in the least, and I am glad to say that in the four years [ have handled your wire I have had no complaints about it.I remain, Yours truly, Bowesville, Ont, DAVID CUMMINGS customers.Rend for entalog today.W.MADDER \u2018These are but a few of the strong testimonial letters we have received from our thousands of satisfied Maybe we have some from your vicinity.Ask us for them.gates and ornamental gates.Remember our products are all absolutely guaranteed.Agencies nearly everywhere, Agents wanted In open territory.BANWELL-HOXIE WIRE FENCE CO., Ltd, Winnipeg, Man, Gentlemen :\u2014Ahout four years ago a fence was put up of your make on one side of a road and I may say today it is just as good as ever it was.Now on the other side of the road is a fence put up at the same time, but not yours; it looked nice at the first, hut today yon would not know that fence or think it the same.It is both breaking down and rusted.This is just to show that your fence is the best and will wear and I think credit should be placed where it is duo, Yours truly, Madford, Man.We also make poultry fence, farm MS Hamilton, Ont.EE i 14] the reading columns must be addressed to Prof, W.ISSUED FOR RATES MONTHLY OF ADVERTISEMENTS, BY THE ETC., ADDRESS DEPARTMENT OF ( , THE CANADA AGRICULTURE PUBLISHING CO.PR OVINGE Limited, CE OF 73 St-Jacques, QUEBEC.Montréal.== YAGRICULTURE Circulation - 98,950 Lochhead, Macdonald Col- FRENCH, 89,500 lege P.O., Be a or AND HORTI C ULTURE ENGLISH, 9,450 Volume 17.FEBRUARY 1st, 1914.Number 8.CORRECTIONS terest they have taken in the movement.The move- attendance is small, the questions are few, and in- HE editors regret that several errors crept into Mr.Gigault\u2019s Report of the recent Convention of Farmers\u2019 Institute Workers at Washington in November last, during its translation into English for the last issue of the Journal of Agriculture.Among the most important errors are the following: In speaking of tobacco, \u201cfermentation\u201d and \u201cfermenting\u201d are used instead of \u201ccuring\u201d, and \u201cstacking\u201d instead of *\u2018in bulk\u201d.Farther on, \u201cControlling Societies\u201d is used instead of \u201cCow- Testing Associations\u201d, and the first sentence should read: \u201cThe Department encourages the farmers to improve the quality of their milch cows.It has organized about one hundred Cow-testing associations.\u201d Under the section Horticulture the term \u201cirrigation of apple and fruit trees\u201d is used instead of \u201cthe spraying of apple and fruit trees\u201d, and \u201cirrigation of peach trees\u201d instead of \u201cspraying of peach trees\u201d.A SCHOOL FOR HORSE-SHOERS cc HAT next?\u201d We hear some of our readers W say impatiently as they read the title of this article.Yet such a school is being conducted just now at Cornell University in New York State and Cornell prides herself on being a very practical institution.When we first heard of it we asked a prominent horse-breeder if there was any need for improvement in the art of shoeing horses.He instantly replied that there was a decidedly great need for better horseshoers for more horses are ruined by improper shoeing than by hard work or poor feeding.This school at Cornell is of the nature of a practical Short Course for so-called experienced horse-shoers and is conducted by a graduate of the Dresden, Germany, School for Horse-shoers.The course deals with the anatomy of the horse\u2019s foot, the treatment of diseased foot conditions, movement and remedial shoeing.It is a well-known fact that much greater attention is given to this important matter in Europe than in America.It is to be hoped that such a School will soon be organized in Quebec, for.as we have said, proper horse-shoeing is a matter of importance to all owners and lovers of horses.Too long have we been entrusting the feet of our horses to inefficient shoers, with the result that diseased hoof conditions and ailments are very common.THE POULTRY INDUSTRY IN QUEBEC T the present time a great revival is in progress in Quebec in the poultry industry.The recent rise in prices of poultry products is fa a large measure responsible for the development, but great credit must be given to the Dominion and Provincial authorities for the practical in- ment originated at Ottawa by the establishment of Poultry Fattening Stations in the different provinces.In this work local provincial men were trained, and these men have been instrumental in stimulating others to devote themselves to the poultry industry.Quebec has been fully abreast of the other provinces in this matter.With the aid of the provincial Department of Agriculture, Rev.Brother Liguori and his associates have done most excellent work in spreading the gospel of successful poultry-keeping throughout the French-speaking districts.Mr.M.A.Jull of the Macdonald College Poultry Department has also been very active in the English-speaking districts.By his efforts and those of the Agricultural Demonstrators many successful egg-circles have been formed in the Eastern Townships and the Ottawa Valley.Not content with this they have also started poultry- circles in connection with several schools, and the interest appears to be spreading.There is not the least doubt that poultry-keep- ing may be made a most profitable line of work, not only for the specialist but for the farmer.Where now a farmer keeps a few birds with uncertain revenue with a little more care and attention he would he able to keep a large and profitable flock.There is no danger that the supply of eggs and dressed poultry will ever exceed the demand.In a recent address by W.A.Brown, Poultry Expert, Ottawa, at the Winter Fair, Guelph, some very interesting facts and figures were given regarding the status of the Poultry Industry in Canada.He stated that while the export of eggs had decreased during the last decade (1901-1911) from 11,363,000 dozen to 92,000 dozen the imports had increased from 951,000 dozen to 2,379,000 dozen.The Province of Quebec actually imported from the United States over 812,000 dozen of eggs during the fiscal year ending March 3lst, 1913.In furtherance of his campaign for better poul- try-keeping in Quebec, Mr.Jull has issued a series of bulletins for the information and guidance oft young poultry-keepers who are members of his juvenile clubs.These bulletins should be very helpful and should do much to stimulate the growth of a most profitable industry.WINTER MEETINGS Ws is the time of conventions, annual meetings and gatherings of many kinds for farmers.At these meetings the results of the past year are placed before them for their criticism and information.Methods are compared and new standards adopted for the coming season.A big difference, however, is otservable in the attitude of farmers towards such meetings.In one section the attendance is large, attentive and interested, as evidenced by the number of questions put to the speakers, while in another section the terest is never developed.What are the reasons for the difference in the two series of meetings?Some of the reasons can be determined without much difficulty, but the others are not patent.The main reason, however, may be put down in this form: \u2014 The district that is helped by the government to such an extent and in such a way that the people have not learned to help themselves is usually one where meetings are poorly attended and uninteresting.In other words, where a district has been spoon-fed by the government the people are seldom responsive.We believe, therefore, that the principle of helping the people to help themselves is the one which should guide the government and all other agencies in their efforts to improve the agricultural condition of any community.As a rule we have been receiving too much of this spoon-feed, not enough of the help that makes for permanent efficiency.We must build up a community esprit de corps, where every person is willing to do his share either as leader or plain private.When such a society is constituted there will be no lack of interest and attendance at meetings held for the express purpose of giving valuable information.Here is a fine field of labour for our Agricultural Demonstrators, our teachers, our preachers and our business men.INCREASED COST OF FOODS N our last issue issue we showed clearly, we believe, that the farmer or producer is quite justified in raising the prices of most of the commodities he sells.He has been long playing a losing game if we take his soil into account; he has asked too little for his services, and he has been content to live on too low a scale.It is possible in some instances to cheapen the cost of production, but the tendency is upward and not downward for the reasons we have given.Although it may be true that the farm could produce much more than it does if it were only managed according to strict scientific and business principles, yet it may he also said truly that the percentage of successful business farmers of the total number of farmers of this country is as high as, or even higher than, that of successful commercial men.In the words of Secretary Houston of Washington, we are \u2018\u2018just passing out of the pioneer stage of agriculture\u2019\u2019, More attention has been paid to the business and scientific side of production than to that of marketing.Agricultural colleges and other agenciea have been instructing the farmers in the science and art of production, but the market end has thus far been too much neglected.As soon as the farmers get wisdom in this matter and co- orerate for the sale of their products in the market, both they and the consumers will fare better.Mr, Clement illustrates this point in the case of CONTENTS DITORIALS\u2014 Corrections; School for Horse- E shoers; Poultry Industry in Quebec; Winter Meetings; Increased Cost of Foods; À New Peat l\u2018ertilizer; The Provincial Association of School Commissioners.RCHARD AND GARDEN.\u2014Factors of Suc- O cessful Fruit-growing; Buying Stock for an Apple Orchard; Wintering Forms of Injurious Insects; The Annual Meeting of the Sugarmakers; Luther Burbank.ARM AND FARM CROPS.\u2014Agriculture in F Compton County; Corn for Ensilage; The Agricultural Outlook in Pontiac County; Drag Saw: Storage Tank in Attic; Hydraulic Ram; Portable Sawmill; Reports of Macdonald College Short Courses; Two IPertilizer Experiments with Mangels; A Report of the Canadian Seed Growers\u2019 Association; Agriculture in Huntingdon County; Officers of the Sherbrooke Exhibition; The Seed Oats Competition of 1913; The Growing of Mang- (ls: The Seed Fair at Huntingdon.IVE STOCK.\u2014Photograph on Front Page; L Canadian Ayrshire Breeders Association; À Good Sale of Holsteins; Larger Yields per Cow; Breeding and Development of Dairy Stock; Stallion lnrolment; Bloat in Cattle; Skin Disease of Cows; Ration for Dairy Cows; Molasses for Horses and Catlle.AIRYING- \u2014 Quebec Cheese in England; D Cheesemaking Competition; Cream Trade Affects the Cheese Industry; Conditions of Churning Vary; Watering Cows.pron Tiey.-Possibilives in Poultry-raising for Women; The Candling of Eggs.OMAN'S WORLD.\u2014New Year Resolutions W for the Spending Partner; Food and Food Preparation; À Letter to the Man Who built our House; Consumption, ( LE INTEREST.\u2014In the Emerald Isle; Farmers\u2019 Institutes for Young People; Farm Labor.NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS Subscribers and members of agricultural societies, of farmers\u2019 clubs and of the Provincial Dairymen\u2019s Association, who do not regularly receive either the English or the French Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture are requested to address their complaints to the Secretaries of their respective Societies, who will transmit them to the Secretary of the Council of Agriculture at Quebec.-\u2014 _ 2 M 150 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE apples (see his article in another page) , and shows where the high price of apples is made up.Of course this matter of high cost of living is complicated by many factors other than those that have been noted.The great influx of rural people into the city, the large immigration of recent years, the emaller purchasing power of gold, and the action of companies in storing products when cheap, have influenced the situation very materially.It is to be hoped that the recently-appointei Royal Commission for the investigation of this matter will be able to bring in recommendations which when crystallized into legislation will afford relief to the consumer.THE NEW PEAT FERTILIZER .B.BOTTOMLEY, Professor of Botany in King\u2019s College, London, has recently discovered a method of \u201cspeeding up\u201d the nitrogen-fixing bacteria in ordinary soil so that greatly increased crops result.It is stated, moreover, that he has taken out a patent to cover this secret process and that he is prepared to send some of the material to purchasers on the receipt of the remittance.For more than a quarter of a century it has been known definitely that certain bacteria, mainly legume bacteria, are able to fix and render available for plants the nitrogen of the air.For this reason leguminous plants such as clovers, alfalfa, peas, vetches, etc., are valuable enrichers of the nitrogen-content of the soil and are important crops in a rotation.Prof.Bottomley\u2019s researches (so the report states) have resulted in the \u201cdiscovery of a medium which, when saturated with the nitrogen-fixing organisms and added to ordinary soil, brings about nitrogen-fixation in a remarkable manner.This medium is obtained by treating peat with certain aerobic soil-bacteria which break down the peat, convert the insoluble \u201chumic acid\u201d into soluble \u201chumates\u201d, and change the acid peat into a neutral mass.The humate- forming organisms, having done their work, are killed off by sterilization.Then this medium is inoculated with a mixed culture of nitrogen-fixing bacteria \u2014 Azotobacter chroococcum and Bacillus radicicola \u2014 and after a few days\u2019 incubation is ready for use.When ordinary soil is mixed with this inoculated peat there is a marked increase in the nitrogen content of the soil\u201d.In addition to its value as a medium for the growth of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, the inoculated peat is said to posses remarkable manurial properties, whether mixed with the soil or used as a topdressing.Apparently the soil may be either watered with an extract of bacterized peat, or manured with prepared peat at the rate of 11-5 tons per acre.In an experiment at Eton School Garden, 11-5 tons per acre of prepared peat are reported to have given 419 more potatoes, 26% more turnips, 28% more carrots, and 387 more onions than 80 tons per acre of farmyard manure! The advantages claimed for the bacterized peat method are (1) It adds active nitrogen-fixing organisms to the soil under suitable conditions for nitrogen-fixation.(2) It stimulates the activities of the nitrogen-fixers already in the soil.(3) It adds direct plant food to the soil, a large amount of the organic vegetable matter of the peat being rendered soluble in the processes of treatment.(4) It directly promotes the root development of plants.(5) It improves the mechanical condition of the soil.Numerous enquiries have already been made as to the practical value of this new peat fertilizer.We have not yet experimented with it to determine if it can do all its discoverer claims for it, and in the meantime we shall keep ourselves in an observant attitude.It would indeed be a wonderful fertilizer if one ton of it contained more fertilizing power than 80 tons of barnyard manure.It is almost too good to be true.Moreover, under present methods of soil inoculation, each legume must have its appropriate bacterial organism present in the soil before it can make normal growth, but with this new peat fertilizer it is claimed that proper conditions are obtained for luxuriant growth of all kinds of plants.THE PROVINCIAL ASSOCIATION OF SCHOOL COMMISSIONERS AND TRUSTEES ANY questions are being asked regarding the wisest mode of procedure for the recently constructed department of School Commissioners and Trustees in connection with the Quebec Protestant Teachers\u2019 Association.The aims of the organization naturally suggest the programme.The new movement for vocational education, whether in the form of training for farming, housekeeping, or a trade, is emphatically the result of a demand for a change in the course of study, a demand not made primarily by experts in education\u2014teachers, preachers, professors cor politicians\u2014but by the peop.e who hitherto have had little to say regarding procedure.Many experiments have already been made and the results recorded in reports and bulletins which can easily be procured.One session of the convention might profitably be devoted to a consideration of recent literature on the subject of vocational training.Valuable information can ke obtained from (a) The report of the Commission on Technical Education, appointed by the Dominion Government.This report is issued by the Labour Department, Ottawa.(b) Reports and bulletins issued by the Ontario Education Department.These include a description of the work done in connection with agricultural education in the Province of Ontario.(e) Bulletins issued by the Bureau of Education, Washington, on vocational movements in the United States.(d) Bulletins on Agriculture and Nature Study issued by the Department of Agriculture, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y.Growing out of a consideration of the foregoing.a number of definite topics for subsequent sessions are naturally suggested, for example,\u2014\u201cThe Consolidation of Rural Schools\u2019\u2019.Helpful additional information on this subject might be obtained from the Stats Department of Education, Boston, Mass., in which state consolidation has been worked out to a satisfactory issue and has been generally adopted.A further discussion of this subject would involve such topics as\u2014method of consolidation, transportation, school buildings, school gardens, home projects, special teachers, etc.Similarly, the subject of technical and trade schools wouid be naturally subdivided into a number of valuable subjects for discussion.Another fruitful line of investigation for the convention might be an enquiry into the existing school conditions in the Province of Quebec, the special difficulties met by trustees in their individual sections and ways in which these mey best be overcome.The experience of Trustees\u2019 Associations in the past has demonstrated that there has been an abundance of profitable and interesting material under this head.This material naturally falls into two grours growing out of city and rural school conditions, and might well he discussed in two sections.S.B.SINCLAIR THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 151 THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD FACTORS OF SUCCESSFUL FRUIT GROWING Part III The Marketing of Fruit E have now come to the end of the chain, and again we must have an anchor to secure our product.The fruit now produced, picked and packed must be sold, but unless this end of the business is properly conducted ali the previous efforts are lost.Selling is a specialized business in its:1f and might well be left with some qualified person.Many Fruit Association have special selling agents.We find them in both Canada and the United States.The hest example is that of the California Fruit Exchange where a very large proportion of the whole output is sold through the Central Organization.Markets for our fruit might be divided into the three divisions: Home markets, Local or Canadian markets and Export markets.In every case the home trade must first be suppl\u2019el.Hundreds of bushels are marketed direct from waggons to consumers\u2019 homes or to the grocery store.The local trade or the markets of the cities in the East and in the Canadian West take a large percentage and the balance is exported.The orchards of Quebec (and Ontario) are scattered, and very few men have alone a sufficient quantity to handle a car or a number of car lots, for in this way the cheapest rates are secured and at the same time an impression is made on the markets.The small scattered orchards gave risa at one time to an army of buyers, sometimes two or three in a district, who purchased the apples from the growers, and packed and collected them at central points.These buyers in turn usually, and especia\u2019ly the smallest of them, sold to a larger buyer who exported them.Competition hecame very kean and the prices of apples were low.It has been said that the buyers were organized and kept prices down to just above the cost of production.However this may have been, many buyers lost money and were forced out of business.Prices were so low that orchards were neg'ected and many were cut down and used for fire wood.The industry was in this state when co-operative methods were attempted as a last resort hy the growers themselves to get out of a hole.But let us, before discussing co-operation, first trace a harrel of apples from th: producer to the consumer in order that we may first more clearly understand where a share of the profits go.The season of 1912 was a bumper one in the apple business and prices as a rule wera low to the producers.At the same time the consumers did not get them at a correspondingly low price.Suppose the grower received $1.00 for his apples on the tree\u2014about the average of last season; some received as low as 40 cents and some as high as $1.75.The barrel costs 45 cents and the picking, packing and hauling costs 45 cents more.The average freight rate from Ontario points to Winnipeg is 80 cents a barrel, from Que»ec points about $1.00 or more in ordinary cars\u2014more in refrigerator cars.Thus allowing the dealer or buyer a commission of 25 cents a barrel, the cost, laid down in Winnipeg from Ontario and Quebec points, would he approximately $2.95 and $3.15 respectively.The retail price at this time in Winnipeg was $5.25 a barrel (Winnipez Telegram Dez.27th.1912) .The question is, who received the *2.10\u2014difference between f.o.bh.price Winnipeg and the price the Winnipeg consumer paid?One dcilar should he a fair profit for the wholesaler and retailer, 25 cents for the former and 75 cents for the latter.Fifty cents more for the producer and fifty cents saved the consumer would do something toward satisfying the parties most interested.Another case that is an extreme example is that given by Mr.Dan Johnson, President of the Ontario Fruit Growers\u2019 Association of Ontario, 1912.A woman came to him and said that a buyer had been to see her and had offered a lump sum of $125.00 for her apples; she had to board the pickers and packers and haul the fruit to the station.It was admitted this was a low price and Mr.Johnson promised to get her into their Association if possible.He was successful and her entire crop was handled by the Association.Some time later Mr.Johnson received a letter from the woman stating that she had received $1035.00 through the medium of the Association.This was equivalent to $700.00 or more for her fruit on the tree.These examples are quoted to show that with proper management mor: money is to be made by being a member of, or seiling through, a reliable Association.The profit of at least one middleman is saved- I do not mean that middlemen, dealers, commission merchants etc, are thieves, or that they use any methods but thos: that are strictly honest business, but it is the business of the farmer and fruit grower to usa business mathods also and in that way save bis profits.It is stated on good authoritv that twenty-five percent of the apples grown in Western Ontario in the s2ason of 1912 went to wast2.Some wera sold for forty cents a harrel, some for seventy-five and some higher in the unorganizel districts.The Norfolk County Fruit Growers\u2019 Association sold their entire output at $1.75 a barrel; and I believe the quantity was more than fifty thousand barrels.This Association started in a small way\u2014with less than twenty members and in six or seven years had grown to over five hundred members.Why th's difference between the crganized and unorganized districts?Under organization the quantity and the quality of the pack was known.To be sura they were sold to a buyer\u2014a large buyer\u2014and distributed by him.The company that handled the output placed this advertisement before the retailers of the Canadian West: \u201cWe have been very fortunate in securing the exclusive handling of Norfolk apples for Western Canada this year.Every barrel is guarantead to be packed in accordance with the Fruit Marks Act of the Dominion Government.We mean by this that if a barrel is marked No.I's there is no question about it.It will pass any Dominion Government Inspector with flying colors.You have had enough pcor apples and we offer you the \u201cBEST\" at a price that is right.Get in touch with us immediately or see one of our representatives.Do not buy your winter apples until you hear from us\u2019\u2019, This speaks for itsz2If and needs little comment.What has ben done can be repeated, and if experience is worth anything we have this example to follow.F.M.CLEMENT, Macdonald College.BUYING STOCK FOR AN APPLE ORCHARD N choosing varieties for your orchard note what varieties have been grown in your district, or under similar climatic conditions, and with what degree of success.The following are some varieties suitable for Quebec: Yellow Transparent, Red Astrachan, Peach, Duchess and Wealthy are all hardy early-seasoned apples.Following these is the Fall St.Lawrence.Late hardy varieties, Fameuse, McIntosh Red, Patten\u2019s Greening, Alexander, Wolfe River, Arabka, McIntosh and Wealthy are of first-class quality.Northern Spy, King, Baldwin and Ben Davis are not hardy here.The number of trees required depends upon the distance apart they are to be planted and the arrangement of the trees: whether the square system, the hexagonal system, or a modification of either is adopted.With the square system an acre will take from 40-48 permanent trees, planted thirty-three feet apart.The hexagonal system will allow 157% more permanent trees.If fillers, that is, earlier maturing varieties of apples or some other species planted between the rows of permanent trees are to be used one way or in both directions, the number may easily be calculated.The distance apart must be determined by the final development of each variety.In this, soil, climate and pruning are of minor importance.In deciding distance apart to plant the questions to ask oneself are: \u201cWhat is the habit of growth of the variety or varieties?\u201d \u201cHow large are the trees at maturity?\u2019 Thirty- three feet apart for permanent trees is a good average distance, but for the strongest growers 40 ft.is not too much.Having decided upon the varieties and the quantity of each you intend to plant, the next step is to order the best trees possible.Where to order.\u2014To get the best trees it is advisable to write direct to a reliable nurseryman, stating the varieties, the number of each, describing the kind of stock you require and asking for prices.Do not let nurserymen substitute any variety in your order.Buy direct or through your association.Deal with reliable, well-established firms and do not hesitate to pay good prices for good trees.What to order \u2014The most common fault is that the largest trees are selected for planting.Trees more than two years of age have established themselves in the nursery, large roots and tops have formed, the top has been pruned successfully for several years with no thought given to the ultimate form of the tree.An inferior two-year-old tree is left to be sold the following season.Small three- year-olds may be sold for two-year-olds.These are undesirable and will suffer severely in transplanting.It is best to plant one or two-year-old trees.Many progressive apple-growing districts prefer the one-year old; it is cheaper, costs less to ship, the head may be developed at the desired height, and a greater proportion of thes live.The two- year-old is already headed when sent from the nursery, and may be too high or otherwise improperly developed.These reasons are very plausible, and if good specimens of two-year-old trees are difficult to obtain it would be advisable to plant the one-year-old.When to order\u2014Do nol wait until spring to send in your order.Place it early in the [all, because you are more likely to get good specimens.Orders are filled in order of receipt.Instruct the nurseryman to deliver them about the time your land will be ready for thom in the spring.When to plant.\u2014I have suggested the spring as the time to plant, but in and near the Niagara district many growers advocate fall planting, and it may have some advantage when the climate will permit.It may be more convenient as regards time; the trees may make growth and become established hefore winter, all ready to make an early start in the spring.On the other hand they may winter-kill, and there is the extra care during the winter to protect them from the wind, frost and mice.The up-to-date nursery firm can hold your stock in the dormant state in cold storage until you are able to handle it in the spring.In this way the nursery firm assumes responsibility for any loss during the winter.In Quebec it is safer to plant in the spring.Cherries may be planted with success in the fail.How 1o handle stock on receiving: \u2014 Trees, whether received in the fall or spring, should be \u201cheeled in\u201d in this way; dig a trench preferably east and west, lay the trees down with roots in the trench and tops towards the north.Cover the roots 152 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE and a considerable part of the trunk with soil, and in so doing dig another trench parallel to the first.In this way a number of rows may be put in for protection.Do not expose the trees unduly to the sun and wind when planting.At this time the varieties may be checked and the stock examined for insect pests and diseases.If the stock is not what it was represented to be, claims should be made immediately.It is better to cast out the deflective trees now than a year hence.Remember when planting your trees that you are puting in a crop that is to remain for a number of years, Have the land previously cultivated, deep and well.If not naturally well-drained you must put in tile or some other system of drainage.Apples especially cannot stand wet feet.Adopt the system of cultivation which has given the best results.That system is clean cultivation followed by the sowing of cover crops in July.Whatever system is adopted (sod mulch or clean cultivation) carry it out religiously until you are convinced that it is wrong.A.C.GORHAM, Macdonald College WINTERING FORMS OF INJURIOUS INSECTS AN the farmer, fruit-grower or gardener do anything during the winter towards the control of injurious insects?If he can, would it be profitable for him to do so, if he sprays carefully during the spring and summer?There are many insects such as wireworms, white grubs, apple maggots, cabbage root-maggots, plum curculios, potato heetles, and others which are beyond the reach of treatment during the winter as they lie safely concealed in the ground.There are many insects, however, not so concealed, that may he readily detected during the winter months, provided their winter forms are known.Orchard Insects: In the orchard the eggs of the Tent-Caterpillar are fairly conspicuous at this season of the year on the smaller branches and twigs as varnished ring-like masses from half-an- inch to an inch in length.Fach mass contains 200-300 eggs which will hatch out caterpillars in late April and early May.It will repay the fruit- grower to spend a few hours during a warm day examining his trees for these egg-masses and destroying them.The eggs of the Fall Canker-Worm may also be obhgerved in the forks of the smaller branches or close to the twigs and buds.They occur in regular, ede, vrayisgh anus of fifty to one hundred.There egg-masses should he destroyed for occasionally the caterpillars that hatch from these eggs in the spring work considerable havoc with the early buds and foliage.Sometimes also the caterpillars of the Tussock- Moth do much injury to orchard trees as well as shade trees.The frothy ezg-masses are conspicuous objects on the bark, on fences, on poles, and on leaves which remain clinging to the trees.It is an casy matter to collect these white frothy masses and destroy them during the winter.The Codling Moth winters as a full-grown caterpillar within a thick, grayish-white cocoon in crevices of the bark, in cavities of the trunk of the apple tree, and in the fruit-cellar.It is a good practice to go over the orchard during the winter and scrape off the sealy bark.Dead limbs should be cut off and burnel, and diseased cavities and cracks in the trunk cleaned out and filled up with clay.The worm or caterpillar of the Bud Moth winters in a very small oval cocoon close to the hud, and is hard to detect during winter.Tor the destruction of this worm reliance must he placed on the sharp eyes of the chickndees, nuthatches and wood peckers, which may he readily attracted to orchards if baits of bone, meat and suet are tied Some Wintering Forms of Insects:\u2014 1.Codling moth and its cocoon; Tussock moth, a.male, b.female, ¢.egg-mass; Egg-masses of tent caterpillar moths; Fall canker-worm,\u2014a.egg-mass, b.caterpillar; 5.Round-headed apple tree-borer; 6.Flat-headed apple tree-borer; Eggs of plant lice on twig; 8.Currant cane-borer,\u2014a.& b- infested ¢.caterpillar, d.adult moth.wa 11 19 cane; among the branches.These winter birds scrutinize every branch and twig for the eggs of plant lice, canker-worms, and tent-caterpillars.These are the birds that eat the eggs That hatch the worms That breed the plagues That knock the orchardist out.Farmers and f{ruit-growers owe much to the birds in preventing severe ravages of insect pests, and they ought to make conditions sufficiently attractive that the birds will fezl free to make the orchard and trees about the farm their permanent home.In many orchards the Apple-tree Borers do considerable injury by boring tunnels in the trunk.Much good will result if during fine days in winter when the snow is not dezp the borers are dug out with a sharp knife or killed by means of a flexible wire pushed into the burrows.The trunks, more especially the smaller branches and twigs, of the apple are often disfigured with oval scars which are points of weakness.These scars are produced by a grass-green triangular bug, called the Buffalo Tree-hopper, during August and September, when it makes two nearly opposite curved slits for holding a dozen or so of eggs.These eggs hatch in the spring.As these scars are quite evident in winter disfigured limbs should be pruned off and burned.Garden Insects : Currant canes are frequently attacked by the currant-borer and the stem-gird- ler, both making tunnels in the pith and wintering in the canes.Infested canes hecome hrittle, hence are easily detected, Such canes should be pruned out and burned.A common insect pest of raspherry canes is the cane-maggot which hores into the pith and makes a tortuous tunnel downwards, causing a withering of the affected canes in spring.As it winters as a maggot in its burrow near the base, pruning and burning of affected canes during the winter will largely control this insect.A close watch should be made at the same time for the ezg-punctures of the Tree-cricket on the canes, and infected canes should be pruned and burned.Another insect of the raspberry, the cane-borer, bores downward in the pith, causing a wilting of the cane in July and August.As it winters in the cane near the base, pruning out the affected canes is advisable.It is, therefore, possible for the fruit-grower and gardener to do effective work during the winter in destroying some of the most injurious insects with which they have to cope.In some cases, such as the garden insects mentioned above, the dormant season is the proper time to control them, for they cannot be dealt with by sprays.In other cases, such as the Tent-caterpillar, Canker-worm, Tussockworm, Codling-worm and Budworm, while thorough spraying at the proper time will control these pests, yet the removal of egg-clusters and cocoons during the dormant season will sometime make spraying unnecessary.At any rate the winter operations will help to make spraying more effective.Ww.L.THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE SUGARMAKERS HE Pure Maple Syrup and Sugar Co-operative Agricultural Association, organized at Waterloo, Quebec, a year ago, held its first annual meeting in the County Building at Hun- tingdon on January 15th, the day after the close of the Macdonald College Short Courses.Like the latter, the sugarmakers\u2019 meeting suffered in attendance on account of the severity of the weather.About forty-five were in attendance.In the absence of the president, Mr.M.PF.Goddard, the meeting was presided over by the vice-president, Mr.Chas.A.Fisk of Abbotsford.In a brief introductory address Mr.Fisk thanked the Dominion and Provincial Government for the interest they had shown in the Association and its objects.He announced the intention of the Directors to hold competitions in connection with future meetings and urged all farmers interested in the making of maple syrup and sugar to become members oi the Association, pointing out that the scale upon which the competitions could be held would depend upon the support the Association received from the farmers.The more members it got, the more it might expect and demand in the way of government assistance.The only exhibits shown at the Huntingdon fair were the thirty-one prize-winning syrups from the competition hold last spring by the Grimm Manufacturing Company of Montreal.These were a Very uniform and handsome lot.À few samples of su- gar-sand products were also on hand, and some labels illustrating the wily ways of the adultera- tor.A block of sugar labelled \u2018\u2018Ramsay\u2019s Mixed Maple Sugar\u2019\u2019 had the first and last two words in white on a dark back-ground, while the word \u2018\u2018Mixed\u2019\u2019 was very inconspicuous in red.At first sight everyone read it as \u2018\u201cRamsay\u2019s Maple Sugar\u2019\u2019.\u2018\u201cRoyal Shield Eastern Townships Brand, Maple Flavor Syrup'\u2019had the word \u2018\u2018Flavor\u2019\u2019 in much smaller type than the words \u2018\u2018Maple\u2019\u2019 and \u201c\u2018Syrup\u2019\u2019, and as each word was in a separate line one easily overlooked the word \u2018\u2018Flavor\u2019\u2019 and gathered the impression that this was a genuine syrup from one of the best-known sugar-making districts.Photographs of a number of other labels of the same kind, as well as those of some that made straight claims to purity but had been found to be adulterated, were thrown upon the screen by Professor Snell in his lantern lecture in the evening.Mr.C.O.Ormshee of Montpellier, who was present as a delegate of the Vermont Sugar Makers\u2019 Association, gave a very instructive address on \u2018\u201cThe Maple Industry in the United States.One of the interesting features of Mr.Ormsbee\u2019s address was his criticism of a balance sheet that had determined 5 Vermont farmer to cut down his sugar bush.The farmer's calculation was as follows: \u2014 Output.1.Interest on stumpage value of trees reckoned at, $2.00 per cord, $120.00 ER gt EE THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 153 THE FARM AND FARM CROPS \"AGRICULTURE IN COMPTON COUNTY Editor, Journal of Agriculture: \u2014 HE outlook for agriculture in Compton county is very bright.The farmers are waking up to their opportunities.They are breaking away from old habits which handicapped them and are adopting newer and better methods in 2.Interest on equipment, 60.00 3.Depreciation, 40.00 4, 10 cords wood at $5.00 50.00 5.Wages of one man one month 30.00 6.Board, 15.00 7.Labor of self and team, 75.00 8.Package and shipping, 30.00 9.Marketing.5.00 Total output.$425.00 Income.3000 lbs.sugar sold at 10 cts.per 1b., $300.00 250 lbs.sugar kept for home use, 25.00 Total income, $325.00 Loss, $100.00 Mr.Ormsbee pointed out that items 1, 6, 7 and 9 were not fair charges against the sugar crop.The stumpage value of the woods was increasing both by growth and by advance in the price of lumber.This increase would at least cancel the interest charges.The owner and horse had to be kept anyway and the hired man\u2019s barn work would pay for his board.He also mentioned that the value of the wood in item 4 should be the stumpage value of $2.00 per cord, instead of the market value of $5.00.With these alterations the account stands: \u2014 Interest on equipment, $60.00 Depreciation, 40.00 10 cords wood at $2.00, 20.00 Wages of man, 30.00 Package and shipping, 30.00 Total output, $180.00 Total income, 325.00 Profit, or labor income of owner, $145.00 Mr.Ormsbee warned the Canadian sugar maker not to make low-grade sugar with the expectation of selling it to United States buyers at a good price.Such sales have been made hitherto, but he stated that the United States Pure Food Law would prevent them this year and henceforth.The speaker's advice to the sugar maker was to cater to the man who can afford a luxury and is willing to pay it and not to the man who could only afford to buy maple products because they were cheap.Mr.Jos.H.Lefebvre of Waterloo, Quebec, the secretary of the Association, made a comparison of the amounts apportioned to the various agricultural industries out of the Dominion grant of $10,000,000 for the advancement of Agriculture.Although, as the result of a protest by the Association, the grant to the sugar industry had been increased from $1000 to $3000, it was still, he maintained, far out of proportion to the relative importance of this branch of agriculture.Mr.Fisk described his own methods of making syrup, and Mr.John H.Grimm spoke briefly on the necessity for united action.Mr.Grimm also urged sugar makers to label their goods, as adulterated goods were now being put on sale in unlabelled cans of the type in which maple syrup had many cases.They are beginning to realize that the farmer after all is the dominant force in the nation.The farmers of this county are well represented, having a staunch advocate in the federal house in the person of Mr.F.R.Cromwell.The Hon.R.H.Pope, another farmer, represents the county in the senate.We believe that it would be well for the agriculture of our Dominion if a few more of been wont to be put up, the adulterators hoping that such cans would pass without question in the grocery store as cans of genuine maple syrup.At the evening session, Prof.J.F.Snell of Macdonald College gave an illustrated lecture on the products of maple sap.Pictures of the Indians boiling sap, modern sugar-bush scenes, sugaring utensils, maple-industry statistics, labels honest and dishonest, and information about chemical tests for adulteration were thrown upon the screen.The small audience greatly appreciated the views displayed and the information given.J.F.S.LUTHER BURBANK EW people believed until within recent years that a man could achieve distinction in working with plants.Most people know of the work of Edigon and some of the marvellous things he has done with electricity, but there is a genius in California who has done as wonderful things with plants as Edison has done with electricity.It is Luther Burbank, who is known all over the world as the most wonderful developer of plants.He was born in Lancaster, Mass., March 7, 1849.His parents were so poor that Luther was unable to attend any but the public elementary school, and even then he had to find work in the factory at odd hours that would bring some income to the family.He cared little, however, for the factory and machinery, and as soon as he could conveniently do so he left the factory and began in a small way to raise vegetables for the market.While in his potato patch one day, he noticed on the top of each plant a seed ball which interested him.Some were very good, while others were poor.Selecting the best of these he planted them, and from this selection came the famous \u2018\u2018Burbank\u2019\u2019 variety of potato.It is said that this one variety has been worth many millions of dollars to the world.While working in his garden he received a partial sunstroke, and his heath became so impaired that he was forced to give up his garden and go west, where he could find a climate in which he could work out-of-doors the greater part of the year.He sold the rights to his improved potato seed for $150, and taking a pocket full of them with him, he started west.He made hig home in California, about 50 miles north of San Francisco.It was difficult to secure work, and his money was soon gone.At one time, it is said, he was employed to clean out poultry houses on a ranch, and more than once he had to sleep in them.He was forced to work very hard, being exposed to all kinds of weather, and frequently without sufficient food.His weak constitution was unable to stand such a severe life, and he contracted a fever which came near ending his life.A kind lady in the neighborhood gave him help and encouragement, and he slowly recovered.When his strength came back to him, he secured employment in a small nursery.His love for plants, and his genius for cultivating them, soon made him a valuable man to the nurseryman and to the community.As soon as he could save enough money to acquire a small our farming counties were thus farmers.Perhaps the most encouraging sign pointing to agricultural advancement in this county is the interest that the school children are taking.This augurs well for an intelligent and ambitious class of farmers in the future.One of the greatest factors in the agricultural represented by aw \u2014~\u2014=\u2014 plot of ground, he started a nursery of his own.The place has since become famous over the whole civilized world as \u2018\u2018Santa Rosa, the home of Burbank.\u2019' It is said that the first order received by Burbank was for 20,000 young prune trees.He accepted the order, but he did not have so many trees old enough to bear prunes, and it required about three years to grow the prune trees.But what he did then started the agricultural world along a new route.The almond is very closely related to the prune, and he decided to make the almond -tree bear prunes, since the almond could be planted at once.Therefore, he planted a large quantity of almond seed, inserted prune buds in the almond plants, and in nine months he was ready to fill the order.This achievement brought him money and considerable fame, and within a short time he left the nursery business and became a plant breeder.For many years his great talent has been devoted to the improvement of trees, flowers, vines shrubs, vegetables, fruits, and nuts.This improvement is brought about in three ways: (1) By improving the old plant, (2) by combining the good qualities of wild plants with these of their cultivated relatives, and (3) by originating entirely new varieties of plants.In carrying out this work he first takes the pollen from one plant and puts it on the stigma of another plant of the same kind; then he gathers and plants the seed which ripens from the flower he has thus pollinated.As the new plants grow, he selects for perpetuation those which show the qualities he desires.Constant improvement upon nature has been Mr.Burbank\u2019s lifework, Some of the most wonderful results which he has obtained by scientific breeding and crossing of plants are: A Wickson plum as large as a turkey\u2019s egg; the plum-cot, which combines the taste and appearance of the plum with those of the apricot; the \u2018\u2018shasta daisy,\u201d which has several rows of petals and produces flowers 4 inches across; a calla lily 3 feet in circumference and another one only 1 inch in diameter; black roses, and an amaryllis as big as a football.In addition, Mr.Burbank has made very many practical improvements on the potato, the plum, the walnut, chestnut, and many kinds of flowers.He has also \u2018\u2018invented\u2019\u2019 several new kinds of berries, by ingeniously crossing a number of varieties from all over the world.On Mr.Burbank\u2019s estate in California as many as 80,000 lilies are in full bloom at the same time.\u201cNo horticulturist ever worked on so vast a scale nor in so scientific a manner as Mr.Burbank.\u2019\u2019 He is still busily engaged in producing new fruits, flowers and vegetables to nourish the hodies and please the senses of all humanity.So successful has he become that the feeble lad who once did menial service and slept with the chickens is one of the most famous men in the world.Wealth has come to him, as well as fame, and his work is studied by learned men the world over.He knows the habits of plants as the mechanic knows the movement of machinery, as the sailor knows the motion of the waves and the wind, and as you or I know the peculiarities of our neighbors.Bulletin U.S.Bureau of Education 154 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE advance in this county may be found in the De- inonstration Farm conducted by Mr.J.À.McClary nt Hillhurst.Here a number of very interesting und instructive experiments were carried on during the past summer.In July a farmers\u2019 picnic was held on the farm, which was very largely attended.À good day was spent, and many came away impressed with their opportunities, after seeing what une of their own brother farmers had been able to do.Mr.McClary always has a hearty welcome for visitors to his farm and it certainly acts as an «ncouragement and an incentive to better farming to the farmer who visits him.In Compton county there are two agricultural societies.Society No.1 has been encouraging the nroduction of better draught horses, and to this end has purchased two Percheron stallions.These have been well patronized, and a large number of valuable colts are in evidence.The society is this vear holding the first Compton Seed Fair in Cook- shire on January 23rd and 24th.This is surely a praiseworthy step in advance and deserves to be well patronized.Right here it may be of interest to mention that in 1913 just about twice the number of bushels of wheat were produced in the county as in 1912.Agricultural Society No.1 has also purchased a clover huller, and, although no clover seed was produced this year on account of the unfavourable season, the members are hoping for better things to come.Over a dozen farmers are going to try Swedish clover this year from seed got through the Dominion Seed Branch.From this they hope to ripen seed successfully.Society No.2 is also progressing, and last fall held a very successful exhibition at Scotstown.Several Farmer\u2019s clubs have been organized, among which may be mentioned those of Bury and (\u2018aokshire.The former club has taken up the buying of feed stuffs and seed grain, also the keeping of fertilizer ingredients for home mixing.In this way the club has proved of great benefit to its members and has been the means of saving many dollars to them in the purchase of these articles.The Cookshire Farmers\u2019 Club is a self-support- ing organization founded by the late Rev.A.H.Robertson of that town.Considering the fact that they receive no government aid, they are to be highly praised for the good work, they are doing.A series of monthly lectures is being put on where the best obtainable speakers address the club on various phases of agriculture.These meetings are largely attended.and a keen interest is taken, as is shown by the frequent and intelligent discussions which take place.The Cookshire Club is also taking up the purchase of fertilizer ingredients for home mixing, seed corn, and to a limited extent feeding stuffs.In Compton county, as eisewhere in the province of Quebec, Macdonald College is trying to help the farmers in every way possible.In the spring of 1012 eggs were supplied by the Poultry Department to several children in the Cookshire academy.The children looked after the hatching of these eggs and the raising of the chickens.The competition was very keen as to who would have the best chick- cng.The results were quite gratifying, as shown Ly the chickens that were on exhibition at a school poultry fair held in August, when prizes were given.This led to the organization of a Boys, and Girls\u201d Poultry Club in the school, each member of which is supplied with a monthly pamphlet from the College Poultry Department.Next year it is planned to carry on this work on a larger scale.The College will supply eggs, corn and potatoes to the children of as many rural schools as can be got to take up the work.Clubs will be formed, bulletins of information supplied, and schoo! fairs held in the fall.All this is done with a view to arousing an interest in agriculture in the minds of the children, Lo open up to them a vision of its possibilities and the need and benefits of an agricultural education.À Macdonald College Demonstrator has been placed in the county to help the farmers in any way possible, and it is to be earnestly desired that they will make use of him.The work of the demonstrator will be largely in advising where he can in regard to difficult problems.either from his own knowledge or by consulting experts to whom he will have ready access.He will help in any way he can with farmers\u2019 organizations, carry on some classes in schools, have an eye to starting experimental work, etc.In short, the demonstrator is the representative of Macdonald College and as such will do all he can for the improvement of rural conditions.Macdonald College is also holding a two-day short course at Cookshire on January 23rd and 24th.From present indications a good large gathering is expected.This will give a still further stimulus to agriculture in this county.The establishment of the experimental farm at Lennoxville will be a source of great benefit to farmers of this county.Although this farm is not in the county it is very near, and the conditions are quite similar.Consequently the results of any experiments carried on will be applicable to this county, or in fact to almost any part of the Eastern Townships.This will be a big asset to agriculture in this part of Quebec, as previously the Experimental Farm results could not always be applied, owing to differences in conditions.After the enumeration of all these different \u2018phases there can be no doubt in the mind of anyone but that the outlook for agriculture in Compton county is indeed a bright and prosperous one.AER.CORN FOR ENSILAGE by Prof.L.S.Klinck (Abstract of address given at the Winter Fair, Guelph.) W° are growing in Canada to-day more small grains than we actually need.Many dairymen are growing grain and exchanging it for concentrates, whereas corn growing would give them more feed.Some have objected to corn on the ground that it is a heavy feeder and takes too much o.t of the land.This is, I believe, a wrong viewpoint.We want to get out all the fertility we can in the form of hig crops, but we want to take it out in the right way.In this connection, snall crops do not always denote poor soil.It is quite possi\u201dle that the soil \u2019s not teing properly worked.The arreage of corn grown for ensilage in Canada is increasing.This cannot be sald of corn grown for grain.The increase is due in a measure to the fact that the corn belt is heing pushed steadily northward, In line with this development there is an increasing demand for the right kind of corn.Some growers are taking advantage of this and are producing what is required.For 1913 the total acreage devoted to corn in Canada was 534,540, as compared with 571,590 last year, a reduction of 17,050 acres.There was this year, however, 20,200 acres less of corn for husking, which gives an increase in fodder corn of 3,150 acres, 281,80 acres being seeded this year as azainst last year\u2019s crop of 278,740 acres.The lates.estirn- ates of the fodder corn crop give 2,436,300 tons, valued at $11,373,500, and an average yield of 8.64 tons to the acre.Of the 281,830 acres seeded to fodder corn 245,- 200 acres were in Ontario, and 25,600 acres in Quebec, the other 990 acres being grown: 269 in Frince Edward Island, 580 in Nova Scotia, and 150 in New Eranswick.A large proportion of the seed that we use.in Quehec is grown in south-western Ontario, particularly in Essex county.We are dependinz cn this scction because the growers are on the way to yroducing bett:r seed than that which comes from the United States.It is important that they study the type of seed required.We want as large a kernel as we can get, but only so large as wiil produce corn that will mature in time to be cut for ersilage.FKARLY MATURING SORTS We have found in this respect that the small to medium-sized kernels are the ones that produce this early maturing corn.We have sown large rexds that gave no ears at all.While the stalks were rank-growing, yet such corn makes what we term poorly-balanced silage.The farther north that corn is grown the greater must be the care taken in seeding.To ensure a good crop we must consider three main things: The sced must he of strong vitality and of a variety suitable to the district; a proper rotation must be followed; the crop must be intelligently cultivated.As we have noted that large kernels are not likely to produce early maturing corn, it is apparent that the choosing: of a samvle of shelled seed because the kernels are large is poor practice.It is much Letter to buy szed on the ear and, to choose ears having small to nedium kernels.In selecting seed there are theve things to be considered: Is it suitable to the district?Will it grow?Is it well bred?MIDDLE OF EAR IS BEST The first roint can usually be settled only by a trial of the different varieties.In regard to kernels on the same ear, the but: kernels are later in maturing; the tis ones are early but give a smaller growth.The best kernels, then, are in the middle rart of the ear.The germinating power of the cead can be ascertained hy the ordinary box test.The brezding of a corn is indicated by the straightness and proper filling of the rows, covering of the tip and butt, and conforming to the characteristics peculiar to the variety.It must he remembered that some varieties are more regular in the covering of the cob than are some others.When consid:ring the question of variety, Early Leaming, a yellow dent corn, is the best all-round ensilage corn for Quebec.It is inclined to lack uniformity in the rows and to be oren .at the tip and butt.As a class, however, dent corns are usually deep in the kernel, well covered, and straight in the row.Leaming hss been grown since 1826 and as different growers have had different ideals in view various types have originated.It is, therefore, doubly important in buying seed of Leaming to.obtain it on thz cob.The Early Leaming is smaller and narrower in the ear and shallower in the kernel than late Leaming.In white cap yellow dent corns thzre is great n:ed for a standard.The large variety is too late for Quebec and eastern Ontario.A few of the amall varieties on the other hand are quite deep in the kernel and therefore not as early as some of the medium.Wisconsin No.7, a white dent, is more uniform.Corn-growing clubs that have selected it and stuck to the one variety have done well.Corn shows have dons much to standardize varieties.EARLY LEAMING To sum up, the Early Leaming is first choice for Quebec conditions.Medium and small white cap yellow dents are next, cne fault being that they are inclined to lodge.Wiszonsin No.7 comes next.When buying seed corn on the ear, the condition of the ear is first noted.À s-ongy co» is apt to mould.Eo is g large cob, and it is also wasteful.When the kernels are shelled, the tip cap or projection at the base of the kernel should not remain on the coh.In case it does, the coh is worthless.The kernels should be uniform in color and not show indications of freezing.In rezard to this last pcint, many farmers ars careless with flint corns because they think they will not frezze as readily as dents.This idea is erronzous.The ears of dent corn fall over when ripening, the husk opens and the ear dries out quickly.The ears of flint corn remain erect, the rain collects at the base of the ears and when frost comes damage results.i f ! ro Ÿ © i = Ÿ Ÿ THE JOURNAL OF AGRICUL'TURE AND HORTICULTURE 155 Corn is usually cross-fertilized.Contrary to the general belief the silks from the base of the ear are the first to emerge.If no pollen is available after these first ones appear, then kernels are formed at the base of the cob only.Five days usually elapse between the time the first silks appear and the time that the tip silks ar: fertilized.Normally, the length of the silks is about six inches, but if pollen is withheld they will grow to several times this length.If pollen be still withheld then new ears will grow out at the basz of the first.CORN AFTER CLOVER Corn requires a rich early soil.It is most commonly grown aîter clover.We plant our dent corns, when in hills, 42 inches apart each way, and consider three stalks to a hill a good stand.When in rows, the rows are 42 inches apart, and the stalks one foot apart in the rows.Thes> distances give the best balanced ensilage.For proper growth cf the crop, good root development is necessary.To this end, we believe in deep cultivation early in the season, followed by shallow cultivation later.Deep cultivation late in the season is liable to tear off too many of the surface feeding roots.Even aîter the stalks have grown too high for the two-row cultivation, it will pay to continue with the one-horse cultivation, a straight-toothed strawberry cultivator being preferred.The seed end must always be emphasized, but the man who overlooks gool cultivation will not be able to keep up to a very high level of production, Silage is pre-eminently a food for the dairy cow, and its use will largely remain with the dairy farmer, though it is fed, also, as a substitute for roots with fattening cattle, and proves an excellent food for sheep, particularly for ewes with lamb.Where corn is grown for winter feeding and large numbers of stock are kept, a silo becomes a necessity.The silo is fast becoming, and will always have to be regarded as, a fixed factor in Canadian agriculture.It materially extends the usefulness of the corn crop and enables the livestock breeder to feed a more succulent and palatable food than hay or roots.THE AGRICULTURAL OUTLOOK IN PONTIAC COUNTY Editor, Journal of Agriculture.\u2014 N the early fall it was predicted by the majority of the stock breeders in the county that there would be a scarcity of feed for the coming winter and that the price of hay would go above anything heretofore reached.In consequence the farmer that was at all short sold a great deal of his stock off at a very low figure.He not only sold off his mature or nearly mature stock but much of the growing stock that was in poor condition and brought very little.In doing this he sold out what would be maturing in the fall of 1914 and the following fall.In the latter part of the fall, however, the after- feed came on, and this coupled with open weather made it that there was very little heavy feeding from the stored feed until December.In consequence a number of the farmers sold thamseives short of feeders; they would gladly obtain feeders at the present time but the general scarcity has put them beyond their reach.Dairy Cattie\u2014With the coming on of the winter- milking season, the buyers have been around trying to gather up the likely winter-milkers that are freshening in January and February.The average farmer, however, is holding onto these cows which are often the best in his herd, preferring to reap the profit in winter dairying.Offers around eighty dollars, which is a good deal higher than usual for this county have often been given.Horses.\u2014The general slump of light horses was felt in this county by those farmers who had them for sale, but the farmer who had a sound heavy drafter around 1500 to 1700 found a ready sale for them to the lumber men.It is certainly being demonstrated in this County that the heavy horse man is coming out a good deal ahead of the light horse man.Drainage.À large number of the farmers in this county are desirous of underdraining their farms or sections of them, but owing to the scarcity of labor and the high wages they have found it next to impossible to do anything along this line.In some localities the purchasing of a power ditcher was discussed with a great deal of interest; the outcome was that a petition was sent in to the Department of Agriculture at Quebec asking that assistance be given to a farmers\u2019 club in the purchase of a machine as had been done in regard to clover hullers previously.It was thought that as the ditcher was of greater importance and a more costly machine they would receive similar assistance, but this time their efforts were of no avail.At present the only feasible plan, it would seem, would be for the farmers to club together and buy a machine outright.Telephone and Rural Mail\u2014 Another venture on the part of the farmers as a whole has been the formation of a Rural Telephone Company.The farmers are putting up the lines themselves with the help of a few experts, and have at present some sixty miles of wire up and in operation.The Farmers\u2019 Company is operating this at a much cheaper rate than some of the other large companies would do it for, besides they have also the advantage of long distance connections.This is not the only-rural convenience of which the farmers of Pontiac have been availing themselves for they have at present more rural mail boxes than any five counties in Quebec.While these two last items may not be directly of an agricultural nature they go to point out that the farmers in Pontiac are beginning to take advantage of some of the conveniences of their city cousins, and at the same to improve their agricultural conditions.J.K.KING, Dist.Representative DRAG SAW Editor, Journal of Agriculture: \u2014 have a 2 h.p.gasoline engine running 400 r.p.m.and having an 8-inch pulley.At what speed should I run the drag saw?What size pulley shall I need for this speed?What length should this saw be?About how much wood shall I be able to cut of sizes up to 2 feet in diameter?W.P., Lachute.Ans.You should run the saw at not over 125 strokes pe- minuts.The saws are usually made with a 24\u2014inch pulley.Your engine would run this at 133 per minute.Th's is a little too high.Your engine will operate the saw at this speed if it develops its full power, but it is not advisable to use an engine at its full power.1t would be better to use a smaller pulley on the engine.The saw blade should be five or six feet long.You can expect to cut from 20 to 40 cords a day, depending on how much experience you have had.GC.J- L.mt mt tre STORAGE TANK IN ATTIC Editor, Journal of Agricultura:\u2014 wish to put a storage tank in my attic to hold water for bath, sink and water closet.What kind of tank should I get?I wish a tank to hold 200 or 300 gallons.3.W., Ormstown.Ans.You can get tanks made of galvanized iron, of pine or of cypress.All of these are good tanks.Galvanized iron tanks, factory made, with angle iron braces are good.We do not mean the tanks made by plumbers with wood outside and galvanized iron inside, although some of these are excellent also.The size of iron used should he not less than 20 gauge.Wooden tanks are good, but get one factory made.The trouble with the tank made locally is that the joints are not properly made and the wood is not carefully selected.The wood should be free from black or locse knots and from sap.Get a round tank with lug hoops which can be tightened with a wrench.These are shipped in knock-down form and when properly set up are tight and remain tight.Any wooden tank leaks some at first.For this reason it should be set up in a galvanized iron tray with means provided for drainage; when the tanks swell they are tight.Cypress tanks last longer than pine and are the best to use if the tank is not allowed to remain empty for over a week at any one time.If you wish to leave the tank empty for a longer time use a pine tank.C.J.LL.HYDRAULIC RAM Editor, Journal of Agriculture: \u2014 wish to put in a hydraulic ram to lift water from a spring to my barn.The spring is about 100 feet below the barn and about forty rods from it.I can get a fall of from 10 to 20 feet.What proportion of the water can I lift?What length of drive pipe will I need?C.R.P., DUNHAM Ans.For a lift of 100 feet use a drive head of 14 feet and make the drive pipe 110 feet long.This will deliver about one-twelfth of the water which flows down the drive pipe.Put a tank in the hayloft over your stables and pump into this.Run distributing pipes to the points at which you need the water.Run a one-inch pipe underground from the tank to the house.Put in a water equipment in the kitchen and lighten the work of the women folk.Put in sink with drain.Put in hot water tank heated from a water front in the fire box of the kitchen range.Have hot and cold water taps at the sink.This will reduce the work in the kitchen.If you can afford it put in a bath, washbow! and closet.C.J.L.PORTABLE SAWMILL Editor, Journal of Agriculture : \u2014 HAT amount of lumber does an ordinary portable sawmill eut per day?What power engine do they use?Which is better to use, à steam engine or a gasoline engine?Would a portable engine do?I wish to saw logs up to 30 inches diameter.A.W.M., Inverness.Ans.The output per day would run from 20,000 to 50,000 feet.The output of course depends upon the size of logs, the facilities for getting them to the saw and for getting the lumber away, and upon the experience and judgment of the sawman.You would require an engine of form 50 to 75 h.p.By all means use a steam engine, as you can use the waste wood for fuel.A traction engine will do and is usually used with a portable outfit.A stationary engine is more efficient but this would not make much difference to you if you have plenty of fuel in the form of waste wood.C.J.L. 156 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE REPORTS OF MACDONALD COLLEGE SHORT COURSES Courses at Shawville and Lachute EMBERS of the staff of Macdonald College provided at Shawville on Jany.6th and 7th, and at Lachute on Jany.9th.& 10th.Short Courses for farmers and farmers\u2019 wives.This year the College made a number of additions to the Short Course work over last year.Poultry work and domestic science were dealt with.The Animal Hushandry Department brought its own stock for demonstration and judging work.The attendance at both places was a great deal larger than the year previous, though this may not have heen apparent to all, when two lectures were going on at the same time.The attendance at Shawville was slightly below that at Lachute, but this can be accounted for in that the farming community at Shawville is not as large as at Lachute.The accomodations provided at both places, and particularly at Lachute, were improved as the result of a year\u2019s experience.The audiences showed the keenest interest in all that was being said or demonstrated.The after-lecture discussions were fully taken advantage of, and a great many of the farmers and their wives showed very plainly that they were anxious to improve some of the existing conditions, which they felt were not as they should be; and from the increased attendance and the keen interest showed, it is clear that the people of Shawviile and Lachute are only too glad to take advantage of any suggestions that this Short Course may afford.J.K.K.Huntingdon Course I' the control of the weather were in the hands of 1 the Government, the Short Course at Hunting- don, we are certain, would have received more consideration in that respect.As it happened, however, the Short Course was held on the coldest days seen in this part of the country in 40 years.The day before those chosen for the meetings, a blinding snow storm sprang up, With a cold wind blowing from the north-west.The roads were soon drifted to such an extent that they were impassable.The storm was accompanied by a sharp drop in temperature which made it still more unpleasant to be out.Tuesday morning broke clear and cold, the mercury stood at 28 below zero at 8 À, M.and it did not rise above 22 below all day.To make matters worse there was bitterly cold wind which kept up throughout the day.Such was the first day of the Short Course, bad roads and unusually cold weather.Is it to be wondered at then that there were only a few at the opening meeting, some 15 in all?The meetings opened at 10 on Tuesday morning, with a class in Corn Judging under the direction of Prof.Klinck.After a careful study of different types of corn, the professor described the type which they have found to be the best for ensilage in the Province of Quebec.Following this Prof.Barton gave a talk on the sheep industry of the Province.He emphasized the importance of this line of farming, showing how it yielded better returns for the capital invested and the labor involved than any other line live-stock farming.He closed his address by pointing out the necessity for better ventilation in our stables.There was a model of a ventilating system which served to impress upon the minds of the class the style of ventilator which is giving satisfaction in this province.In the afternoon Mr.L.C.Raymond outlined the work that is being done with small grains at the College.He spoke of the different experiments made with small grains and recommended certain varieties of cach class as being suitable to the western portion of the province of Quebec.The importance of early seeding of oats, barley and wheat was emphasized and the folly of using dirty, impure seed was pointed out.Mr.A.A.McMillan then held a sheep-judging demonstration, dwelling particularly on the points to be sought by the breeder of mutton sheep.The evening session was taken up by addresses on \u2018\u2018Crop Improvement'\u2019 by Prof.Klinck and \u2018\u2018Feeds and Feeding Dairy Cattle\u2019\u201d\u201d by Prof.Barton.The second day opened as cold as the first.However, larger numbers turned out to the meetings than came the first day.In the morning Prof.Klinck had \u2018Judging of Grasses and Clovers''.Typical specimens of clover plants and seeds were examined by the class and their characteristics were discussed.Following this Prof.Barton spoke un \u2018\u2018Horses\u2019\u2019.The afternoon was devoted to a lecture on \u2018\u2018The Care and Management of Dairy Cattle\u2019.Prof.Barton closed his address by again referring to the problem of ventilation for the stable.Ladies\u2019 Meetings Two meetings were held for ladies in the Forester\u2019s Hall.Mrs.Rutter addressed the meeting the first evening, giving an interesting and instructive paper on \u2018\u2018\u2019The Theory of Foods\u2019.Miss Campbell, demonstrator for Women\u2019s Clubs for the province, gave a paper at the meeting Wednesday afternoon.The ladies were also prevented from attending the meetings in larger numbers by the extremely cold weather.Taking the total attendance of the different sessions we find that over 150 men and 35 women attended the meetings.In spite of the unfavorable weather, judging from the enthusiasm of those present, we feel safe in saying that the Short Course in Huntingdon was a decided success, and the interest which it aroused in agricultural questions will be felt for some time to come.W.D.F.TWO FERTILIZER EXPERIMENTS WITH MANGELS T is impossible to predict exactly which of the three fertilizing ingredients, nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash, is most needed for a certain crop on a certain soil.The quickest, cheapest and most reliable way to find out the manurial requirements of our soils is to try out fertilizer experiments on the fields in question.Several tests of this kind, \u2018\u2018 local field experiments\u2019\u2019, as they are generally called, were conducted under the auspices of Macdonald College during the year 1913, and from these I have selected two as illustrating what has been claimed in the introduction.Before discussing the results it might, however, be in order to give a short explanation as to how the experiments were planned and laid out.In all experimental work it is a wise thing not to attempt to solve all problems at one time, as Mother Earth is in the habit of being somewhat discreet.She is sometimes even quite unwilling to give any answers at all; and if we fire too many questions at her at once, she is likely to give rather confusing answers.With the fact in mind that most soils need the addition of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash in the order mentioned it was therefore decided to use only the following combinations:\u2014 1.Unfertilized (0) .2.Nitrogen alone (N.) 3.Nitrogen (N.) plus Phosphoric acid (P.), 4.Nitrogen (N.) plus Phosphoric acid (P.) plus Potash (K.).Another point to remember in field experiments is that the same question should be asked repeatedly on account of differences in the physical, chemical and physiological properties of the soil on different spots in the same field.At an experimental station, where a certain experiment is conducted for a number of years, the lack of reliability\u2018in one-plot tests is to a\u2019 considerable extent eliminated in averaging the results from year to year.But the farmer cannot afford to wait for years, and much less can he afford to be misled by unreliable results.Each question has therefore been triplicated in the experiments now under consideration.The plots were arranged according to the following diagram: \u2014 1.2.3.4.0.N.N,P.N,P,K.4.1.2.3.N,P,K.0.N.N,P.PA 3.4.1.N.N,P.N,P,K.0.By this arrangement, where no combination occurs more than once in a row in either direction, the influence of unevenness in the soil 1s partly eliminated and the average results obtained from plots thus distributed are more reliable than they would otherwise be.The amounts of fertilizers used per acre were not very heavy and were comprised of 50 lbs.Nitrate of Soda, ll 17.5 lbs.Nitrogen.50 * Sulphate of Ammonia, f 250 \u201c Acid Phosphate, = 37.5 * Phosphoric acid 75 \u201c Muriate of Potash, \u2014 37.5 \u201c Potash.It might be noted that two kinds of nitrogenous fertilizers were used of which the first is immediately available to the plants and the second is more slow in its action- Thus the mangels were provided with a regular supply of this valuable and expensive ingredient during the whole period of growth without any chance of loss through leaching, After harvest the average weights from the plots were calculated in tons per acre.The cost of fertilizers was then detucted from the value of the increased yields.In order to facilitate the comparison between the yields from the two fields the columns for plot-weight and total yield have been excluded from the following tables which only contain the figures for increased yields per acre and subsequent columna, MEA A Fertilizer Experiment with Mangels.Each Pile contains 25 average mangels.\u2014Plot producing Lot (1) was treated with no fertilizer; Lot (2) with nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash; Lot (3) with nitrogen and phosphoric acid; and Lot (4) with nitrogen alone. pus THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 157 Fertilizer Experiment with Mangels at the farm of Mr.W.Taylor, Cookshire.ge 2 is = Ÿ S 932 2\u201d |g gs |\u201d = $2, (392 24 52e 2 5 S58 |> 81855 58 = = Sm BIORSI % 1.None.2.Nitrogen alone, 1.065 $2.66 $3.40 \u2014 .74 3.Nitrogen plus i Phosphoric acid 4.285 10.71 5.80 +4.91 4.Nitrogen plus Phosphoric acid, plus Potash, 5.150 12.87 7.70 +5,17 | The mangels are valued at $2.50 per ton.Fertilizer Experiment with Mangels at the farm of Mr.E.Crutchfield, Huntingdon.: 24d 2 3 Le +3 s = Eu Sy Ÿ ED , 55.3 = 52 S78 |22E SA A = Egg 5 ISÉSI 3 1.| None.2.Nitrogen alone 2.400 $6.00 $3.40 +2,60 3.Nitrogen plus Phosphoric acid, 1.400 3.50 5.80 \u20142.30 4, Nitrogen plus Phosprorie acid, plus Potash.2.100 5.25 7.70 \u20142.45 Looking over the figures in both tables we find that neither of these soils has responded very readily to artificial manure.This was not to be expected either, in such a dry season as that of 1913.Fertilizers need plenty of moisture, and they do not influence: the yield nearly as much in dry years, especially if they are distributed comparatively late.We notice further in these tables that whereas Mr.Taylor\u2019s field shows a regular increase from nitrogen alone up to all three constituents combined, the field of Mr.Crutchfield has only responded to an application of nitrogen.Indeed, the addition of phosphoric acid seems to have actually decreased the yield.The unfavourable influence, in this case, of the phosphoric acid, as found on plot 3, has apparently been counterbalanced to some extent on plot 4 by the addition of potash.Deductions of this latter kind, i.e., regarding the decreasing tendency on a certain soil of one or the other manurial element should, however, he confirmed by other experiments before they can be considered conclusive.The fact remains that the one field has given the best results with only one element, nitrogen, while the other field bas required an addition of phosphoric acid and potash, besides nitrogen, to give the best returns.And this is really what I wanted to bring out.If experiments of this or a similar kind were conducted on different farms, on different soils and with different crops, there would be less hesitation and fewer mistakes made in regard to the use of commercial fertilizers.Only by exact investigation and experiments is it possible to £nd ways and means by which the farmer may get higher yields and better net returns from his fields.Mr.Crutchfield and Mr.Taylor both showed a strong interest and a keen foresight in carrying out these experiments.They have thereby not only gained valuable information for themselves, which can be actually counted in dollars and cents, but they have also proved to their fellow farmers the necessity of conducting local tests.PAUL A.BOVING.Macdonald College, Cereal Husbandry Department A REPORT OF THE CANADIAN SEED GROWERS\u2019 ASSOCIATION HE 9th Annual Report of the Canadian Seed Growers\u2019 Association which has just been issued by the Publications Branch of the Department of Agriculture at Ottawa contains much of interest to the seed grower and crop raiser generally, and should be secured by all such individuals.In addition to a brief review of the methods practised by the Association in the product ion and handling of Registered seed there is given a Report of the Secretary showing the progress which is made in connection with the systematic growing of registered seed, while addresses and papers, \u2018by prominent authorities are also included.Among the latter, special attention is drawn to the following papers: \u201cThickness of seeding in cereal grains\u201d: Prof.C.A.Zavitz, O.A.C.Guelph, Ontario.\u201cResults in two year\u2019s work in testing field root seeds of commerce to prove genuineness of stock\u201d: E.D.Eddy, Chief Seed Inspector, Ottawa.\u201c\u201cMethods of improving the supply of field root and vegetable seeds\u201d: Geo.H.Clark, Seed Commissioner, Ottawa.\u201cThe production of garden vegetable seeds in Canada\u201d: W.T.Macoun, Dominion Horticulturist, Ottawa.\u201cHome grown seed vs- imported seed\u201d: R.Me- Kay, Balmoral Mills, N.S.\u201cSeed growing in eastern Quebec\u201d: J.A.Si- mard, Quebec, Que.\u201cProgess in high\u2014class seed corn improvement in western Ontario\u201d: L.D.Hankinson, Aylmer, Ont.\u201cCultivation of land for the production of high class seed\u2019\u2019: A.BE.English, Harding, Man.\u2018\u201c\u2018Methods of advertising and selling registered Seed\u2019\u2019: W.D.Lang, Indian Head, Sask.The question of the proper amount of seed of cereal grains which should be sown to give best results, and which is dealt with in the paper by Prof.Zavitz, is one of special interest to all farmers.Some growers advocate using as little as one bushel of oats per acre while others will argue for the advisability of using as much as six bushels per acre.The investigations by Prof.Zavitz throw considerable light on this much-debated question.AGRICULTURE IN HUNTINGDON COUNTY Editor, Journal of Agriculture.\u2014 ONSIDERING everything, the year that has just closed has been favorable to the farmers of this district.While trade has been dull for the merchant and business firm, the prospect for the farmer was never brighter than at this opening of a new year.Glancing back over the past season we wish to record the unfavorable as well as the favorable factors.The late spring frosts destroyed the fruit blossoms, consequently little fruit was to be seen this year.The spring was cold and was followed by a drouth in July and early August, then to complete the season the early September frosts prevented the corn from fully maturing.In spite of these unfavorable circumstances crops turned out very well.Hay was below the average in yield but above it in quality.Grain was an excellent crop, both in yield and quality.The fine straw is proving of great value as a feed in the place of hay.Corn did not mature as well as is usually the case here but most farmers made enough ensilage to carry them through the winter.A great offset to the shortage of hay and corn was the long open fall.Cattle remained in the pastures much later than usual because of the mild weather.Prices have been high for farm products with a tendency to go still higher towards the close of the year.The demand for milk for both city and factory use is in excess of the supply and judging from present indications the future of this industry looks bright.The demand for dairy cattle has been very heavy, particularly during the last three months of the year.All the surplus stock was bought up early.At the present time it is possible to purchase a good dairy animal at a reasonable price.The year 1913 will also be remembered for the work that has been done on the roads.The townships of St.Chrysostome, Hinchinbrook, St.Anicet, Dundee, and St.Sacrement, all made good progress in the construction of stone roads.Many more miles have hean contracted for so that in the near future practically all of the roads in this section will be macadamized.The Agricultural Society of this county made a change in the regulations regarding the entry fees for the annual Fair.This change was necessary to provide more revenue to meet expenditures.The directors report a most successful Fair both financially and in attendance.Another new departure was the organization of a Seed Fair under the direction of the Society.It was considered advisable to make this step in order to promote greater interest in the production of better seed grain.Judging from the number of large buildings that are being put up, along with other evidences of progress, we take it that the county is in a very prosperous condition.W.D.F.OFFICERS OF THE EASTERN EXHIBITION, SHERBROOKE T the Annual meeting of the Directors of the Eastern Townships Agricultural Association and the subsequent adjourned meeting, the following officers were elected for the ensuing year: \u2014 L.A.Bayley, President, E W Farwell, Vice President, H.B.Miller, Secretary and Manager, Miss.A.Macdonald, Treasurer.THE SEED OATS COMPETITION OF 1913 AST spring a competition in Seed Oat growing was started between Lennoxville and Cook- shire Academies under the direction of the Dominion Seed Branch Representative for the Eastern Townships.The idea of this competition originated from a suggestion made to the writer by the late Rural Dean Robertson, then President of the Farmers\u2019 Club of Cookshire.His plan was to have seed oats and potatoes furnished the Cook- shire.Academy boys and girls, sufficient for each to sow a small plot and to exhibit the product from these plots at a school fair in the fall.After careful consideration the plan for competition adopted was extended to take in both Cookshire and Lennoxville Academies and to confine the crop growing to oats alone, the size of plots to be one- quarter acre, this being the size used by members of the Canadian Seed Growers Association for hand selected seed plots.The following instructions which explain the nature of the competition were sent each competitor.COMPETITION IN GROWING QUARTER- ACRE PLOTS REGISTERED SEED OATS OBJECTS A \u2014 To introduce a form of nature study into the academies by making a study of nature and the growth of the oat plant.B \u2014 To encourage farmers\u2019 sons in raising pure seed.C \u2014 To help those who wish to continue with the growing of pure seed to become members of the Canadian Seed Growers Association.RULES GOVERNING COMPETITION 1 \u2014 There will be 24 boys to enter competition, 14 from Cookshire and 10 from Lennoxville Academies.2 \u2014 20 lbs.Registered Banner Oats will be supplied each boy by the Canadian Seed Growers, Association, to sow quarter-acre plot.Each compet- 158 Competitors meet Mr.L.II.Newman, Sec.-Tres.C.S.G.A., at one of the Seed Plots for the purpose of discussing and explaining the work as followed by the members, itor will be required to select 1 sheaf of oats from his plot, together with a few pounds of grain to be CONSUMPTION Role of the Six D\u2019s in Causing it.\u2014Woman\u2019s Role in Combating it am more and more convinced yearly\u201d, said Dr.I Montizambert, Dominion Director General of Public Health, in 1911 \u201cthat consumption is mainly spread from the homes of those wage earners who live under the least favorable sanitary conditions, helped doubtless by the six \u201cD\u2019s,\u201d damp, dirt, dust, drink, dissipation and destitution.Itis there that the fight against it has to be made if it is ever to succeed and the disease be eradicated or even markedly diminished.The hospital for advanced cases and the sanatorium are good in their way for the help of the few, but even the sanatorium only reaches, at the best, incipient cases after they are already so far advanced as to be readily recognized.We must go further back than that.We must get at the homes of the incipient cases and the youngest members of their families while still uninjured.This can be done only by the domiciliary visit, to follow notification to the health officer, or the diagnosis at the dispensary that the cold or cough for which a cough mixture is sought is really due to tubercular trouble.WOMAN\u2019S ROLE The visitor to the home should be a woman.She can talk to and persuade the mother as no mere man could do.She can impress upon her the four cardinal facts which form a silver lining to the cloud which has so long shadowed us; that tuberculosis is not hereditary, that it is infectious, curable and preventable.Persuade her to adopt the open-air life for herself and her household; get her to improve the sanitary conditions in and around her home, and to allow the younger members of the family to be medically examined, and the most stringent precautions carried out in the case of any one of them who shows any tendency towards the development of tuberculosis.Thus and thus only can we hope to get at this disease at its source and origin; and thus and only may we hope to ever stamp it out.\u201d ve WHAT WOMAN HAVE ACCOMPLISHED IN IRELAND F.X.Cullen writes from Ireland to one of our Canadian newspapers: \u201cThe Woman\u2019s National Health Association has just published a diagram showing in a startling manner the good effect of its campaign against tuberculosis, which I suppose you know is the chief scourge under which Ireland suffers.This campaign is now being carried on in every town and village in Ireland and the sanitary education of the people is progressing wonderfully.The death rate for 1910 has just been announced.It is 2.3 per 1,000, the lowest figure since the registration of deaths was introduced in 1864.High water mark was reached in 1900 and 1904, in both of which years the death rate from tuberculosis rose to 2.9 per 1,000.This means that while in 1900 and 1904 about 12,000 persons were carried off by the scourge, last year only about 10,000 persons succumbed to it.It is estimated that for every death there are seven or eight persons suffering from the disease, so the figures indicate that there are about 16,000 fewer persons in Ireland suffering from consumption now than there were in 1904.\u201cIt may be expected, too, that as time goes on the number of deaths will drop much more rapidly, for a good many of those who are suffering and dying now must have contracted the disease under the old bad conditions which are disappearing.The new generation will grow up free from the tuberculosis taint, and after the present generation of sufferers dies off we may expect a big drop in the death rate.\u201cAll this is due to the voluntary work of the Women\u2019s National Health Association.Travelling lecturers are employed, many of whom travel from village to village in vans which are used to give free exhibitions of the danger of unventilated and overcrowded living rooms.I have seen cottages recently which until a few years ago never had a window that could be opened, fitted with large sunny windows thrown open to the fresh air in all weather.There is hardly a village now that cannot show the traveller a consumptive who has been cured by the fresh air treatment.\u201d failure in town, however, and a worse one \u2018than in the country.WALLACES\u2019 FARMER IN THE EMERALD ISLE RIM men-of-war at anchor made the tender soft green round Queenstown Harbor appear more warmly smiling.It lay bathed in sunlight at eight in the morning on May 13th, as the tender landed the passengers, while SS.T.became a vanishing speck on the blue water, bearing away kindly folk I had met, and hoped to see again if the world only proved small enough.The country up past Mallow to Limerick is a series of charming pictures.There is a strange lack of people; but everywhere the traveller catches glimpses of ruined castles in an emerald setting: and in the shade of the walls a donkey and its foal are the invariable addition to the landscape.Beyond the quaint old town of Limerick, with its fusty smell (all Irish towns have the same smell of unwashed age) the country changes.It begins to look desolate; rocks peep out everywhere through the mossy grass; and loose stones rise up and hit the careless walker, unless he has the appropriate thickness of shoe leather.The land is divided into little one or two-acre fields, surrounded carefully by stone walls loosely built from the boulders collected during the landowner\u2019s spare time.To get from one field to another you unpick the wall, and then from the other side fill up the gap.Possibly for the first time you may scramble over, but the wall comes down on your feet and it is a painful experience never repeated.En route to Galway by rail, one changes at Athenry into carriages with plain wooden seats exhaustingly hard; and in brotherly affection 1 advise travelling any class but third.Everywhere in County Galway towers of refuge guard the estates, dating from about the fifteenth century.À subterranean passage connects the tower with the outside world, and there is often the remains of a banqueting hall.The town of Galgary has a settlement beyond the Spanish Gat, where Spanish is spoken\u2014relics of the Armada; and through the Merlin Court.\u201cCharles II\u201d 168 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE west of Ireland it is quite common to meet with a markedly handsome Spanish type.There is a tablet placed on a wall in the town on the spot where Judge Lynch hanged his own son, thus originating \u201cLynch Law\u2019\u2019.A Spanish guest had made love to a certain Irish girl, and the Judge's son, mad with rage and jealousy, took the Spaniard out for a row on Lough Corrib and stabbed him to death.The men of Galway sympathized with the murderer, and would not move in the matter, so Judge Lynch, to punish the breach of hospitality, took the law into his own hands and hanged his son.In ther country around, looking like picturesque old castles in the distance, roofless tumble-down cabins greet the eye on every hand.When you remark on, this wholesale desertion you are told \u201cOh! It\u2019s himself that\u2019s just gone to Ameriky\u201d.\u201cWell! Why not let the land?\u2019 \u201cSure, and isn\u2019t his step-brother, Stephen Fahey, keeping an eye on ity and it's Patrick himself will be coming back with a pot full of money; and will be thatching the roof again in no time at all\u2019\u2019.And so the number of thatchless hovels increases.The peasant women wear a thick scarlet frieze- like petticoat.They can manufacture and dye the material themselves.It is everlasting wear, and is handed down from generation to generation.In the neighbourhood of Connemara every peasant has it; but the stranger finds much difriculty in buying the stuff.The bright colouring against a background of mossy fields and the.delicate green la- ciness of the trees is very pleasing; but it is strange that these scarlet-petticoated women, many of them white-haired, should choose to trudge along the roads barefoot, only putting on their boots when they reach the town.It is said that the introduction of the steam separator into Ireland, and the formation of cooperative societies to enable the small farmers to erect creameries, started a new civilization, - and that co-operation has spread like wildfire over the country: that the \u2018United Irishwomen\u2019\u2019 have promoted industries and brought gayer life to the desolate Trish countryside.However that may be, Galway certainly was awake, I heard rumours of concerts past, and to come; and my hostess herself took part in cooking and butter-making competitions: A nation that drives sideways is full of contradictions.The smaller the donkey the heavier the load.In Ireland the all-round strongest draught animal seems to be the jennet.You cannot hurry him or tire him out.One carried for three miles on a steady upgrade road all the trunks of an American traveller of the luggage sex, without turning a hair, and this by way of recreation after a day's work.They draw the turf (peat) cut from the surrounding fields, or brought over from the Aran Islands or across Galway Bay in hookers.It is difficult to tell a jennet\u2019s age.My hostess had Charles 11, aged over twenty years, with the spirit and obstinacy of a three-year-old.Over the wall grazed Charles I.of a former generation, still apparently in the prime of life.Peat smoke from the cabin chimneys rises blue The street where the tablet to judge Lynch is erected.against the green trees and the white-flecked sky.The air is wonderfully soft and warm\u2014with a tang of salt, for nowtere in Galway is far from the sea.Before and after the time of the Armada the town of Galway was very prosperous; and as a port ranked second in the United Kingdom.Perhaps a Canadian Armada in the near future will visit this forsaken and forgotten port and, with returning sons of Erin, bring prosperity again.It is the nearest port to America in the British Isles.The tide runs far in; covering grass and sea pink, and filling, muddy ponds inland.The cows stand contentedly in salt water, and the ducks waddle down at low tide for y swim.But only the bravest pedestrians walk along those stony shores.Was it the salt water, or the fact that my charming hostess made the butter, that it tasted to the humble visitor the most delicious ever churned.In the pasture the cows would let a stranger ride them, except \u2018\u2018Rosie\u2019\u2019.She had a twenty-five pints reputation, and was too dignified to hecome a beast of burden.The view at|sunset was sublime, from a rough and furrowed tennis court heside the house.Across the surrounding pastures and trees the waters of Galway Bay reflected wonderful lights, tingeing the purple of the Clare Mountains heyond.The Galway peasant helieves in the \u2018\u2018little people\u2019\u2019.According to the gardener, they danced in the very pasture where my favorite \u2018\u2018Anne\u2019\u2019 was chewing: the cud.Just the restless spirits not allowed to enter Paradise: Oh yes, he had seen them many a time.Weasels too had supernatural intelligence, and could kill or cure: mere man, if so minded.In a topsy-turvy country, where locks turn the wrong way, and weasels are all-powerful, ghosts naturally reign supreme in every house of any pretensions.In the meadow beyond the trees, \u2018\u2018Merlin Court\u2019\u2019 (so the tale goes) held high revelry, and so busy were they with their noisy merriment that an exhausted serving maid fell from an upper staircase, dashing her brains out on the stones below, and lay unnoticed for three days.Then they dug a hole where she lay, and above her placed a stone s'ab.Any self-respecting ghost would walk after such treatment.Tha name \u2018\u2018Cut-throat Lodge\u201d and a loose slab in the kitchen floor suggest tragedies in the house of mine host; and no one yet has been brave enough to wait up alone, and listen for the \u2018\u2018tap, tap\u2019\u2019, which comes from Lehind that stone at twelve nightly.I, myself heard the gentle tread of stockinged feet outside my door before the clock struck one.The prose of morning persuaded me that \u2018\u2018Anne\u2019\u2019 had passed beneath my window.What right had § to behold or question the nightly doings of the powers that be?In Galway those who would live peacefully neither hear nor see too much, and country folk go early to bed.Over the fern-covered stone wall lies the Joyces\u2019 Duelling Field.Where now Charles I roams undisturbed, not forty years ago at daybreak many a little company came from time to time to aid \u201cto the death\u201d a Joyce or a Lynch.The Galwegian is always \u201cagin\u201d something \u2014 a neighbour, the government, or those of his own household.The Mecca of true fishermen all over the United Kingdom\u2014OQughterard\u2014is but a short journey by boat or train from Galway.When the May, fly appears, rough tweed-clad invaders from all points of the compass appear on Lough Corrib\u2019s.shores and camp out, or seek lodgings nearby.Across Ireland to Dublin; and thence from Kingston to Holyhead on a moonlight night is a pleasant little sea trip.You arrive in London very stiff and cold; sadly missing the sleeper so universal in America.BRADFIELD FARMERS\u2019 INSTITUTES FOR YOUNG PEOPLE IRCULAR No.99, of the United States Da partment of Agriculture, discusses farmers\u2019 institutes for young people.The fact is recognized that 499 out of every 500 country boys and girls get no definite training along agricultural lines.While eventually we may teach agriculture in the country schools, we are not so doing now.If the next generation is to farm effectively, it must be reached with systematized agricultural knowledge, and that quickly.Circular No.99 suggests that the farmers\u2019 institutes take more generally upon themselves the duty of reaching country young people from 14 to 18 years of age with practical, scientific, agricultural instruction.Undoubtedly, farmers\u2019 institutes generally over the country could work great good in this way.Ways in which the farmers\u2019 institutes may most effectively reach the young people are suggested.Of course the fundamental proposition in reaching young people.is to get them vitally interested, and this may be accomplished by appealing to the young person's love of competition or his love of gain.Judging contests, grain growing contests, contests in the ordinary farm operations, such as milking, currying horses, corn husking, draining, spraying, pruning, plowing, horse-shoeing, etc, may be inaugurated to interest the boys, while cooking, baking, canning, preserving, dressmaking, house decoration, etc., may be used for the girls.Contests may be extended almost indefinitely.Premiums should be offered to the winners in order to get everyone into the game with all their might.Of course the whole thing should be planned out definitely by the farmers\u2019 institute so that it will all go forward without a hitch.We suggest that every farmers\u2019 institute consider the advisability of extending its work in this direction and send to the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., for Circular No.99, concerning farmers\u2019 institutes for young people.FARM LABOR HE difficulty of getting competent help is one of the conditions which are driving many people from the farm who would, under ordinary conditions, prefer farm life.This condition is, it seems to us, an indication that better things are in store for the farmers of the country.While cheap labor may be employed in some industries where most labor is under supervision and where each laborer has only limited and definite things to do, only the ablest type of labor can be used to advantage on the ordinary farm, as it is practically out of the question on the farm to give very close supervision to labor.Such labor must be trusted alone with valuable animals and machines, it must possess considerable skill in their manipulation and care.Such labor must further possess an earnest desire to do efficient and careful work without being constantly under the supervision of some overseer or foreman.We believe that comparatively high wages must be paid before farm labor of suitable quality can be secured.The present scale of wages for this labor is entirely inadequate in view of the demands made upon it in comparison with requirements in other industries.For example: A fireman on a railroad engine receives from $80 to $130 per month, while no greater skill is required to fire one of these engines than to feed and manage a good herd of stock.A street car conductor receives from $75 to $90 per month, and certainly no greater skill or ability is required for such work than to handle three or four horses and a self-binder.At present from $30 to $35 per month and board, or a total of from $45 to $50 per month, is considered very good wages for farm hands.If the business of agriculture is to compete with other industries, then agriculture must pay as good wages for the same class of work as is paid by the other industries; and the people who use farm products must pay such a price for them as will enable a farm owner to compete in the open labor market.\u2014A.D.Wilson, University Farm.Ce VIGORA CURES The Broken Wind J (in horses) Sold everywhere\u2014 Write for circular J.B.MORIN, 31847 St.Joseph St, - - Quebec.PPERS.Get More Money For Your Furs 5 Don\u2019t ship anyone furs till you get § Our Free Bulletin quoting cash rie we actually Ray for Mink, Skunk, Fox, gi Wolf and all other furs, We charge (7 #4 no commissions.Write today for Free { Bulletin\u2014it will pay you big.NATIONAL FUR AND WOOL CO, Dept.203 8t.Louis, Mo, DT Ir É WE) @ A Garden of Beauty and Fragrance HETHER you love the dear old Marigolds, Heliotrope, Nasturtiums and Petunias\u2014the gorgeous Poppys and Asters\u2014the many- hued Sweet Peas\u2014 the heavy- scented Nicotiana \u2014 or the huge and picturesque Ricinus you'll find in Ewing's Catalogue the particular varieties which will make your flower garden a real satisfaction.Ewing's Reliable Flower Seeds have been delighting beauty lovers for more than forty years.Write for Hllus- trated Catalogue to-day, and if your Dealer hasn't Ewing's Seeds, order from us direct.THE WILLIAM, EWING CO., LIMITED, Seed Merchants, McGill St., MONTREAL.THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE the Dominion.Don\u2019t be without it.trated.tion.No extravagant claims.SEED POTATOES 6 Superior varieties early, semi- early and tardy - SEED CORN Twelve varieties, including round and horse-tooth.SEED OATS.The finest and biggest grain ever riped in Canada.CLOVER AND HAY SEED Largest and most superior rieties.VEGETABLE SEED Fresh, carefully tested, and thoroughly reliable.va- Whether or not you have the 1913 copy of our catalogue\u2014don\u2019t fail to get the 1914 edition.Send a post card to-day for your copy.ITS FREE.THE 1914 D & F CATALOGUE OF HIGH GRADE SEEDS READY FOR DISTRIBUTION It is the handsomest, most practical, and complete seed catalogue published in Just brimful of practical information.Consists of over a hundred pages, printed in clear legible type and fully illus- Contains nothing but the truth about D & F High Grade Seeds.We are the leading distributors of _ (DUPUY & FERGUSON, a.38 Jacques-Cartier Sq., KX No exagera- MONTREAL.FERTILIZER Lesage Fertilizer for Grain and Wheat .Lesage Fertilizer for Fruit and Vine .Lesage Fertilizer Special for Tobacco .Quebec Special for all Kinds of Crops .Fine Ground Bone Thomas Phosphate Powder (Caledonia) .Lesage Royal Potato Manure .Registered under umber 446 447 448 331 330 338 449 For Catalogue and Prices write to LESAGE PACKING & FERTILIZER COY,, Ltd.AGENTS WANTED.MONTREAL, QUE.FE ete FREE Air repeating rifle, 350 SHOTS, lever action, automatically loaded, hammerless, in gun-metal finish steel, walnut breech.No money needed.Send your order at once.Free for the selling of 30 beautiful hemstitched handkerchiefs, at 10c.a piece.CHIEF MFG., CO., 10 CHIEF BLDG.BEEBE, QUEBEC.A | VETERINARY DRUG STORE The best and purest veterinary drugs at special low prices.Consultation by letter, free of charge, with the Company's VETERINARIAN, for any diseases, write and consult now.TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THIS OFFER A NTRNOW THE DISEASE OF YOUR National Stock Food Company OTTAWA, Ont.The Greatest Animal Tonic In The World | And the greatest feed saver in the world.This wonderful tonic will keep stock in better condition with 25% less feed, thau regular feed without it.This is because International Stock Food enables Horses,Cows,Pigsand Sheep to get all the nutriment out of their feed.INTERNATIONAL STOCK FOOD CO.LIMITED, - It aids digestion and assimilation \u2014 keeps the blood clean and the flesh firm\u2014 and protects the animals against disease.THREE FEEDS FOR ONE CENT If you will write and tell us how many head of stock you own, we will forward to you free our $3,000.Stock Book.100 TORONTO.IX Send yourRaw FURS John Hallam Sixty Thousand trappers now send us their Raw Furs.Why not you?We pay highest prices and express charges, charge no commission and send money same day goods are received.Millions of dollars are paid trap- ers each year.Deal with a reliable house.Fo are the largest in our line in Canada, FREE HALLAM'S TRAPPERS GUIDE French and English.A book of 96 pages, fully illustrated.Game Laws revised to date\u2014tells you how, when and where to trap.bait and traps to use, and § many other valuable facts concerning the Raw Fur Industry.also our * Up-to-the- minute\u201d fur quotations, sent ABSOLUTELY FREE for the asking.Write to-day\u2014 address JOIN HALLAM, Limited Mail Dept.326 T Oo R 0 N T 0 111 Front St.Last, WINDMILLS Our Double- Geared \u201c Ideal \u201d Pumping Windmill has double strength.If pull- in wire breaks in storm mill goes out of gear.Wheel and Vane galvanized after made.Our towers are girted every five feet and are double braced, and braces locked to girts where they cross.We can supply you with the best outfit made.We manufacture a full line 0 Gasoline Engines, Grain Grinders, Saw Frames, Pumps, Tanks, Water Boxes Concrete Mixers, Ete.If interested send for catalogues.Goold Shapley & Muir Co,, Brantford,Ont.LAKESIDE AYRSHIRES À select lot of young bulls, all ages, sired by the following :\u2014 Barcheskie Cheerful Boy (Imp) 28879 (7781) Hobsland Bonnie Boy (Imp) 33275 (8776) Morton Mains Planet (Imp) 33279 (8774) Auchenbrain Seca Foam (Imp) 35758 (8865) Imported dams: Record of Performance ams.Proprietor Manager GEO.H.MONTGOMERY, D.McARTHUR, Dominion Express Bldg., Philipsburg, Montreal.Que.RBIN STOPS ABso _ E LAMENESS from a Bone Spavin, Ring Bone, Splint, Curb, Side Bone, or similat trouble and gets horse going sound.Does not blister or remove the hair and horse can be worked.Page 17 in pamphlet with each bottle tells how.#2.00 a bottle delivered.Horse Book 9 K free.ABSORBINE, JR., antiseptic liniment for mankind, Reduces Painful Swellings, Enlarged Glands, Goitre, Wens, Bruises, Varicose Veins, Varicosities, heals Old Sores.Allays Pain.Will tell you more if you write.$1 and $2 a bottle at dealers or delivered.Book \u2018\u2018Evidence\u2019\u2019 free.Manufactured only by W.F.YOUNG, P.D.F.134 Lymans Bldg., Montreal, Can, X THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE } Let us Help you to Get More Money out of your Sugar Bush * * Superior to all other pressure syse tems.Noft, clear powerful light, costs little to aperante, attractive fixtures, pressure tunk anywhere inside or outside house.Gravity Lamps also.Get catalog, agents terms, aod full details of our Spee cial Premium Offer : IE BEAUTIFUL EASTMAN KODAK 3 it (No.3 Premo Junior, photos | 3 I Bt 31, x 414) Free to purchaser of 6 Sun Lamps in one year.SUN LIGHT CO.3 1420 'arket St.Canton,0.ff: yi ZEN | | d Do you know about the \u2018CHAMPION\u2019 Eva- F porator, and what if can do for you, by saving i ( IVE your seed a chance to produce B time, labor and money, and producing better ii a record crop by sowing it with a sugar and syrup than you have ever had .x .before?Do you know that nine-tenths of the i Deering drill.Deering disk and hoe con- | prizes for maple produets, at the Full Fairs, go struction puts the right amount of seed 11 6 to users of the \u201cChampion\u201d Evaporators?Do jf the right position at the bottom of the fur- Indorsed by J; you know that no matter what size your : row, to insure your getting a full even stand of Beginners.Ÿ maple grove muy be, there is a \u201cChampion\u201d i grain.û made speeially for it?Do you know that the \u2018if No matter whether your ground is hard or soft, And Experts EF \u201cChampion\u201d is the best Evaporator on the i gravel or clay, smooth or rough, level or hilly, there | ; market, and that you can get one on such ' is a Deering dnl in the lue that will plant your , i casy terms of payment, that you won\u2019t miss i seed as it shou ep anted.| .the money ?This is all true.Not because we | Exannue Deering drill construction and the many Prairie State Incubators = say so, but because we can prove it, and will - features.Note the light draft, the large capacity Are Guaranteed.a do so gladly if you'll give us the chance.grain boxes, the double-run force feed that handles to be absolutely as represented, or your Write us now for copy of our new illustrated all kinds of grain and seed, the ease of regulation money will be refunded upon the return catalogue free to suit soil and seed \u2014and a dozen other points to of incubator in good order.(O8 \u20ac j Be husiasti The best possible evidence of their | 2 grow ent siastie oe h \u2019 efficiency is contained in the fact that .os See the drills themselves at the I H C local agent's Canadian Agricultural Colleges are | Tha GRIMM MFG.Co.Limited place of business.Our catalogues tell you all the successfully using Prairie State Incu- 0 | features of all the types.Get catalogues from the batars in their practical and demons , 58 Wellington Street Hl local agent, or write the nearest branch house.results.Hundreds of others, both » ; ; I .1 H C f Ca d L d beginners and experts, have told us of the excellent results they obtained, in MONTREAL, - _ _ QUE.nternational Harvester Company o nada, Lt hatching strong, healthy chicks that Hamilton, Ont.London, Ont.Montreal, Que.have lived.Ottawa, Ont.Quebec, P.Q.St.John, N.B.- \u201cSend for this Free Book \u201cHow to .atch Chicks that Live\u201d.These machines are built at Hamilton, Ont.It gives reasons why the Prairie State is better, shows the best kind of Hover, | tells how to build Brooders, the kind | .of feed to use, and how you can obtain on the } the experience of others.Write for it \u2018 Horse \u2014 | SI to-day.| We offer the best cash market in Horse Owners! Use Canada for eggs and poultry.Ask for | cË GOMBAULT\u2019S quotations.i | SS .Gunn, Langlois & Co.2 pe RY S HIGH : Causti C LIMITED, .GRA EEDS, BEST FOR 5 i We offer vou fre À ' [EEO > \" 53 St.Vincent Street, Montreal.this book that tells | CANADA'S CLIMATE.SPE- = vou all about horse i diseases and how to p cure them, Call for it at your local druggist or write us, CIAL OFFER.TRY THEM.For 25c.| will mail postpaid one packet ench of following: Beet, carrot, cucumber, cabbage, Balsam pa À Safe, Speedy, and Positive Cure Thesafest, Best BILISTER ever used.Takes 12 EVERBEARING A = KENDALL\u2019S SPAVIN CURE f« invaluable.1t cures Spavin, Curb, Splint, Lingbone or any other Inmeness, quickly and safely at smallexpensa.Read what Leo Cadizan, of Ennis.more, Ont, says: [used your Spavin Cure ou a horse that had Ringbone, and it enred im in four weeks time,\u201d Kendall's Spavin Cure is cold at the nuiform price of #1 a bottle, 6 for $5 I you cannot get it or our free book at your local druggist's, write Us.Dr.B.J.KENDALL COMPANY Enosburg Falls, Vermont 8! lettuce, onion, radish and tomato, in all 8 full packets fresh seeds.Mail 25c.to-day.HECTOR L.DERY, 21 Notre Dame E., Montreal.\u2014_ ) art EO the place of all linaments for mild or severe action.iemoves all Bunches or Blemishes from Horses and Cattle, SUPERSEDES ALL CAUTERY OR FIRING, Impossible to produce scar or blemish Every bottle sold 1s warranted to give satisfaction Price 81.50 per bottle, Sold by druggists.or sent by express, charges paid.with full directions for its use.Send for descriptive cireulars.THE LAWRENCE-WILLIAMS CO.,Torontn, Ont FOR SALE at low price one 200 eggs incubator and brooder, in good order.Apply to J.LABREQUE, St-Fercol, Montmorency Co.S\" LAWRENCE granulated white pure cane sugar gives the very best results for cake, candies, jams or jellies.I.Buy it by the bag.ST.LAWRENCE SUGAR REFINERIES LIMITED, Sugar Sold by leading grocers in 100 Ib., 25 Ib.and 20 1b.sealed bags, and 5 1b.and 21k.cartons.3 sizes of grain\u2014Fine, Medium and Coarse, all choicest quality.22-10-13 MONTREAL.MADE FROM PURE cane SUGAR \u201c Color Catalog, FREE.STRAWBERRY à EE Yes, ABSOLUTELY FREE! This is\" simply to introduce our wonderful Productive Strawberry Plants Produce great crops of fine extra large, delicious strawberries all sammerand AY fall, Fall hearing strawberries are in £7) great demand.Here's your chance ~ f