The Journal of agriculture and horticulture, 1 août 1916, mardi 1 août 1916

[" gy Ex QE \u2014 de a rai e z - CT ~ \u2014 es Cer Nd eras oom ~~ \u2014 = mo ~ oo = Lou.RP a EE oe a.=e ~~ as = rm ag So prt ORLY Cf HN Ta 272 _ vs ov ve 2e pag A z na sp 47 - nt ee rar = rm ER IE wo 0 \u2014 vs AT EE ig E ih ra MES Si er - - Lee Lita \u201cer FES Ti asie wsdl we + À 2 rr Spx 2.A ¥ 0 3 5 > Éd La _ Lo.xX i » ig: \"5%.rt = oo NS ¥ 2° x en, © Ton a a Fes te & ar SH Volume 20 A 3 A - ë Ë a 2 Be ey x = pm 7AGRI NI 3 = _ , > or br sa 8 2 si a i Pa AND HORTI + Es CU J 5 2 a Eo 75 ed FE.tn Xe aa 23) pe & Ve 34 [LA ¥, B37 En August Ist 1916 ed Ë ¥ a ova 5 Le ë * Pi a No if £5» = | SCENE ON THE RESTIGOUCHE RIVER.ho fi x 2e # * pe 45 X os È FU 23 Alte LJ Pe = Fa ER a x, 3 Fle * SUA RY, x XN THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC.Sire 4 Ÿ ; a + ; 7 gv + PE SR # L i > p + ti?CULTURE CS A - RE | tS 5 7 cs a Number 2 LTURE - PUBLISHED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF \u2018 RK G 11 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Prepare Now «\u2014 2 to Get More / VS i Profit from Mikfox es : cows Milk fron! MOTOR QUALITY | Your Cows ljryfee Silage fed COWS Place Your Order at Once for an Ideal Green Feed Silo Larger milk profits are sure to follow the erection of an Ideal Green Feed Silo.The best authorities have found that silage \u2018increase milk flow about 25 per cent, and reduces feeding costs 15 to 20 per cent.Silage is also the greatest profit-producing feed for beef cattle and sheep.Order your Ideal now, and be prepared to make larger profits from your livestock next winter.Now is the time to plan for your suo.In selecting it, remember that it is GOOD silage that is most profitable to feed, and that GOOD silage can be produced only in a GOOD silo.Something that is claimed to be \u201c\u2018just as good\u201d at a lower price is never as good.A \u2018\u201c\u2018cheap\u2019\u2019 silo is bound to be an inferior silo, and it can not produced GOOD silage.A \u2018cheap\u2019 silo, or a silo that you can erect from \u2018\u201c\u2018cheap\u2019\u201d material, will prove the most costly you The Standardized Automobile Upholstery U PONT Fabrikoid, Motor Quality, is used on more than half of all 1916 automobiles.Several years\u2019 use on hundreds of thousands of cars has proved its superiority over coated splits, commonly called \u201cgenuine leather.\u201d Popular motor car prices are low because every detail of their manufacture is of standard guaranteed quality and cost.Coated splits, weak and irregu~ lar in quality, durability and price, cannot be standardized.Motor Quality Fabrikoid, uniform in quality, price, durability re a APRA Coe and handling costs, is standardized.Insist upon Fabrikoid upholstery.Buy a standardized car and get the most for your money.can buy.The few dollars you might save on the first cost by buying such a silo will be lost many times over in the poor quality of the silage, the trouble and expense you will be put to in keeping the silo in repair, and in its short life.Send for samples and booklet An Ideal Green Feed Silo will pay for itself in one year, and will last from fifteen to twenty years.It will preserve your silage perfectly.It is the most profitable silo to own because it returns the biggest profit on the money vou invest in it.| | | DU PONT FABRIKOID COMPANY Wilmington, Delaware Factory at Newburgh, N.Y.Canadian Sales Office, Toronto A 7 Don\u2019t take a chance.Don\u2019t buy any silo until you get all the facts that prove that you get more for your money in an Ideal than in any other.N\\ Write today for our large, illustrated catalogue\u2014or, better still, place your order with a De Laval agent for an Ideal Green Silo.You take no chances in ordering an Ideal, because it is used and endorsed by thousands of the most experienced farmers and the best authorities in Canada.DE LAVAL DAIRY SUPPLY CO., Ltd.LARGEST MANUFACTURERS OF DAIRY SUPPLIES IN CANADA.Sole distributors in Canada of the famous De Laval Cream Separators and Alpha Gas Engines.Catalogues of any of our lines mailed upon request.MONTREAL PETERBORO WINNIPEG VANCOUVER 50,000 BRANCHES AND LOCAL AGENCIES THE WORLD OVER 7 MADE iN CANADA.FARMS for SALE STANSTEAD\u2014LARGE and SMALL FARMS in this beautiful section of the Eastern Townships.List of fine Farms to choose from.If you are looking for a Farm\u2014write to E.W.À HAY, Stanstead, Qué.i A THE 18th ANNUAL FAIR OF THE ST.LAWRENCE VALLEY] L'EXPOSITION OU'LL see the difference an airtight, watertight cover will make in your stock almost at once.Cattle crave the fresh, juicy silage that keeps them in better tone throughout the winter months and creates a rich, heavy flow of milk.PEDLARS 2 vor.SILO COVERS kezp silage fresh and tender as June pasture grasses right to the last forkful, Absolutely rain-tight and lightaing-proof.Cannot rust or decay.Made in hip or ingle pitch style.Shipped complete in sections that lock together tight and snug.À healthier herd is only one result of Pedlarizing ur Silo with a Pedlar Silo Cover, Write now for Booklet j 4 THE PEDI.AR PEOPLE, LIMITED (Established 1361) 26 NAZARETH ST., Montreal, Que.Trois-Rivieres, P.Q.Angust 2Istto 26th 1916 THE GREAT ANNUAL EVENT At Great Expense have been procured, New, Novel, Highly entertaining features.Melodious Music each day.Grand and Record-Breaking Racing as Liberal Prizes are Branches : Ottawa, Toronto, offered.Loudon, Winnipeg.Executive Offices and FAI F Factories, Oshawa, Ont.A R OR ALL THE Large Prizes are offered in PEOPLE all Departments, thus insuring a spirited rivalry of the Hon.J.A.TESSIER, President.best Productions of the land.L.H.AUGER, Secretary.vr af ta 3°\" 40 lala dhl. THE JOURNAL OF: AGRIGULTURE, AND, HORTICULTURE What Some Men Have Said of Page _ En sinés.LS re > re Fae aol \u201cBefore purchasing from you I examined a great many makes of engines, and I am now satisfied that 1 have made the best choice possible.First of all it is a starter and not a balker.Starts just as easy in zero weather as in Summer, and always runs until I stop it\u201d.: C.YOUNG \u201clI have now been using the 13; H.P.engine 1 purchased from you for sometime, pumping water, and cutting corn, and it is proving very satisfactory, being easy to start in the coldest weather.\u201d Wm.HOWE \u201cThe 1% H.P.engine I bought from you last Spring is giving the best of satisfaction.I am using it to separate, churn, and pump water up into the attic.I can run them one at a time, or all at once, and the engine does the work with ease.It is very light on gasoline.\u201d J.A.SEALE \u201cMy 5 H.P.engine purchased from you some months ago is giving me the best of satisfac- ion.I think the 5 H.P.engine is the most suitable Farmer's Power, for it will run everything the ordinary farmer uses.I have found that my engine has lots of power to run a Cutting Box, cutting large corn sheaves and straw as fast as the box will take it.\u201d J.F.PROUSE The original of these letters are on file and RA neighbor to neighbor, the news of Page Engine superiority is travelling fast.Every time we install one of them, we stand a good chance of getting other orders from that same neighborhood.The owner of a Page cannot help but be a salesman for this engine\u2014his enthusiasm will not allow him to keep silent about its merits.You, too, when you buy a Page, will find the news too good to keep\u2014you\u2019ll be telling your neighbors of its remarkable strength and simplicity\u2014its day-in and day-out satisfaction.Remember we do not ask more for this better engine\u2014 we ask less than you would pay for other engines that do not begin to compare with the Page.the addresses will be given to anyone inter- 13 H.P.$58.00 ested.H.P 82.50 We make immediate shipment \u2014 and allow 3 De TS OS ° * freight to stations on Quebec or Eastern Onta- 5 H.P.135.00 rio on orders o 0 pounds or over\u2014provide payment is made within 30 days.6 H.P.200.00 Get Page Fence for Permanence ferent Jar Sey a WT LE TB Te NY LATTE STI TATE XB TIE A dr CHOATE ants aed Page Fence is always a safe purchase \u2014 a good investment.There is absolute proof of its superiority \u2014 of its lifetime durability.At least we can show you some that\u2019s been up for 23 years, and still without a break, still giving good service.Beware of the too-cheap fence.Page fence prices are as low as they can be, unless we cut down weight and quality.And that we will not do.Fence bought from Page has only one price \u2014 only one profit, and that a reasonable one.Write for Price List.THE PAGE WIRE FENCE COMPANY 507 NOTRE DAME WEST LiMiTED.MONTREAL.4 if - | .L ; _ 7 > a ED o+ > A ?ASS 8 PPS SI.elie ~\u2014\u2014 veu Better Trees\u2014More Fruit \u201cKODAK W REE?PUY aay ~ [ati ° = v t A 3 Po La Get the most out of your orchard\u2014make your trees earn a better profit.Plant your trees with C.X.L.Stumping Powder\u2014they will grow faster, crop earlier and be healthier.Spade-planted trees have soil-bound roots.C.X.L.Stumping Powder breaks up the sub-soil and lets the tender roots get all the nourishment there is in the ground.Use C.X.L.for ditching, sub-soiling and grading, C.X.L.Stumping Powder will make your farm give you a bigger income\u2014and it\u2019s safe as gun powder.There is big money in agricultural blasting\u2014 Write for proposition.Send for our free booklet \u201cFarming with Dynamite\u2019.Canadian Explosives, Limited, 204 Transportation Bldg., Montreal Western Office, = Victoria, B.C.4 .RP _ Six-year-old Spade planted ARB aM a Norn Sa 5p GE RT 7 Bedi pO Te A \u201cON 4 Soil-bound trees on the Farm.\u201d Is the title of a beautifully illustrated and interesting little book that your dealer will give you or that we will send free upon request.CANADIAN KODAK CO., Limited, 604 King St.W., Toronto.SELDOM SEE a big knee like this, but your horse may have a bunch or bruise on his Ankle, Hock, Stifle, Knee or Throat.ABSORBINE TRADE MARK REG.U.S.PAT.OFF.will clean it off without laying the horse up.No blister, no hair gone.Concentrated\u2014only a few drops required at an application.$2 per bottle delivered Describe your case fot special instructions and Book 8 K free.ABSORBINE, JR., antiseptic liniment for mankind.Reduces Painful Swellings, Enlarged Glands, Goitre, Wens, Bruises, Varicose Veins, Varicosities, Old Sores.Allays Pain, Price 81 and 82 a bottle at druggists or delivered.Manufactured onlv bv W.F.YOUNG, P.D.F.134 Lymans Bldg.,Montreal, Can, Absorbine and Absorbine.Jr.are made in Canada, \u2018\u2018Goes Like Sixty\u2019\u2019 \u2014 \u2018\u2018Sells Like Sixty\" GILSON ENGINES all power purposes.You cannot afford \u201c to buy an engine until you investigate the latest improvements incorpore ated in Gilson Engines, which place them far in the lead.Send for free catalogue.GILSON MFG.Co., 1814 York St., Guelph, Ont, me \u2014_\u2014\u2014 ie \u201cAGENTS\u2014Salary and commission, to sell Red Tag Stock.Complete exclusive lines, Specially hardy.Grown only by us\u2014sold only by our Agents.Elegant free samples.Write now to DOMINION NURSERIES, Mont real.\u201d Iv THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Does Quality Count with You?If So, we Can Interest Yous gives you the best silage.Its construction is perfect The Green Silo and every piece is saturated with a creosote preservative.Our improved system of doors with ladders patented, is unequalled on the market.Besides the ladders its doors are cylindrical and close with double joints.They are adjusted in a special frame, strong and perfect.We also sell the Papec silage-cutter ; on account of its perfect construction, it is easily operated by a four horse-power engine.Free catalogue sent on request.The Plessis Gasoline Engine is very simple, light, economical and efficient.Specially made for doing hard work and under any conditions.The water and gasoline pumps and batteries which always cause lots of troubles, are entirely eliminated.The Plessis engine will always make your work easy.Sold with Webster Magneto only.ny ur Improved American Champion Thresher > = - So = = = a # J is built here under the inspection of an expert of 36 years\u2019 experience and its reputation is well established.Different sizes for horse- powers and gasoline engines.All parts of our machines are care- | fully inspected.Our motto is to guarantee satisfaction ; a trial -N PR La order will convince you of our claims.» 2 .is guaranteed to The Mz-ré Grain Grinder 2:22 2: from the old fashioned stone grinders.Itgrinds the grain instead of slicing or cutting it and it is sold on trial, satisfaction guaranteed.We receive every day letters from customers satisfied beyond their wishes.Large factories, up to date machines and skillfull workmenship enable us to offer you any of the above machines at a very low price compared with the quality.Ask for our free catalogue.Apply to THE PLESSISVILLE FOUNDRY ESTABLISHED IN 1873 Plessisville, P.Q.® 8 5 * . the reading columns must be addressed to Prof.W.Lochhead, Macdonald College P.O., P.Q.ISSUED FOR RATES MONTHLY OF ADVERTISEMENTS, BY THE ETC., ADDRESS DEPARTMENT OF THE CANADA AGRICULTURE PUBLISHING CO, OF THE Limited, PR UE BEC 73 St-Jacques, _ O Montréal.All matters relating to Circulation - 88,907 AND HORTICULTURE ENGLISH, 7,362 Volume 20 AUGUST 1st 1916 FRENCH, 81,546 | Number 2 | Ï EDITORIAL NOTICE TO BREEDERS OF BELGIAN HORSES E experience many difficulties in the re- \\ y gistration of grade and even of pure bred Belgian horses because of the neglect of buyers to transfer the horses to their names at the time of purchase.We take the liberty of telling them that the registration certificate is of no value to them as long as notice of the change of ownership has not been given to the Canadian National Records and a regular transfer to their name has not been signed.We beg to draw their attention to this point and ask them whenever they buy to remember to have a transfer signed by the seller.If the seller or the buyer does not know the routine to be followed, or if they have not the special transfer blanks, the buyer should report the sale to our official inspector, Mr.A.L.Gareau, Department of Agriculture, Quebec, who will give him the necessary instructions.Canadian Delgian Draft Horse Breeders\u2019 Association.RECENT PUBLICATIONS OF THE PROVINCIAL DEPARTMENT HE Quebec Department of Agriculture has recently published a new edition of Bulletin No.4., \u201cDouze Années de Pratique et d\u2019Experimentation à la Basse-Cour\u201d (\u201cTwelve years of Practice and Experiment in the Poultry-yard\u201d,) by the Poultry Manager of the Oka Agricultural Institute ; and Bulletin No 22, \u201cDes Bovides\u201d, (Cattle) by Mr.À.L.Gareau.Both are fully illustrated and clearly printed.Mr.Gareau\u2019s work relates especially to the diseases of cattle, while the poultry bulletin is a comprehensive treatise on all phases of the management of domestic fowl.Those who read French will find both bulletins useful.AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE HONORED BY THE UNIVERSITIES T is a pleasure to note that three French Canadians who have rendered great service to scientific agriculture have this year been honored with the degree of Doctor of Science.This honorary degree was conferred by Laval University, Montreal, upon Prof.M.J.A.Mar- san of the Oka Agricultural Institute ; by Laval University, Quebec, upon Mr.J.C.Chapais, assistant Dairy Commissioner for the Dominion ; and by the University of Ottawa upon Mr.A.T.Charron, Chief Chemist of the Provincial Laboratories at St.Hyacinthe.Prof.Marsan graduated from the classical college of L'Assomption and was studying law in Montreal when in 1886 a deputation from his own college and from the various agricultural societies of the Joliette listrict persuaded him to undertake the organization and management of a school of agriculture in L\u2019Assomption.After spending a year in the school of Agriculture at the School of Agriculture at Ste.Anne de la Pocatière (which was founded in 1859)Mr.Mar- san began his work in L\u2019Assomption in November 1867.This work was continued until 1899, when the L\u2019Assomption school was closed.Since the year 1892 Mr.Marsan had been acting as an official agricultural lecturer for the Provineial Department of Agriculture.This work he continued after the closing of the school and after 1900 he also acted as secretary of the commission of Agricultural Merit.In 1904 at the invitation of Rev.Father Dom Antoine, mitred abbot of Notre-Dame du Lac, he became Professor of Agriculture in the Oka Agricultural School, now the Oka Agricultural Institute.Dr.Chapais, son of the Hon.J.Chapais, Minister of Agriculture, was educated in the college of Ste.Anne de la Pocatiere and in Laval University.After being admitted to the Bar and practising successfully for two years he became in 1879, assistant editor of our sister publication \u201cLe Journal d\u2019Agriculture\u201d, to which he remains to this day a frequent and versatile contributor.In 1890 he was appointed Assistant Dairy Commissioner for the Dominion, a position which he still retains.Throughout his career Mr.Chapais has been active as a lecturer and writer on agricultural subjects, and prominent in all the provincial agricultural organizations.Among his publications are an illustrated work on forestry and a history of agriculture in the Province of Quebec.Says Dr Jas.W.Robertson, \u201cI know not where his equal can be found for both sound practical and sound scientific knowledge of agriculture.\u201d Dr.Charron served for fourteen years as first Assistant Chemist of the Dominion Experimental Farms, resigning in August 1914 to accept his present appointement as Provincial Analyst.He is well known as a lecturer on agricultural topics.The Journal offers its congratulations to Drs.Marsan, Chapais and Charron, and also to the Universities which in conferring these degrees have shown their appreciation of truly scientific agricultural effort.FEATURES OF THE MAPLE SUGAR MARKET novel and striking feature of this year\u2019s market for maple syrup and sugar is the growth of the demand from overseas.One dealer in Montreal reports having made substan- \u201ctial shipments in one week to the following widely separated destinations: Australia, New Orleans, California, Glasgow, St.John\u2019s, Nfld.Shipments to England amounting to as much as five tons of sugar \u2018have been frequent.The response to the Red Cross appeal for contributions of maple products to the hospitals for Canadian soldiers has again been good.One consignment of one ton of sugar and nearly six hundred gallons of syrup has been forwarded by Mr.John H.Grimm, Montreal, and another shipment is to be made in the near futare.It is believed that those who have contributed in this way to the comfort of our wounded boys have at the same time accomplished a useful advertisement of this industry, which will redound to the financial benefit of all interested.According to the weekly bulletins of the Quebec Cheesemakers\u2019 Co-operative Society the prices for syrup have remained steady all through the season at $1.30 a gallon for No.1, $1.20 for No.2, and $1.05 for No.3, and those for sugar at 13 ¢ a Ib.for No.1, 11% ¢ for No.2, and 10\u20ac for No.3.Inferior sugar, brown and black, in large blocks, has sold with difficulty at 8c to 944 \u20ac a pound.THE LATE DR.C.C.JAMES, DOMINION COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE N June 24th sudden death deprived Canadian agriculture of one of its most distinguished servants in the person of Charles Canniff James, M.A., L.L.D., C.M.G., F.R.S.C.Dr.James\u2019s services in the Dominion as a whole covered a period of only a little over four years, during which time his attention was devoted chiefly to the planning and putting into operation of the schemes for the co-operation of the Federal and Provincial Departments of Agriculture, rendered possible by the Agricultural Aid and Agricultural Instruction Acts.It was to advise him as to the most effective means of \u201cencouraging agriculuture\u201d that the Hon.Martin Burrell in 1912 called Dr.James from the position of Deputy Minister of Agriculture for Ontario, which he had filled with distinction for the preceding two decades, and the results of their conferences with the Minister and officials of the Provincial Department are to be seen in the great growth of extension and demonstration work during the last few years.The best and latest agricultural methods are now shown to the farmer at his home or on a neighbor\u2019s farm and educated advisers are at hand to give him information on the scientific questions that are always arising in conncetion with farm practice.Similar help in the way of demonstrations and advice is available to the country women in respect to the problems of the farm home.Dr.James\u2019s experience in the Ontario Department had convinced him of the efficiency of the local demonstrator or District Representative of the Department of Agriculture as a means of disseminating useful information among the farmers and keeping the department in touch with the needs of the country.It is ouly ten years since the first six District Representatives were appointed in Ontario.To-day that province has nearly fifty of 26 CONTENTS DITORIALS:\u2014Notice to Breeders of Belgian E Horses.\u2014Recent Publications of the Provincial Department \u2014Agricultural Science Honored by the Universities\u2014Features of the Maple Sugar Market\u2014The Late Dr.C.C.James \u2014Men Who have Served Quebec, \u2014 The Demand for setter Rural Schools.RCHARD AND GARDEN :\u2014IFruit Prospects Around Rougemont and Abbotsford.\u2014The Orchards about Covey Hill.\u2014The Repotting of Plants.\u2014 The Scab on Apples.\u2014Diseases of Potatoes.ARM AND FARM CROPS: \u2014Annual Meeting F of the Canadian Scedgrowers\u2019 Association.\u2014 Megantic County Farmers visit Macdonald College.\u2014 The Artificial Pollination of Corn.\u2014The loss of Soil Moisture.\u2014Cultivation to Kill the Weeds.\u2014-\u2014lime on the Farm \u2014Grasshopper Baits.\u2014F'all airs, IVE STOCK :\u2014The Late James Cottingham.\u2014 L Successful Co-operation by Sheep Breeders in Quéhee~\u2014Wool Display at the Canadian Nat- jonal Exhibition \u2014Summer Hints on Live Stock.Sale by General Stockbreeders\u2019 Association.\u2014 Examination of a Horse for Soundness.AIRY :\u2014Regulations regarding the Classifica- D tion and Manufacture of Butter.\u2014The Quebec Cheesemakers\u2019 Co-operative Quebec Dairy Statistics for 1915.Society.\u2014 Date \u2014Treparing for the School Fair.\u2014 The Growing Stock.\u2014The Management of Ducks.\u2014Rural School Fairs for 1916.OMEN'S WORLD :\u2014The Homemakers\u2019 Con- W vention.\u2014Dunham Homemakers\u2019 Club.\u2014 and Food values.\u2014The Bacteriology of Preserving.\u2014A Homemade Fly Trap.foods ENERAL INTEREST: \u2014 During a Thun- (5 derstorm\u2014Breed Society Grants to Quebec.\u2014Does it Pay to Feed Pigs on Potatoes?\u2014The Di- shorning of Cattle.\u2014The Use of Herbs and Barks in Dycing.\u2014The History of Roots.\u2014A Book for Cnadian Business Men.\u2014Conservation and Thrift.\u2014 Some Reasons why Every Farmer shoud have a Silo\u2014Thrift in Meat Consumption.NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS Subscribers and members of agricultural societies, of farmers\u2019 clubs and of the Provincial Dairymen\u2019s Association, who do not regularly receive either the English or the French Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture are requested to address their complaints to the Secretaries of their respective Societies, who will transmit them to the Secretary of the Council of Agriculture at Quebec.All money that is spent in these days on superfluous comforts and luxuries, whether in the shape of goods or in the shape of services, means the diversion of energy that ean be better employed in the national interests, either in supplying the needs of our fighting forces in the field, or in making commodities for export which will go to reduce our indebtedness abroad.And, on the other hand, every saving we make by the curtailment and limitation of our productive expenditure increases the resources which can be put by our people at the disposal of the State for the triumphant vindication of our cause.r.Asquith.TIIE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE The late Dr.C.C.James these local advisers, many of whom have been in the work for several years and have continually grown in efficiency, until their services in the community and the province have become invaluable.Through Dr.James\u2019s influence this system of local expert assistance to the farmer has now been extended to some of the other provinces, including our own, which in 1915 had fourteen demonstrators or agronomists distributed through its territory\u2014six appointed by the Provincial Department out of the funds provided by the Agricultural Instruction Act and eight appointed by Macdonald College.Short courses, demonstration trains, local agricultural and live stock clubs, drainage surveys and demonstrations, school fairs, co-operative experiments, ete.were among the means adopted by Dr.James and his co-operators for the stimulation and guidance of progressive agricultural effort.The Women\u2019s Institute was another means of agricultural development whose importance was realized by Dr.James.\u201cThere is no question\u201d, he says in his report on the Agricultural Instruction Act for 1914-15, \u201cthat Women\u2019s Institutes, with 850 branches and 23,700 members, form one of the strongest factors for rural betterment in the province of Ontario\u201d.It is through the operation of the Agricultural Instruction Act that the rapid expansion of Homemakers\u2019 Club work in the province of Quebec has been rendered possible.Dr.James was the author of a number of books and of innumerable articles on agriculture and also of several historical works.He was the compiler and editor of the two Agricultural War Books and was foremost in the organization, management and direction of the two campaigns for increased agricultural production during the war.He was a member of the board of enquiry into the cost of living, whose report has recently been published in two large volumes and a supplement.Previous to his appointment to the Deputy-Minister- ship in Ontario he was a teacher, having served three years in the Coburg College Institute, and five years as Professor of Chemistry in the Ontario Agricultural College.He was prominent in the movements for the affiliation of the Ontario Agricultural College und that of the Ontario Veterinary College with the University of Toronto, whereby the graduates of the two colleges receive University degrees.\u201cHe had\u201d, says the Hon.Martin Burrell, \u201cthat rare combination of idealism and sound practical sense in overcoming the difficulties which lie in the sath of the ideal.Characterized by an except- f ional grasp of our country\u2019s needs, animated by an untiring enthusiasm in administering to them, the riend who has passed gave a conspicuous example to us all in his devotion to Canada\u2019s welfare.He spared himself not at all, and indeed it may be said that in a real sense he has died for his country\u201d.MEN WHO HAVE SERVED QUEBEC | Appointed to the Faculty of Agriculture of the University of British Columbia ROGRESS is being made in organizing the staff of the College of Agriculture of the University of British Columbia.Two appointments have recently been made, Mr.Paul A.itoving, Field Root Specialist at Macdonald College and Mr.I, M.Clement, B.S.A., Director of the Ontario Horticultural Experiment Station at Vine- land.Mr.Boving is appointed Assistant Professor in Agronomy and Mr.Clement, Professor of Horticulture.These officials will take up their new duties in September, under Professor L.S.Klinck, Mean of the Faculty of Agriculture.Mr.Boving was born in Sweden in 1871.He was educated at Malmo and at Alnarp Colleges under the Lund University.He has carried on practical \u201c work in field husbandry and dairying in Sweden, Denmark and Germany.From the time of his eraduation at Alnarp College until 1900 he was teacher at an agricultural high school in Sweden and was for six years attached to an extensive seed firm at Gothenberg, affiliated with the well- known Svalof institution.During this period he was chairman of the Plant Breeding Committee of the province in which he lived.Mr.Boving came to Canada in 1910.After a few weeks of employment at the Central Experimental Farm he received his present appointment at Macdonald College to take charge of root crop investigations.Mr.F.M.Clement was born in the Niagara Peninsula, where he grew up and received his early education.He graduated from the Ontario Agricultural College in 1910.During the previous summer he carried out an extensive orchard survey in the southern part of the province.During the two years following his graduation he was District Representative for the Ontario Government, in Elgin county.In 1912 he received an appointment on the staff of Macdonald College as assistant to Mr.T.G.Bunting, B.S.A., Professor of Horticulture.Two years later he resigned this position to accept the Directorship of the Horticultural experiment Station at Vineland, Ontario, which position he will relinquish to take up his new duties in British Columbia.THE DEMAND FOR BETTER RURAL SCHOOLS (Continued from July issue).PRESENT RURAL SCHOOL CONDITIONS Oo W Lier! + UT our rural schools are usually desolate, or ugly, the room is dingy and the playground covered with uncut grass and weeds.Our college demonstrator, Mr.McOuat, has given great assistance to school boards to remedy this state of affairs, and improve the surroundings and grounds of our rural schools.But at present neither the rural school nor the rural church is the beauty spot of the country.Let a farmer visit his old home school of thirty years ago.He finds the same old building, ugly, desolate, small and battered, the same rickety benches and desks, the same uneven, cracked blackboard, the same lack of apparatus\u2014 I was almost about to say-\u2014the same old untrained teacher, but that is the only thing that changes in the whole outfit and teachers change nearly every year.F'ew stay.It is their lack of training and their inexperience which remains the same.To \u20ac , \u2014 wld ¢ THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 27 MR.P.A.BOVING Appointed Assistant Professor in British Columbia.enant of the Canadian Officers 2 Agronomy in Mr.Boving is shown in the uniform of a Lieut- Training Corps, an organization the University of in which he has taken a very active interest in Macdonald College and McGill University.tell the truth, our rural teachers are not as good as they were, comparatively speaking, forty or fifty years ago, because then there were few city or town schools or academies to tempt the best teachers away from rural schools.When McGill Normal School started in 1857, there were only two or three high schools in the Province.Now there are nearly forty academies and no fewer than seventy model schools.Outside of Montreal, Westmount, and Quebec City, there are 752 elementary schools staffed by 800 teachers of whom 468 have some kind of training and 332 have no training whatever.In other words, forty-one and a half per cent of our rural teachers are untrained for their work,\u2014 nearly half of them! Yet the rural teacher has the hardest work of all.She has several grades te teach at once ; the pupils are poorly classified and seven grades are possible in any one school.Thus she must teach at least thirty lessons a day or more than four every hour, while having encugh ingenuity to assign profitable seat work or study to the other grades not being taught at the time.Pupils in a rural school with a trained teacher attend more regularly, probably because they get more visible benefit from the instruction and there- Îfcre make better efforts to attend school.Again, only three-fourths of rural pupils enrolled actually are present on any one day and very few finish the complete course of seven grades.Thus the children do not get proper opportunities and their parents do not care enough for their future to sce that they make the most of their school days and improve their powers and awaken their intelligence.They have a right to a better education and a better training for their life work as farmers and the province owes them a better education than many of them get.What is more, they are going to get it.No problem is receiving more attention to-day than the question of efficient rural education, a more practical curriculum and better teachers to give it.The farmers are prospering and ambitious for their children.Whenever they realize that their children do not get equal educational opportunities to those provided for city children\u2014though different in nature, equal in efficiency\u2014then they will rise in their might and seek the remedy.The prophet needs little vision to see how this rural awakening will come about.It will come from the farmer himself.He already sees the benefits of co-operation in wool marketing, in stock breeding and in seed raising.He only needs to see the benefit of greater co-operation in school work to insist on better co-operative effort and more efficient schools.° PATRIOTISM, PRODUCTION AND THRIFT We are all told officially that the highest patriotism requires more production and yet more production, more thrift and again more thrift, if we are to win this war and come out of it in good shape financially and economically.But production and thrift mean greater intelligence and foresight on the part of our farmers, who always were and still are the backbone of the courtry.How are our farmers to produce this greater intelligence if they are not educated themselves and do not give their children good opportunities for good rural education.Why will not our farmers interest themselves in the School Board as much as in the county fair ?Why will they not pay a premium to a trained teacher to teach Nature Study and Elementary Agriculture efficiently?These subjects are on the curriculum.They are new.Untrained teachers cannot teach them.Trained teachers can.The rural school will yet prove itself the greatest factor in advancing the agricultural movement because the new movement for efficient farming will insist on improving the rural schools as the real centre of the problem, from which more intelligent farmers will come in future to improve the schools and perpetuate the progress.The standard of the rural school is the standard of intelligence of the local ratepayers.When they are parsimonious and careless, the school is dead.The rural school must join hands with the farmer and the farmer must offer his boy a better education than the city can give him for his life work as a farmer.SINCLAIR LAIRD.THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD FRUIT PROSPECTS AROUND ROUGE- MONT AND ABBOTSFORD N company with Peter Reid, Robert Brodie and Professor Bunting the editor paid a visit to the fruit sections of the Rougemont and Ab- botsford districts early in July.Our first call was at the home of Mr.Martin, Mount St.Hilaire Village, on whose farm the provincial experiment fruit station is located.This orchard, which is now well cultivated and sprayed, looks exceeingly well and it would be difficult to find more thrifty-looking trees anywhere.The chief varieties of apples growr are Fameuse, McIntosh, Peach, Alexander, Strawberry, Duchess, and a few Wealthy.Mr.Martin has about 6 acres of orchard and about 500 trees.In all probability the orchard will produce this year about 2,000 barrels of apples since there is every indication of a good yield, Mr.Martin makes the lime-sulphur mixture for the local association which owns a power sprayer outfit.The soil of this orchard is gravelly, with an excellent exposure on the side of Beloeil Mountain.Mr.Noiseux, who lives close by, devotes most of his attention to the cultivation of raspberries.He has 11 acres largely composed of Cuthbert and Marlborough, and of the two he likes the latter better.At Rougemont the orchards presented a fine appearance.Mr.Coté whe is the owner of the Government Experiment orchard has five acres of very fine orchard, with 4 acres of young trees.He grows many small fruits as well, and he has just completed a fine cool cellar which is very up- todate.At Abbotsford the orchards also look extremely well but we had time only to look through those of Charles Byers, Charles Slack, and Mr.Marshall, the latter being the Government orchard. 28 Ar.Coté, owner of the Fruit Station at Rougemont The orchards of Charles Byers and Charles Slack vive every indication of a large harvest.The trees have been well sprayed and the ground well cultivated.Mr.Marshall\u2019s orchard is showing up well and the old trees are taking on new life since the new methods have been carried into practice.Messrs PP.Reid, R.Brodie and Prof.Bunting call on Mr.Martin of Mont St.Hilaire Throughout the district there was a freedom from insects and fungous pests which was quite noticeable, although here and there we found evidence of incipient outbreaks of apple scab, and il no further spraying is done some injary may result.In Mr.Martins Orchard, Mont St.Hilaire.While many fruit-growers are practising summer cultivation, pruning, and spraying, we regret to say that many orchards may yet be seen that give tittle of proper care.Experience has shown that money can be made in apple-growing, provided the orchards are properly planted and cared for.evidence W.L.THE ORCHARDS ABOUT COVEY HILL A pleasant road from Chateauguay along the Chateauguay River through St.Martin and St.Chrysostome brings us to the Covey Hill.Nong a certain Bench level orchards thrive well and many farmers have made considerable money from the growing of fruit.Although the northern slope of Covey Hill is well adapted for fruit growing it cannot be truthfully said that the orchards are kept in the best of condition.As a rule most of them are left uncultivated, unsprayed and in sod, with the result that their apperance is un- thrifty and neglected.With the object of improving conditions the Pomologica! Society of Quebec a few years ago started a demonstration orchard, selecting the orchard of Mr.Waddell at Vicars, about two miles from Covey Hill.This orchard contains 4 acres and about 200 trees planted over 20 years ago, more than half the trees belonging to the Fameuse variety.It is now five years since the new methods of cultivation, spraying.pruning etc.were introduced into Mr.Waddell\u2019s orchard, and every year since has shown the value of the work done.In Mr.Chas.Slack\u2019s orchard, Abbottsford.Mr.Waddell is thoroughly pleased with the results and is able to get a nice little sum of money every year for his fine apples.Last year he sold about 425 barrels, of which 325 were Fameuse.He says that it is no trouble for him to sell the apples which have been well sprayed and well looked after.We understand that he obtained $3.00 a barrel last year for the apples on the trees.Mr.Waddell believes that the demonstration in his orchard has had a beneficial effect on the character of the neighboring orchards, but observation shows that much still requires to be done before the orchards are in good condition.Apple scab was showing itself fairly freely through the orchard in spite of the four sprayings which had been received.It is apparent that the season will witness a decided epidemic of scab on account of the wet season followed by hot, humid weather.At the Covey Hill two miles away Mr.G.B.Edwards, one of the oldest members of the Po- mological Society, maintains several large orchards.One of the drawbacks to the apple industry in this section is the long distance from a railway, Hemmingford, the nearest town, being about 9 or 10 miles away.At Hemmingford we had the privilege of inspecting the Dominion Entomological Laboratory in charge of Mr.C.E.Petch, The laboratory has been recently removed from Covey Hill, in the belief that the work could be done better from Hemming- ford.Recently Mr.Joseph Beaulne of Ottawa has been acting as Mr.Petch\u2019s assistant.These gentlemen have been carrying out experiments Taka.A view in Mr, Chas, Byers\u2019 orchard at Abbotsford.0 JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE In Mr.Marshall\u2019s Orchard at Abbotsford.for the control of curculio and railroad worm on apple Covey Hill, and have been also carrying on spraying experiments against apple scab.Lately they have had to deal with a severe oulbreak of cutworms on tobacco, in one place several thousand plants being destroyed.The laboratory is doing a fine work, and besides the spraying problems mentioned above it is looking into the question of pests of fallen apples.W.L.\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014 THE REPOTTING OF PLANTS OW is the time to think about repotting house plants, for if left much longer this work cannot be done for another year.Plants that have been growing in a pot for a long time need a renewal of soil, and the sooner this is done the better.No set rules can be laid down which would apply equally to all kinds of Mr.Waddell of the Fruit Exp.Station near Covey Hill has callers in the persons of Father Leopold, Robert Brodie, Mr.Gentle, P.Reid & Prof.Bunting.plants, for different kinds require different treatment.Harwcoded plants, such as azaleas, etc., require that the soil be rammed quite firmly ; such plants as palms require a moderately firmed soil.Ferns should be given their annual removal as soon as the new growth commences.Most plants require an extra space of two inches, that is a plant growing in a six inch pot should be transferred to an eight inch pot.In this case very little soil should be removed, but if it is desired to put the plant back in the same pot at least one- fourth of the soil should be shaken off.Always use a pot in proportion to the size of the plant.Great care should be taken in turning the plant out of the pot.This is done by turning the plant upside down, placing one hand on the under side of the pot and the other on the top, then tapping the rim sharply on a table or any suitable place, when the plant will fall out.Remove a little of the soil with a sharp-pointed stick, taking care to do as little injury as possible to the roots.If satisfied that the pot is big enough, wash it thoroughly; clean pots are very essential to successful plant growing, for the green growth which is sometimes seen outside the pot tends to make it less porous. THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 29 The home of Mr.J.M.Fisk one of the pioneer fruit growers of Abbottsford Some plants will benefit by top dressing.Take a little of the old soil off the surface and replace it with some good soil.This applies more particularly to plants that have made good growth and are too far gone to be repotted.Drainage Arranging pieces of broken crock or other material over the hole in the bottom of the pot for drainage is an operation to which too little attention is given, for unless the plant has proper drainage failure will inevitably be the result.Soil.Loam is the best soil for most plants, and soil that is a little heavy can be made lighter by the addition of leaf mould and sand.À little rotted manure is also beneficial.E.H.JONES THE SCAB ON APPLES FTV\\HE scab first appears on the young leaves at the time of blossoming, generally attacking the lower side of the leaf first.The diseased area is at first olive in color, deepening with age until it is dark brown or dark olive, and finally black and velvety in appearance.The margin of the diseased spot is quite definite, except when it appears on a vein.Distortion of the leaf may result.The spots may be numerous on the leaf, remaining separate or scattering.The spots vary in size from very small to, in severe cases, a half- inch or more in diameter.The diseased surface of the leaf may be slightly raised.Later the tissue of the diseased spot dies.The leaf may then be torn by the wind, as the diseased spots dry and crack.This is often the condition of the leaf during the middle and latter part of the summer.On the fruit the disease appears shortly after blossoming.The stem of the flower may be attacked while the fruit is setting, and cause the young fruit to fail.In fact, Bailey, 1895, stated that the failure to set fruit is not so often due to cold rain as to attacks of scab.The scab on the fruit is very small at first, later often becoming large enough to cover half or more of the fruit.The color is similar to that of the leaf spot and the margin is perhaps more distinct.During the growth of the fruit the diseased area may split and check and the fruit may become one-sided.The cause of scab is a fungus which winters over in the tissues of the old leaf and by means of spores infects the young leaves as they appear in the spring.The spores may be discharged from the old leaves in late April and early May and so the first leaves which appear may be infected more severely than the leaves from the later leaf buds, the fruit bud leaves appearing first.But before the old leaves discharge their spores no infection can occur as the fungus probably has no other way of living over winter except in the old leaves.In fact, where all the old leaves are burned the disease does not appear.In Mr.Chas.Byers\u2019 Small Fruits Plantation at Abbottsford An important point to consider is the time required for the disease to make its appearance after the spores have fallen on the leaf and begun to grow.Not knowing this the fruit grower may believe all is well and not spray until the disease actually appears.At Cornell it was found that if infection occurred May 7, the time the buds were just about to open, the disease, or scab spot, did not appear until May 22.The spores from the dead leaves were being discharged May 4, or three days before the buds opened.This proves that the infection may occur as soon as the bud opens and therefore it is not wise to omit the spray when the blossoms are in the pink.As the leaves on the ground seldom discharge spores long before the buds appear in the pink the spraying previous to that time has no effect in controlling scab, neither does it prevent the discharge of spores from the dead leaves or kill the spores, for they are buried in the dead leaf.DISEASES OF POTATOES timely bulletin issued by the Division of Botany, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, deals with late blight and rot of potatoes, Paul A.Murphy, assistant Plant Pathologist at Charlottetown, P.E.I, is the author and the Bulletin, which is entitled Circular No.10, can be had free on application to the Publications Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.Both the Director of the Dominion Experimental Farms and the Dominion Botanist agree that the subject is most important, as late blight has caused incalculable losses, but that those losses can be reduced to a minimum by thorough and timely spraying with Bordeaux mixture.Mr.Murphy describes the symptoms very fully.Early blight is prevalent in July and the spots which it causes are characteristically dry, brown, and marked with a series of concentric rings.Late blight makes its appearance in August and September as a rule, although it is always present before it is generally noticed.The first spots, which are usually on the lower leaves or stems are dark brown to purplish black in colour, sometimes surrounded by a ring of light green and they have a water- soaked appearance.In fine weather they dry up and become brown.In moist weather they increase in size and number and may involve the whole plant.An infected tuber is characterized by lurid coloured slightly shrunken areas on the surface that are abnormally hard.Mr.Murphy says that the losses from the diseases are incalculable and that in the United States some time ago they were placed in value at $36,000,000 a year.In 1915 it is estimated that the loss to Prince Edward Island alone was not less than $1,000,000 representing 2,000,000 bushels.The damage all over Eastern Canada was about on the same scale.Methods of control by spraying are detailed and the prescription for making the Bordeaux mixture given.The stocking of solution of copper sulphate and milk of lime is advised.Poison for the Colorado beetle can be applied with the Bordeaux as often as necessary.For this, either Paris green or arsenate of lead, or a combination of both may be used, half a pound of the former and a pound and a half of the latter to 40 gallons of spray being sufficient.In very severe cases the quantities of the poison can be increased by half.THE FARM AND FARM CROPS ANNUAL MEETING OF THE CANADIAN SEED GROWERS ASSOCIATION HE Annual Meeting of the Canadian Seeed Growers\u2019 Association for the year 1915-16 was held in the Canadian Building, Ottawa, Ont.June 16th.Among others there were present the President, Dr.Jas.W.Robertson ; Dr.C.A.Zavitz, Guelph, Ont.; Professor James Murray, Macdonald College, Que.; Mr.Savoie, Secretary of Agriculture for Quebec; Professor M.Cumming, Truro, N.S.; Mr.J.B.Daggett, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for New Brunswick ; W.T.Macoun, Ottawa ; G.H.Clark, Seed Commissioner, Ottawa ; W.J.Black, Economic and Development Commission, Ottawa; and the Secretary, Mr.L.H.Newman.Owing to the war situation the meeting this year dealt chiefly with bk -siness matters, there being no papers or addresses presented.The reports submitted by the Board of Directors and by the Secretary indicate that substantial progress has been made by the Association during the past year.The membership has increased as has also the extent of the influence exerted throughout the Dominion.Dr.Jas.W.Robertson was re-elected President, and Mr.L.H, Newman Secretary Treasurer.The Board of Directors consists of 19 members and is composed of prominent authorities chosen from each of the provinces.We know enough of good farming now to double our yields and treble our income, if we would put it in practice.Again we repeat the slogan\u2014\u201cRaise the acre yield\u2014there the profit lies\u201d.MEGANTIC COUNTY FARMERS VISIT MACDONALD COLLEGE BOUT 150 residents of Megantic and Artha- baska Counties visited Macdonald College on July 7th under the leadership of Mr.N.Savoie, Secretary of Agriculture, and Mr.Roy, District Demonstrator for the County of Megantic.The excursion was organized largely through the efforts of Mr.Grenier, Senior, to whom must be given much of the credit for the success of the excursion.The day was fine and warm, and the visitors were pleased with what they saw.On their arrival at about 1.30 they partook of lunch in the College grounds where they were welcomed by Pof.Loch- head in the absence of Dr.Harrison, the Principal.Then they were taken in charge by College representatives and shown through the buildings, 30 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE The Farmers\u2019 Excursion Party from Megantic Co.at St.Anne de Bellevue Station gardens and orchards, the experimental plots of the Cereal Department, and the live stock barns.The special train left again about 5.30.Most of the visitors came from Plessisville and Victoriaville, but many of the surrounding districts were represented.Among the visitors were noted Mr.Savoie, Senior; Mr.Grenier, Senior; Mr.Fraser of Leeds; Mr.A.T.Charron of the St Hyacinthe Provincial Laboratory; and Mr.Joseph E.Perrault, M.L.A.for the county of Arthabaska.THE ARTIFICIAL POLLINATION OF CORN N the breeding of corn some difficulties are encountered in the technique of pollination, in respect to the prevention of contamination of the silks by foreign pollen, carried on the hands or instruments of the operator, as he goes from plant to plant engaged in the work of artificial pollination.To obviate these difficulties the following method has been practised with considerable success and is to be recommended.The tassel should be covered while still immature, and before the anthers have protruded, with a ten pound manila paper sack, such as is commonly used in groceries.The mouth of this - sack can be secured gathered around the stalk beneath the tassel and pinned with a rather stout long pin.Ordinary pins are too small.The ear may likewise be covered with a similar sack, which is drawn tightly over the top of the car, folded around the stalk on the opposite side and the folds pinned.The sacking of the ear should be done before the silks have begun in the last to protrude from the husks.Otherwise pollination of the protruding silks from vagrant pollen is almost certain to occur.When the silks have grown to a length of five or six inches within the sack, the ear is usually in the best condition for pollination, since by that time most of the silks have grown out.The first silks to appear are those from the basal kernels and so on progressively outward, the tip silks being the last to develop.In natural wind pollination of corn, the pollen is blowing about the field for a period of a week or ten days, during which time the drifting pollen falls on the successive silks as they appear.In artificial pollination, if but a single application of the pollen is made, naturally only those silks will be pollinated which happen to be developed and receptive at the time.The consequence is a nubbin ear.For this reason, the same ear is usually gone over by the pollinator two or three times, in order to secure the successful pollination of the greatest possible number of silks.In the method advised herein, it is belived that a far greater number of silks can be reach in one pollination and that the danger of contamination from foreign pollen is practically eliminated.The pollen can be readily applied to the silks by means of a common insect powder gun or spring blower.The blower is filled with anthers and pollen from the sack taken from the tassel, the latter being bent over and rapped sharply to secure the shaking of the loose anthers and pollen.In the sack the pollen is mixed with the mass of empty anthers from which it has been shed.No special care need be taken to get the pollen separated from the anthers.By having the nose of the blower cut down to a length of half an inch, any anthers which may chance to clog the nozzle can easily be pushed away with a pin.As a matter of fact, for the most part the blast expels pollen and anthers together without difficulty.It is absolutely necessary to adopt some method of killing the pollen grains left after one pollination before proceeding to the next plant.Simple washing of the hands in alcohol is sufficient to insure the killing of all pollen grains that may adhere to them.Pollination of corn by the use of a camel\u2019s hair brush is slow and tedious, it is difficult to reach all the silks rapidly and satisfactorily and the surfaces of the silks have to be continually touched.Pollination by simply shaking or pouring the pollen from the sack upon the silks is wasteful, the pollen cannot be directed at will, and it is impossible to reach all of the silks with certainty.Aside from the ease with which sterilization can be effected, the blower method is I think decidedly superior to any other method of artificially pollinating corn.By this method the pollen is much more economically and effectively used.B.C.T.THE LOSS OF SOIL MOISTURE HERE are three ways in which the soil loses its moisture\u2014by percolation, evaporation, and transpiration through the leaves of the plant in the form of vapour.Losses by evaporation can be reduced to a certain extent by mulching the soil.Mulches form a layer which is rather impervious to the movement of water.Generally speaking, the average mulch is about three inches deep and is obtained either by using a harrow or some other form of cultivation.It is by the aid of mulch that the dry farmer is able to conserve sufficient amounts of moisture to produce crops.This treatment is of great importance in managing land in cultivated crops such as corn and sugar beet, whenever a dry period is being experienced.Losses from transpiration cannot be controlled to any extent as they are governed largely by climatic condition, the principal agents being heat, humidity and air movement.In an arid climate losses of soil moisture become very large because of the dry air and intense sunlight.Consequently larger amounts of moisture are needed for the successful production of crops in an arid than in a humid climate.B.C.T.CULTIVATION TO KILL THE WEEDS Extra Work Pays for Itself in Larger and Cleaner Crops NE of the best methods of eradicatig weeds\u2014 a source of enormous loss to farmers\u2014is as follows : Immediately after the hay or grain harvest, plough the land very shallowly with a gang plough, turning a furrow two or three inches deep.Then put on a heavy land roller which will pack the sod and thereby hasten its decay; next use the disk and follow with the smoothing harrows.Should any weed growth appear, keep the disk and harrows going at short intervals until the soil is well decayed.À cultivator with broad points may then be used.The object is to destroy all weed growth until autumn, when the soil should be ploughed thoroughly and well set up to the winter\u2019s frost.On such land it is best to sow some kind of hoed crop, such as roots, corn or potatoes, that requires constant hoeing and cultivating during the growing season.If this method of cultivation is adhered to closely, it will be found to be one of the best means of eradicating noxious weeds and also of preparing the soil for future crops.Actual experiments have demonstrated that a much greater yield may be expected from land cultivated in the foregoing manner as compared with that secured from fields which have been left in sod and ploughed in late autumn.In one instance, two four-acre plots were cropped with oats, for purposes of comparison, and the plot which had been thoroughly cultivated during the autumn yielded 60 bushels more than was secured from the land not so cultivated.The net increase in revenue, after making due allowance for cost of cultivation, amounted to $14.00.A similar experiment was conducted with sugar beets on two plots\u2014one cultivated after harvest.the other spring-ploughed.In this case the difference in yield was even more noticeable than with oats.It was found that the land cultivated occasionally during the autumn produced beets at the rate of 112-3 tons per acre, while the yield from spring-ploughed land was only 8 4-5 tons per acre.Stated in dollars and cents, this difference is very convincing ; figured at the prevailing price for beets, it showed a greater revenue from cultivated land of $16.03 per acre.\u2014J.Fin Conservation. THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 31 LIME ON THE FARM How, When and Where to Use It (Continued from last issue.) How to Apply.ROUND limestone may be applied directly to the soil from a cart or waggon, by scattering it with shovels.A better way is by means of a lime spreader or fertilizer distributer.Manure spreaders have been used with some satisfaction.Quicklime should be put into the land in small piles, .covered lightly with earth and broadcasted as soon as it has slaked down to a fine powder.50 lbs.piles at every 33 ft.will give one ton per acre.Slaked lime and wood-ashes may be distributed as directed for ground limestone.Quantity to be used.On light, sandy soils, it is not advisable to use more than one ton of limestone per acre.On other soils, from two to four tons of limestone, or half that quantity of quicklime may be used.How often should Limestone be used ?It is generally recommended that after a good dressing at the start a further dressing of about half the quantity should be given in four or five years.Precautions to be taken with Lime.If quicklime is to be stored for any length of time, a very dry room should be used.In slaking, lime produces intense heat, and disastrous fires have been traced to that cause.The man who is broadcasting lime should work with the wind behind him.Lime should never be mixed with manure or fertilizers.The manure should be ploughed in first, and the lime applied afterwards.To What Crops Should Limestone be Applied ?Lime is best applied before clover or alfalfa.Timothy, turnips, swedes, and mangels are all likely to benefit from lime.It is not advisable to use lime immediately febore potatoes, for it is recognized that it improves the conditions which are favourable to the growth of \u201cscab\u201d.Does Limestone cause Infertility ?When properly used, limestone never causes a soil to become infertile.On the other hand, it improves the soil, causing manure and other materials to break down rapidly into available plant food, and in this way gives increased crops.Unless manure or fertilizers are used to make up for the plant-food removed in the crops, the fertility of the soil will decrease.Therefore it is very necessary that limestone be followed not later than two years by a dressing of manure or fertilizers or the ploughing in of a crop as green manure.This is well summed up in old saw: Lime and lime without manure = Will make both farm and farmer poor.Results obtained from Liming.The following results indicate the effect of lime on our soils in increasing the yields.The figure are relative : Unlimed Limed Corn (on cob).43 74 Canadian Peas.9 20 Oats (cut green).19 47 Turnips.44 .151 192 Crimson Clover.50 T5 Beets.44 440 62 136 Cabbage.44 4400 150 213 Alfalfa.60 760 \u201c Ce ee ee 41 ee ee 16 660 \u201c6 LA LE ee ee ee ee 54 796 \u20ac ARR ee ee eee 612 756 The above figures are from experiments carefully conducted.Stinson\u2019s Soil Tonic.This material is a high-grade limestone ground to a fine powder.It is not sold as a fertilizer, but as a soil improver or soil-tonic, especially valuable in enabling a catch of clover and alfalfa to be obtained.Other Uses of Lime.1.For the manufacture of sprays.2.For softening water.3.For composting.4, For preserving eggs.Sprays.1.Lime sulphur.2.Bordeaux Mixture.\u2018Lime Sulphur.This spray is made by thoroughly mixing 50 lbs.of sulphur with water, then adding 100 lbs.of best quicklime which has been freshly slaked, and 15 gallons of water.This mixture is thoroughly stirred and boiled for one hour, then made up to 40 gallons with water, and strained into a barrel, which should be tightly closed.For use this is diluted with from ten to fifteen times as much water.Bordeaux Mixture.Into a ccarse bag put 4 lbs.of bluestone and sling it at the top of a barrel containing 20 gallons of water, just beneath the surface.Stir thoroughly when dissolved.In another barrel slake 4 lbs.of quicklime with water, make up to 20 gallons and stir thoroughly.For use mix together equal quantities of these two liquids.In using Paris Green for potato bugs, it is a good plan to add an equal quantity of freshly slaked lime which will entirely prevent burning of the leaves by the poison.Water softening.Water which is softened by boiling can also be A field of Alfalfa at Macdonald College\u20143 tons per acre.softened by the use of lime-water.This is made by shaking some freshly slaked lime with water and allowing the lime to settle, the clear liquid above being lime-water.A tablespoonful of this to a gallon of water should be sufficient, but a few trials with different quantities will soon give the right amount.The limestone should be kept over lime in a well-stoppered bottle which can be repeatedly filled with water when empty, always giving it a good shake when freshly filled.Composts.Bones, vegetable parings, night-soil, leaves, grass and other rubbish which is generally burnt or thrown away can be made into a valuable material by composting.Dig a pit about 6 ft.square and 2 ft.deep, and at the bottom lay 6 ins.of fresh manure ; then put about 6 in.of the waste and a thin layer of lime and build up the pile in alternate layers of waste and lime.Then put another layer of fresh manure and drench thoroughly with manure water, soap-suds or ordinary water.On top put a 3 inch layer of good soil.This heap will ferment, becoming quite hot.It forms an excellent top-dressing for the garden or clover or grass.H.S.HAMMOND.GRASSHOPPER BAITS Extra Oranges or Lemons Added to the Criddle Mixture or to Poison Bran Bait Add to Effectiveness INETY-FIVE per cent of grasshoppers attacking crops in widely different parts of the country were killed quickly and cheaply by an improvement in poison bran bait and the Criddle mixture.The important change in the formula is to double the amount of lemons or oranges used in the bait and to add these fruits to the Criddle mixture.The change in the mixture is recommended by the forage crop entomologists of the department as a result of thorough tests conducted in New England, Florida, California, and Arizona.These tests were conducted in different sections and with many different varieties of grasshoppers to determine, if possible, why the old formulas were only partially effective with adult grasshoppers and even less effective with young grasshoppers and to find whether the fault lay with the different mixtures or with the way they were used.The entomologists found that adding the fruit to the Griddle mixture and increasing the amount in the bran bait increased the attraction of the bait to the grasshoppers and led them to eat it more readily.The Criddle mixture as modified for use in killing young grasshoppers is prepared as follows : 50 pounds fresh horse droppings.1 pound Paris green.1 pound salt.3 oranges, finely ground.Ordinarily no fruit at all is used in the Criddle mixture, and but three fruits to the 25 pounds of bran.Applied to 2 acres, 80 per cent of hoppers were killed, with as high as 240 dead young grasshoppers (nymphs) to the square foot.Just after the hoppers had matured in New England, one farm of approximately 30 acres was treated with 300 pounds of the Criddle mixture and at least 80 per cent of the hoppers were killed, at a cost of 6 1-2 cents per acre.The poison bran bait, as modified with the especial object of killing young as well as old grasshoppers, is prepared as follows : 25 pounds wheat bran.1 pound Paris green.2 quarts cheap molasses or sirup.6 oranges or lemons.Thoroughly mix together the bran and Paris green in an ordinary washtub or other vessel.Into a separate receptacle, containing the molasses or 32 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE sirup, squeeze the juices of the fruit.Chop up finely the skin and pulp of the fruit and add to the molasses.Dilute with 3 gallons of water, and mix with the bran.Add enough more water to bring the whole to a stiff dough.morning, before sunrise, in strips 1 rod apart, over the area to be treated.The most satisfactory method of distributing the bait is to sow it from the rear end of a buggy driven at a rapid gait.\u2014 The bait should be sown broadcast early in the FALL FAIRS Weekly News Letter U.S.Dept.Agr.List of Fairs which will be held in the province of Quebec in 1916, under the auspices of the Agricul tural Societies Address of Name of Society.Township.Date.Name of Secretary.Secretary.Argenteuil, Lachute, Sept.6-7-8, J.W.Gall, Lachute, Box 12.Arthabaska, Victoriaville, Sept.19, G.R.Garneau, Arthabaska.Bagot, St.Liboire, Sept.19, L.A.Brunelle, St.Liboire, Beauce, Div.A, Beauceville, Sept.28, Jos.Bernard, Beauceville, West.Beauharnois, W.Martin, St.Ls.de Gonzague Berthier, Berthierville, Sept.20-21, G.Allard, Berthier en haut.Bonaventure, À, New-Carlisle, G.M.Kempffer, New-Carligle.Brome, Brome, Sept.12-13-14, G.F.Hall, Brome, Chambly, St.Bruno, Sept.6, Ad.Benoit, St.Bruno, Champlain, St.Stanislas, J.T.Jacob, St.Stanislas.Chateauguay, Ste Martine, Sept.5, Nap.Mallette, Ste Martine.Compton, No.2, Scotstown, N.G.Scott, Scotstown.Drummond, L\u2019Avenir, J.C.St-Amant, L\u2019Avenir.Gaspé, Div.A, Cape-Cove, Oct.24, J.J.H.Balleine, Cape-Cove.l\u2019rontenac, St.Sebastien, Sept.14, Pierre Fortier, Lambton.Hochelaga, Parc DeLorimier, J.A.O\u2019Gleman, 90 St.James St., Montreal.Huntingdon, Div.A, Huntingdon, W.F.Stephen, Huntingdon.Nuntingdon, Div.BB, Havelock, Sept.19, R.Ellerton, Hemmingford, Iberville, St.Alexander, Sept.6-7, J.E.Boivin, St.Alexander, J.-Cartier, Strathmore, Sept.4, J.S.A.Ashby, 19 Lachine Ave.Lachine.Joliette, Div.A, Joliette, Sept.14, J.O.Guilbault, Joliette.Joliette, Div.B, St.Jean de Matha, Sept.28, J.O.Léveillé.St.Jean de Matha, Laprairie, Laprairie, Sept.12, Arthur Matte, St.Constant.L\u2019Assomption, L'Assomption, Aug.31, I.J.A.Marsan, L'Assomption.Laval, Ste- Rese, Sept.6, Jos.Gagnon, Ste Rose.Lotbinicre, No.2, Lotbiniere, Sept.5-7, L.P.Legendre, Ste.Croix.Maskinonge, Louiseville, Sept.19, Clovis Caron, Louiseville.Megantie, Div.A, Inverness, Sept.14, Jas.McKelvie, Inverness.Megantic, Div.B, Plessisville, J.B.Vallée, Plessisville.Missisquol, Bedford, Aug.29-30-31, C.O.Jones, Bedford, Montcalm, Ste Julienne, Sept.17, J.F.Daniel, St.Esprit.Montmagny, Montmagny, Sept.14, Alex.Proulx, Montmagny.Montmoreney, A, Riviere aux Chiens, Sept.28, Jos.Cloutier, Riv.aux Chiens.Montmorency, B, Ste Famille, E.Létourneau, Ste Famille.Napierville, St Edouard, Sept.13, Art.Colette, St.Rémi.Pontiac, Div.A, Shawville, Sept.18-19-20, R.W.Hodgins, Shawville.Pontiac, Div.B, Chapeau, Sept.25-26-27, P.McMahon, Chapeau.J.A.Foley, St.Thuribe.Quebec, Quebee, J.B.Délâge, 54 Bridge St, Qué.Richelieu, Ste- Victoire, Sept.19, Jos.Desjardins, Ste Victoire, Richmond, Richmond, Sept.14-15, A.E.Main, Upper-Melbourne.Rouville, Rougemont, Sept.14, A.Arès, Rougemont.Shefford, Waterloo, Sept.19-20, N.O.Rockwell, Waterloo.Soulanges, Pont-Chateau, Sept.19, G.R.Vernier, Coteau Landing.Stanstead, Ayer\u2019s Cliff, Aug.29-31, H.G.Curtis, Stanstead.St.Hyacinthe, St.Hyacinthe, Sept.12, Réné Morin, St.Hyacinthe.St.Jean, St.Jean, Sept.4-5, J.À.Lussier, St.Jean.St.Maurice, St.Barnabé, Sept.21, Chs.Marcouiller, St.Barnabé, Nor*n Terrebonne, No.1, St.Jerome, J.V.Léonard, St.Jerome.Three-Rivers, Three-Rivers, Sept.27, Méd.Pothier, Three-ltivers.Two-Mountains, Ste Scholastique, Sept.18-21, Jos.Fortier, Ste Scholastique.Vaudreuil, St.Lazare, Sept.19, Jos.Denis, Vaudreuil.Vercheres, Ste Theodosie, Sept.14, J.E.Messier, Varennes.Wolfe, No.1, Marbleton, E.J.Westman, Marbleton.Wolfe, No.2, Ham-North, Sept.12, E.O\u2019Bready, Wotton.Wright, Aylmer, R.K.Edey, Aylmer, Box 14.Yamaska, St.Frs.du Lac, Sept.7, A.O.Comiré, St.Frs.du Lac.EXTIIBITTIONS OF Valleyfield, August 14 to 21, 1916.\u201d Three-Rivers, August 21 to 28, 1916.» Quebec, August 28 to Sept.4, 1916.» Sherbrooke, Sept.4 to 11, 1916.\u201d Ottawa, August 11 to 18, 1916.OSCAR LESSARD, Secretary.SMALL PICKLING ONIONS Over $6,000,000 worth of onions are imported annually by the United Kingdom, among which are large quantities of small onions used by picklers.Consignments have arrived from Canada in past years, and sales could be considerably augmented if the smaller onions were selected for this market.The sizes in common demand range from one to two inches in diameter, and they are preferred unpeeled, in bags containing 100 pounds.In 1911 the poultry and eggs sold off Canadian farms were worth between $31,000,000 and $32,- 000,000.It is estimated that the egg production alone in Canada for 1915 was worth $30,000,000.This is two and a half times the value of the whole fruit crop of Canada, six times the value of all the sheep, and half the value of all the cattle produced.\u2014W.A.Brown.This great war is due directly to ambitions Prussian Militarism.Germany has been able to carry on her land war because of the efficiency both of her industrial life and of her agricultural life.She has not conquered the world mainly because of the efficiency of the British Navy.The defence of civilization now depends upon the staying powers of the Allies and the development of their efficiency.Let the farmers and food producers of Canada once more renew their efforts and see to it that nothing is lacking in the economic use of their labour.The hope of Canada lies largely in the efficiency of her agriculture.A year ago nearly all were optimists with regard to the length of the war, while many were pessimists with regard to the probable continued demand for all non-perishable foodstuffs.In the opinion of many farmers, patriotism and self-interest did not coincide.Patriotism, however, prompted an effort to obtain the maximum return from the land, consistent with economy of production.The returns recently issued give the measure of the results achieved in this patriotic effort, and emphasize the possibility not only of increased production, but of increased production at a substantial profit.With the end of the war not yet in sight, patriotism, combined with a better appreciation of the gravity of the situation and strengthened by the prospect of self-interest, should induce all farmers to devote themselves with even greater energy and determination to the task of seeing that the Empire incurs no risk of being confronted with a shortage of food stuffs.\u2014L.S.Klinck, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.The increase of the crops is the basis of all possible future prosperity.\u201cThe man who, expending his energies wholly on private affairs, refuses to take part in public affairs, pluming himself on his wisdom in minding his own business, is blind to the fact that his own business is made possible only by the prosperity of all\u201d.\u2014Herbert Spencer.\u201cStill will the seeds, tho\u2019 chosen with toilsome pains, degenerate if man\u2019s industrious hand cull not, each year, the largest and the best\u201d.\u2014Virgil.The higher the yield the greater the cost does not apply to a farming condition wherein the farmer has not begun to get the natural yield of an honestly treated farm.Our farms are not producing within 50 per cent.on an average of the possible maximum.The profit is in the excess yield above the average.The farmers who are following the more intelligent method and getting the larger yields are the ones who are making the most money; poor and unintelligent methods are sure to run down the production close to or below the profit point. \u2014\u2014 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 33 LIVE STOCK THE LATE JAMES COTTINGHAM UEBEC'S oldest Ayrshire breeder, Mr.James Q Cottingham, of Ormstown, Que.after an illness of ten days passed away on July 5th.1916 at the age of eighty-three years.Mr.Cottingham was the son of Samuel Cotting- ham and was born at Stony Creek, Chateauguay Co., Que.in 1833.He was one of a family of twelve, only two of whom survive, Mrs.Black- ett of Ormstown and Mrs.Hamilton of Hunting- don.His father moved from Stony Creek to near Ormstown when James was six years of age, and when he grew to manhood he succeeded his father on the farm.On September 29th, 1868, he married Elizabeth Gardiner of Huntingdon, Que., who proved a worthy helpmate in his farm operations.Two children were born to them, Samuel and Ida, who with his widow survive and live on the home farm.Mr.Cottingham was a splendid farmer and his steading and farm were always a model of neatness.Farming was his business, and he aimed at perfection.A poor crop on his farm was an exception.He entered with zeal into farm competitions, and three times won the first prize for the best farm in the county.In the Provincial Farms Competition he won a bronze, a silver, and finally a gold medal; and in later years he took great pride in showing these medals to his friends.He not only grew good crops, but had the finest live stock in the community.In 1876 he purchased his first Ayrshire Cattle from Andrew Somerville of Lachine, Que., and became one of Quebec\u2019s noted Ayrshire Breeders.On the farm to-day may be seen one of the best Ayrshire herds in the Province of Quebec.During the years he was breeding Ayrshires he supplied foundation stock to many a young farmer and started him on the way to successful stock- raising and dairying.He always took a great interest in things pertaining to Agriculture, and was a true Agriculturist from every standpoint.His principles could be emulated with advantage by many of the ycung farmers of to-day.For many years he was a director of the Chateauguay Agricultural Society.He was a kind and considerate man, and his home was always noted for its hospitality.The funeral on Friday at St.James Church, Ormstown, of which he was a consistent member, was largely attended by friends and neighbors from far and near, indicating the esteem in which he was held.There were several beautiful floral tributes, including one from the Howick-Huntingdon Ayrshire Breeders\u2019 Club, of which he was Honorary President.Like a sheaf of wheat ready for the garner, he has passed.His work was faithfully and well done and doubtless he will receive his reward.SUCCESSFUL CO - OPERATION BY SHEEP BREEDERS IN QUEBEC Wool sells for 43c per pound and Sheep Interests are secured in many ways HE Wool Growers\u2019 and Sheep Breeders\u2019 Associations in the Province of Quebec have again sucessfully graded and marketed their wool clip.Since their organization these associations have extended the scope of their work so that now practically every phase of the sheep industry receives attention at their hands.Assistance in the organization and direction of their associations through Mr.A.A.MacMillan and the College demonstrators has been made an important feature in the extension work of Macdonald College Animal Husbandry Department.Flock improvement effected through local sheep sales.In the fall of 1915 four local sheep sales were held at which ninety-eight head of selected breeding stock including individuals, both male and female, of a number of breeds were sold.These sales afforded a larger opportunity for local selection in purchasing besides providing a new market for pure-bred breeders.The local sales policy will be extended, so that the requirements of all members will be met this fall.Further protection against dogs secured.The necessity for further legislation for the protection of sheep against dogs was brought prominently before the notice of the Minister of Agriculture, by signed petitions from each association asking for a revision of the dog act.The new act which was passed at the last Session of parliament received prompt attention, and many petitions bearing the necessary twenty-five names were presented to the Municipal Councils, so that sheep owners in a great many municipalities now have the protection of the new act.Co-operative purchasing proving a benefit The benefits of co-operative purchasing have also been extended to association members.Shearing machines, fleece boxes, wool sacks, paper twine and dip are some of the requirements that have been handled in this way.The associations feel that there is unlimited scope for work along this line.Cooperative dipping practiced Cooperative dipping has also been practiced.The association dipping tank which is made so that it can be moved from place to place and set up in a few minutes has been found economical.From one hundred to five-hundred sheep can be dipped at each dipping centre, at a cost of from 1-2 to 1 1-2¢ per sheep.Co-operative marketing of lambs being undertaken The co-operative marketing of lambs is a new feature of the work, which is being undertaken this fall.At the local shipping centre the lambs will be graded according to weight, quality and finish, the standard grades being medium weights, light weights and heavy weights.Ram lambs will also be put in a separate class.Two sales are being arranged in each association.The early sales will take place during September and the late sales during October and November.Bids will be received personally, by phone, telegram or letter and sales will be made to the highest bidders.In order to encourage and facilitate the establishment of new flocks of sheep among farmers, a number of choice ewe lambs will be selected at each shipping point and offered for local sale.Educational work again an important feature.A large number of lectures and demonstrations were given during the year.Talks on the preparation of wool for market, demonstrations in the proper methods of shearing, rolling and tying of fleeces and the docking and castrating of lambs were given in sections that were not touched last year.The local demonstrators, besides arranging for meetings and demonstrations, gave much personal assistance to members in the various associations.French speakers were provided in a number of cases by the Dominion Live Stock Branch.The grading was also performed by expert wool graders supplied by the Live Stock Branch.The following tables give a complete statement of the grading for each association.TABLE SHOWING NUMBER OF POUNDS IN EACH GRADE AND TOTAL WEIGHT FOR EACH ASSOCIATION.g - > ne , = ° Association 5 2 ë £ £ £ £ 5 3 Ë ë 3 _< =+ CES =3 SES oS mE & É É Pontiac.150 22381 20195 5454 556 274215 86 515644 Compton.24444 684 13536 8172 665 4 52 1111 6145 244714 Richmond.32 258 1100314 5353% 81 271% 55444 12 17567 Sherbrooke.189 206 13010 2668 8 158 531 115 16885 District of Bedford 319 581% 5630 7031 289314 164 51445 31 16621 % Stanstead.436 1424 80973 443 682 69 375 11 14252 District of Beauhar- nois.AR 365 2232 5227 3402 2124 13350 2 Argenteuil.5276 4614 397 404 500 11191 Megantic.3025 791 70 51 3937 Total.1736 13283; 8419144 5848914 13583 17444 850314 261% 169839 Percent of total.1.1 .9 49.4 34.5 8.1 1.1 5.Table showing number of members and flecces, Megantic.49 486 8.1 3.45 42.5 average weight and price per fleece and average selling price per pound.1617 23010 7.59 3.18 41.8 One new association was organized in Megantic ä a v 8 88 3 County.All the other associations show a marked Association te CE fe Egg ÉvE increase in membership and in total output of wool.Se = 222 ZÉ2 ZÈ2 Six hundred and forty-seven new members have been added since last year, and the total output of lbs $ cents wool increased by 65,647 lbs, making a total this Pontiae.488 7216 7.02 3.04 42.8 year of 169,839 Ibs., with a total value of $71,- Compton.282 3489 17.06 3.00 42.4 092.70.Medium combing, fine medium combing Richmond.167 2364 7.43 3.10 41.7 and medium combing grades sold at 43c a pound; Sherbrooke.133 2238 7.53 3.19 42.3 low medium combing at 42c¢; coarse combing at District of Bedford 153 2226 7.42 3.08 41.5 41c; black and grey and rejections at 38c.Fifty- Stanstead.125 1965 7.22 3.06 42.3 one percent of the wool sold for 43c a pound, while District of .Beau- the average price for all grades including rejections harnois.113 1545 8.79 3.62 41.1 was 41.8c a pound.Argenteuil.107 1481 7.75 3.10 40.0 The Associations had no difficulty in selling 34 their wool to Canadian mills, immediately after grading, at the above prices, which were F.O.Bat shipping points.The wool throughout was put up in excellent shape for market and was considered one of the choicest lots of Canadian wool offered for sale this year.Local prices for ungraded wool throughout the province ranged between 31c and 35e a pound, so that grading and co-oper- ative sale netted members a gain of seven to twelve cents a pound or twenty to forty per cent advance.The associations are operated on a purely cooperative basis.The membership fees are based on the amount of business that each member does with the association.Four cents a fleece has been found sufficient to cover all expenses such as postage, printing, wool sacks, paper twine, labor, etc.The working principle throughout has been the production of a high class marketable product, the application of proper methods in the preparation of this product for market, and its sale at top prices.WOOL DISPLAY AT THE CANADIAN NATIONAL EXHIBITION Under the auspices of the Dominion Live Stock Branch HROUGH the wool display of the Dominion Live Stock Branch, Ottawa, which will be presented at the Canadian National Exhibition, farmers will be given a splendid opportunity for obtaining a thorough knowledge of the sheep and wool industry of Canada.The exhibit has heen prepared by T.Reg.Arkell, chief of the Sheep and Goat Division of the Branch, who will be in charge with Mr.James A.Telfer as demonstrator.The object of the Exihibition will be to explain the various classifications and grades, and to show how wool may be handled in such a way as to secure the best advantages to both the producer and buyer.In order to command the highest market prices, wools should be presented in a carefully folded and packed condition and should contain as little foreign matter as possible.Actual demonstrations in grading and sorting will be given daily by wool experts.One of the most interesting and instructive features will be samples of wool in both the greasy and scoured condition, showing the injurious effects of using insoluble paints, which are difficult to remove, rather than the standard dipping fluids for marking purpose.Samples of wool that have been tied with binder twine will show how the sisal fibre becomes incorporated into the wool with the consequent defect in the finished product.The injurious effects of shearing wool while damp or permitting it to become damp while in storage will be shown, together with the damage caused by the incorporation of straw and chaff into the fleece.Most of the important classes of Australian, New Zealand, South American and South African wools will be included in the display, while of foreign and domestic wools used in Canadian manufacture there will be a very complete collection.Two large cases contain representative fleeces of the most important breeds of Canadian sheep, and smaller samples of each will be shown to distinguish their character and staple.This will be supplemented by a comprehensive display of English wools, covering virtually every grade in that country.In these cases beginners are given an opportunity to compare the wool of the different breeds, and thus become acquainted with the average weight of fleece and quality of wool obtained from each.Comparison will also be made of the British, American and Canadian methods of classification, especial emphasis being placed on the domestic product.There will be a large case of fleeces of Canadian wool, representing the different classes as they are graded for the market.The processes of woollen and worsted manufacture will be illustrated by samples representing the intermediate products from the wool in the grease to the finished cloth.In this section there will also be on view home-made knitted goods, rugs, blankets, wearing apparel, home-spuns of every description, weaving, knitting and spinning, actual operatives from Quebec and the Maritime Provinces being shown at work.The exhibit will occupy a space of 80 ft.by 20 ft.in the Government Building and will be larger and more comprehensive than any ever shown before.Wool is occupying a larger space in the public eye than any other animal product of material substance.EXAMINATION OF A HORSE FOR SOUNDNESS OUNDNESS is freedom from disease of either » a temporary or a permanent character, but to recognize the various maladies and accidents to which a horse is prone requires experience, and this can only be acquired by continual practice.When examining a horse for soundness the question must be taken into consideration as to whether he is suitable for the purpose for which he is to be used, i.e.saddle, coach, roadster, light or heavy draught.When it has been decided what class of animal is suitable for the work, it must be determined if he is sound and capable to do such work without injury to himself.To always secure a sound horse is impossible, but some horses, thought not sound, may under certain circumstances be serviceable for the purpose intended.There should always be routine in an examination ; commence at the head, then the fore limbs, body and hind quarters.Never jump from examining a horse\u2019s mouth to his hock, for by doing so some slight deformity may be overlooked.The following method of examination is very satisfactory.When the horse is led out stand off about 10 feet, walk around the animal, taking in with the eye each region and making a mental note, and confirming what has been seen by the sense of touch.Such an examination shows many weak spots and suggests what unsoundness is likely to be found.For example, a horse with a sickle hock is predisposed to curb ; a straight pastern points out deformity, weakness, overstrain, or else it is a forerunner of a spavin.The horse should next be examined for age, at the same time noting any irregularities in formation of the mouth, such as over shot or under shot, for horses with such deformities cannot be turned to pasture.lance upward and see if there are points on the molar teeth, as these have a strong tendency to interfere with digestion.Next examine the nostrils, observing their shape, and the colour of mucus membrane.Pass the hand over the horse\u2019s eye to see that the sight is not impaired.Now examine the poll for fistulae and the glands of the throat for the presence of abscess.Press on the region of larynx sufficiently to produce a cough, the character of which will show whether the animal is suffering from any throat or chest trouble.Examine the jugular veins and grooves for scars, the presence of which would indicate that the animal had been bled for some reason or other.Examine the withers and shoulders for sores.Next proceed to the extremities ; first the near leg and then the off.Stand in front of the animal and compare both legs.Pass the right hand down the front of the near leg, and the back portion with the left hand, and reverse this on the off leg until the foot is reached, noting at the same time the quality and size of lines and tendons.Press the thumbs over the region of lateral cartilages and see if there is any tendency to side bones.Pick up the foot, and while the leg is bent feel the tendons and the under thew for splints.Note also the condition of foot, heel, frog and sole.Never THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE give a positive opinion on the soundness of a horse without removing the shoes and examining the feet for corns, suppurating heels, bruises ete.The body is examined on each side for fractured ribs, rupture and proper castration.While doing this count the respirations and note their character.To examine the hind legs stand directly behind the horse, and compare both external points of the hips as they are liable to be injured or broken down, then follow the same procedure as for the fore legs.Spavins, luxation of the stifle, curbs and ringbones are among the worst diseases likely to be found there.In the examination of the hock note carefully its size, formation, and any tendency to roughness.If there is any doubt it is well to hold the hock flexed a few minutes and then trot the horse away ; if there is spavin the animal will go away lame.Now have the horse trotted to see if he travels sound.While watching the animal observe and determine whether he is sound.If he is not, find out in which leg he is lame.When the horse comes towards you watch his head and ears ; when going away watch his hips as well as his legs.Remember that a horse always drops on the sound leg and goes up on the lame one.After locating the faulty limb try and locate the seat of lameness.It has been proved that about seventy-five per cent of lameness is in the foot, a large percentage of horses have feet that are imperfect in conformation, and as a consequence of these imperfections, combined with improper shoeing and the liability of the foot to injury, they are especially predisposed to disease.Make a thorough examination of the foot, remove the shoe, tap the wall, feel for heat and tenderness.Failing to locate the lameness there we must look elsewhere.In shoulder lameness the animal while at rest will point the toe, flexing the leg directly under him; when driving or trotting there is limited action with a tendency to a swinging gait; he is lamer up hill than down, and also when turned short.There is heat and pain over seat of injury.The region between the knee and foot of fore limb has a host of diseases, strained tendons, ringbone, splints founder, crack corns, contracted heels, etc.It is easier to mention these diseases than to locate some of them, so we have to reach a conclusion by a process of elimination.Stifle lameness retards the carrying of the leg forward and shortens the stride, excepting in the case of luxation, where the leg is fixed in a stationary position.The hock is one of the most complicated as well as one of the most abused parts of the horse\u2019s anatomy.There are many conditions, such as bog spavin, thoroughpin, curb etc., that are self evident, but the occult or blind spavins are more difficult to deal with.It is easy enough to determine when there is a well marked bony development, but when small, or in the incipient stage, difference of opinion is liable to occur.We have of course the history of the warming out of the lameness, that is the lameness passing away after the animal is exercised, and returning as soon as he is cooled.Very often heat can be detected on the affected limb, or sometimes a jerky movement while travelling, and there is also the strain test which is very satisfactory.The remainder of the leg from the hock down is examined in the same way as the front leg, except that we seldom find navicular disease or corns in hind legs.In the front feet we have quarter cracks and in hind feet toe cracks.Always be extremely careful in the small things, making the examination systematically so that no deformity will be overlooked.N.E.McEWEN.The easy, rational and inexpensive way to secure a yield above the average is by better seed bed, better seed, better rotation, and crop and animal manures. THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 35 SALE 200 SHEEP, 100 SWINE and 100 CATTLE (Males and Females) All Pure Bred and Registered ORGANIZED BY THE GENERAL STOCK BREEDERS\u2019 ASSOCIATION OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC UNDER THE PATRONAGE AND WITH THE FINANCIAL HELP OF THE Hon.J.E.CARON, Minister of Agriculture of the Province of Quebec AT MONTREAL AT THE DELORIMIER PARK Xt 10 Xx.M.WEDNESDAY, 1th October, 1916 AT QUEBEC On the Exhibition Ground, Atio A.M.WEDNESDAY, 18 OCTOBER 1916 The animals offered for sale will be registered in the Can- CONDITIONS :\u2014Cash, except to Farmers\u2019 Club and Agri- adian National Records.There will be some Canadian, Ayr- cultural Societies which will be allowed time on terms that .will be given by the Department of Agriculture of Quebec.shire and Holstein cattle; some Leicester, Cotswold, Lincoln, ; .Purchasers assume all responsibility from the moment Shropshire, Hampshire and Oxford sheep and some Yorkshire, the animals have been adjuged to them.For further part- Berkshire, Chester and Tamworth swine.iculars apply to :\u2014 J.A.COUTURE, Secretary of Stock Breeders\u2019 Association 49 GARDEN STREET, QUEBEC. cg LL nouncing New Model 75- This newest Overland is the world s most powerful low-priced car.It has a 31145 horsepower en bloc motor that is a perfect marvel for speed, power and endurance.By increasing the bore of the motor from 34\" to 3%\" we are able to offer a power plant which at 1950 R.P.M.develops full 31! horsepower.Tests under every condition in all partsof the country demonstrate that it easily develops better than 50 miles an hour on theroad.ZE EEE ALI TOR Roadster $870 J.o.b.Toronto a Ria Speed of course varies under different conditions, but in practically every instanceit has been getting fifty miles an hour and with ease.We have scores of telegrams showing that twenty to twenty-five miles per gallon of gasoline is not unusual.The performance of this car is almost beyond belief.Take any other low priced car on the market.Pit it against this new Overland.Compare them for sheer speed, for abundance of Catalogue on request.Please address Dept.659 Willys-Overland, Limite Head Office mi | = iy lt CS PITRATIN power, for riding comfort and economy, and you'll find this car will back anything else clean off the boards.That\u2019s a strong statement, but a fact nevertheless.Try it yourself and see.Here are more important facts.It has four-inch tires which are more than generous for a car of this size.Not only has it a large and roomy body, but it has an attractive, up-to-date streamline body.» ind work: West Toronto, Canada yy 1 name ent ir AE mr Coe vine ESP cram aaa.WARNS et ae Pa vo eWorlds Most Powerful - Low Priced Car D EE A 7777727 27 A TT RAT VTA TANIA It has the latest and most improved system of ignition.It has the cantilever springs\u2014the easiest riding springs in the world.What\u2019s more, it\u2019s complete.Not a thing to buy.You get the finest Auto-Lite electric starting and lighting system, magnetic speedometer, one-man top, de- mountable rims and practically every accessory found on the highest priced cars.From a driving standpoint, the new carisideal.It\u2019slight, easy to handle and anyone can drive it.Take one look and be convinced.And mark these words\u2014the car is destined to be regarded and referred to as one of the really great achievements of the great automobile industry.Yet it only goes to prove how big production can cut cost and save you money.First come, first served.See the nearest Overland dealer and place your order now.Catalogue on request.Please address Dept.659 Specifications 4 cylinder en bloc motor 3%\u201d bore x 5\u2019 stroke 104-inch wheelbase 4-inch tires Cantilever rear springs Streamline body Electric starter Electric lights Magnetic speedometer | Complete equipment 5-passenger touring $890 Roadster $870 | \u2014\u2014 \u2014 2 eme = tee Willys-Overland, Limited, 32%: West Toronto, Canada ITE ota Dirt ee a me A a nae 7 i arr | 38 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE SUMMER HINTS ON LIVE STOCK T no other time in Canada\u2019s history has the live stock industry been as important as it is to-day; never have live stock been needed more as a source of soil fertility and national prosperity, and never have market prices been so consistently high.It should be the aim of every Canadian farmer to raise and conserve every possible ounce of feed which may be economically used in rearing, feeding, and finishing live stock for market.A careful study by every farmer of the markets, feeds, and labour available and the most efficient methods of production will produce most profitable results FEEDS.\u2014It is well to remind ourselves at this busy season of the year that quality is the most important factor in feeds; not only is there more food value per pound in well-saved feed, but there is less waste in feeding and digesting than with poor feeds.Therefore raise, harvest, and store all crops intended for feeding so that the stock may make the most profit therefrom.If mill feeds are necessary, purchase only the best quality.Co-operative buying during the summer months will save money.HORSES.\u2014 Feeding insufficient, low-grade fuel irregularly to your engine produces inefficiency and often a breakdown.So with the horse\u2014the best of farm engines\u2014poor feeding when on heavy work produces poor power and often a sick horse.The work horse also requires the same internal cooling and cleansing as the engine.A few days or more on pasture and regular Saturday night bran mashes produce health and greater efficiency.For regular feeding on hard work a grain mixture of oats, 85 per cent, bran, 15 per cent, fed at the rate per day of 1% pounds per 100 pounds live weight, given in three feeds, will give excellent results.Grow the colt rapidly and well.The future of the horse-market is excellent, and good animals will claim the top prices.DAIRY CATTLE.\u2014Good pasture cannot be excelled for the production of cheap milk, but the good cows will generally pay liberal profits for a light grain ration, even when pastures are at their best.A mixture of bran or oat chop, 75 per cent, and cottonseed meal, 25 per cent, will give good results.Maintain the heavy milk flow as long as possible.When pastures are short and dry, feed liberally on an annual pasture or soiling crops or ensilage.During the intense heat of midsummer it will pay to allow cows out during the nights only, should the pasture not have sufficient shade.A good fly repellent will save money.Are you keeping records of the milk produced per cow?Free forms may be bad upon application to this Division.BEEF CATTLE.\u2014A good pasture with shade and running water produces the best and cheapest beef.When the regular pasture fails, a spring-sown pasture will do excellently.The calves and yearlings which are not gaining because of poor pasture are losing money for you, and it here pays to feed silage and even grain.Grain finishing of grass- fed steers often pays handsomely.REARING THE CALF.\u2014Calves of beef or dairy breeding born in the spring should never be exposed to intense heat and flies.If shade is not excellent in the pasture it is profitable to house the calves during the day.The underfeeding of a calf causes slow and expensive gains in weight and eventually an undersized, undeveloped, expensive animal, Feeding a poorly balanced ration will have like results.Overfeeding of any ration physically weakens and impairs digestion and produces unthrifty stock, and often more fatal results such as indigestion, fits, and death.Feed the proper materials in the proper proportions and produce the largest, best, and cheapest animal.The growthiest calf makes the cheapest gains.Don\u2019t feed more than 12 pounds of whole milk per day to the young calf, and never more than 25 pounds of skim-milk per calf per day.Feed grain as soon as the calf can digest it properly.If no milk or skim-milk is available the calf may be raised cheaply and reasonably well on a high-grade calf meal.Keep the pens clean and comfortable, and above all keep the feed pails clean.SHEEP.\u2014 This is the season to select the ewes for breeding.Cull the unprofitable ewes, but increase the flock if possible.Do not feed lice and ticks next winter.Fall dipping pays.Finish the lambs on good pasture such as clover or rape.The small and light lambs will pay splendid profits if finished on hay, grain, and roots for the Christmas or Easter markets.Before breeding the ewes, flush well on good pasture.The condition and vitality of ewe and ram at mating will largely determine the number and strength of the lambs.Select the breeding ram early.Only the best available pure-bred ram should be used.SWINE.\u2014Could you not use a self- feeder economically?The shoats or the thin breeding sows on pasture may thus be fed both profitably and economically.Force the young pigs intended for market.The pig making slow gains is losing money, while the feeder making large, rapid gains is most profitable.Select the best boar possible.Only good and purebred bears should be used.These are scarce; do not part too quickly with the proven sire.E.S.ARCHIBALD Dominion Animal Husbandman.THE DAIRY REGULATIONS REGARDING THE CLASSIFICATION AND MANUFACTURE OF BUTTER N accordance with authority given to the In- I spector General of Butter Factories by article 2031 amending the Revised Statutes of 1909 upon the Quebee Dairymen\u2019s Association and the manufacture of dairy products :-\u2014 (1) Classification of crcam is based upon its flavour, odour, amount of butter-fat, and acidity, at the time of delivery at the factory.(a) Cream classified as No.1, or first class, must have an agrecable odour, sweet taste, contain not less than 35% butter-fat, and have an acidity of not more than .20.(b) Cream will be classified as No 2, or second class, when its odour and flavour are not very agrecable, its butter-fat content is nol less than 309, and ils acidily not more than .24.(¢) All cream which does not come under one of the above classes will be refused and returned to the proprictor.The butter-fat content will be determined by the use of the Babcock or Gerber test, and the acidity by the use of the Dornic or Tourchot test.These tests will be accepted as final.(2) The Federal law expressly forbids the use of preservatives in milk and cream.The pro- prictor of the factory must report to the Inspector General any case which comes to his knowledge of preservatives being used.(3) The proprietor of the factory will keep a record of the fat, acidity, odour and flavour of the cream received.When required he will give copies to the Secretary or Treasurer, and to the President of the patrons of the district.The Inspector of the district, the Inspector General or any other officer duly authorized by the Minister of Agriculture has also the right to examine this register.(4) The cream will be delivered to the factory in the producer\u2019s own cans, without being mixed.The proprietor of the factory will wash these cans, and sterilize them in live steam after washing, \u2019 (5) Permits, diplomas or certificates will be cancelled on the infringement of these regulations.J.D.LECLAIR, Inspector General of Butter-factories.These regulations, on examination, have been approved by the Board of Examiners of the Quebec Dairymen\u2019s Association.J.D.LECLAIR, ELIE BOURBEAU, J.A.PLAMONDON.Examiners.Ste.Hyacinthe, March, 18, 1915.THE QUEBEC CHEESEMAKERS\u2019 COOPERATIVE SOCIETY Summary of Six Months\u2019 Operations.N the July 8th issue of the Bulletin de la Société Coopérative Agricole des Fromagers de Québec, the Manager, Mr.Auguste Trudel, gives a summary of the last six months\u2019 business, which we translate as follows : The Socicty has now 2,400 members and a subscribed capital of $26,000, a substantial increase over the 1,800 members and $18,000 capital given in the last annual report.A proportional in- crease for the remaining half-year is anticipated.The amount of business done has also augmented considerably.400 creameries and cheese factories now sell through the Society\u2014an increase of about one third over last year\u2019s record.Moreover, the sale of calves, initiated this year, has surpassed all anticipations and this will add an important figure to the total business transacted.Up to the present we have received about 700 fat calves, which have fetched prices up to twenty-five dol- \"lars in some instances\u2014prices which, according to general opinion, have never been obtained by farmers fattening calves for the market.This is certainly a source of revenue which no one had thought of tapping before the Society took the initiative.A very important event of the last six months was the decision of the provincial Minister of Agriculture to entrust to the Society the management of his abattoir school at St.Valier, Belle- chasse.The Society desires to make of this abattoir an institution which will be truly useful to the farmers in that district.Already a great many have been benefitted.They bring live animals there to be killed by experts, dressed with care and placed upon the markets of Montreal and Quebec.For the farmer there is a double advantage in this.In the first place, those who come to the abattoir learn how to kill and dress animals for market.Secondly, the skilfully dressed meat brings a higher price than the untaught farmer could have realized.In this way the Society hopes to demonstrate that abattoirs are necessary and that there should be several of them distributed through the province.We believe that the initiative in this direction should be taken by suitably situated local co-operative societies.During the past six monthes the Society has re- A A Ci om emit UU, ra TTTT ren eae mm en .= re THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 39 ceived increasing quantities of butter, cheese, eggs, fowls, and maple sugar and syrup.Regarding maple sugar some remarks will be in order.The quality of the sugar varies greatly according to the locality where it is made.And we must say that in some districts reforms are urgent.Every year the farmers of certain districts lose very considerable amounts of money on account of defects in manufacture and packing.Surely this national industry should not be allowed to deteriorate.Next year we shall give advice as to the means of avoiding these unnecessary losses.Our trade'in eggs and fowls is constantly growing.From now on we are advising members to reserve all fowls for fall sale.Methods of killing and dressing will be described from time to time.The Society is in the best position to secure its members the highest market prices.\u2018We have still to mention one of the most important features of the period, the publication of the weekly bulletin.We believe that this unpretentious publication has met a real need of the farmers of the province and that, being the only one of its kind in the country, it is more and more appreciated.We ought here, perhaps, to express our regret that certain members of the Society, ignorant of their own best interests and forgetful of the sacrifice the Society makes in maintaining the publication, are making use of it to secure its prices from dealers instead of forwarding their goods to the Society itself.But without dwelling upon the ingrates, it suffices us to know that the great majority of the members understand their own interests and by continuing faithful are acknowledging the services which the Society has already rendered them.From this short resumé is it possible to make prognostications for the future?We do not wish to anticipate.Each member, for that matter, can draw his own conclusions.But it does not appear to us rash to predict that on the whole this year all the members will again be satisfied with results.And to enable us to march on more confidently to success we hope that all our farmers will take an interest in the progress of the Society, which is their own.QUEBEC DAIRY STATISTICS FOR 1915 Formation of a Bureau of Statistics HANKS to the formation of a provincial Bureau of Statistics.Quebec is now in a position to furnish statistics, gathered from various reliable sources, on several matters of political and administrative organization, migration of populaton, production, trade etc.The Statistical Year-book published by this new branch of the Quebec Government gives statistics showing the production of butter and cheese in this province in 1914.It is important that wholesale dealers, merchants and others interested in agriculture, should know the amount of butter and cheese manufactured in 1915.These figures are compared with those of previous years, as far back as 1881, the earlier figures being taken from the census returns of the Federal government; and the figures showing the exports of milk and cream into the United States during the years 1910-1915 are also given, System of Inspection The new law regarding the inspection of factories was put into force at the beginning of the last manufacturing season.The province is divided into 50 inspectoral regions, each division having a regional inspector.These inspectors are under the sole control of the Minister of Agriculture, are paid by him, and are given all authority necessary for effective working.In order to defray the cost of this general inspection each factory is required to contribute a sum of $15.00 per annum.The inspectors, since the\u2019 spring of 1915, have heen instructed to record statistics relating to the manufacture of butter and cheese during the season, such statistics being forwarded to the Bureau of Statistics in the month of February following.TABLE No.L\u2014BUTTER AND CHEESE MANUFACTURED AT VARIOUS PERIODS.(Figures for 1915 are approximate).1915 1914 1911 1901 1891 1881 Butter factories, number.690 680 787 445 ch ve en Cee ee Cheese factories, number.\u2026 ce 940 887 1,062 1,207 728 162 Combined butter and cheese factories number Ce ee es 520 380 293 340 Cows, number .RAS 540,400 504,129 eee ee ee a 2 00 04 20 0e Butter, number of pounds.made.cee en 32,994,680 34,015,265 41,782,678 24,625,000 Cheese, number of pounds made.52,590,222 56,185,251 58,171,091 80,630,199 Average price per pound, butter.29.55 25.69 Average price per pound, cheese.cee ee 13.86 13.20 Cee ee ee es hee ee ee Total value of butter manufactured.9,904,400 8,788,277 9,961,732 4,916,756 Total value of cheese manufactured .7,398,000 7,367,745 5,695,254 7,957,621 ce ee ee a ch ee ee en Total value of butter and cheese manufactured.17,302,400 16,156,022 15,656,986 12,874,377 2,919,000 864,000 TABLE No.II.-VALUE OF MILK AND CREAM EX PORTED TO THE UNITED STATES, 1910 TO 1915.1915 | 1914 1913 1912 1911 1910 Milk and cream, condensed .383,824 48,490 111 40,797 71,752 150,782 Milk and cream, sweet.1,071,596 635,864 481,828 436,317 1,202,972 Total.1,455,420 534,354 481,939 487,114 1,274,724 | 150,782 Record of Statistics of the Dairy Industry has also increased by 35,271.In spite of these fi- tured in 1915 .$17,302,400 Each inspector at the beginning of the manufacturing season receives report forms and complete instructions for distribution to the butter or cheese maker on his first tour of inspection.He inspects these records at each subsequent visit, sees that the entries are made correctly, and if necessary rectifies any errors.At the end of the season this report is immediately sent to the inspector by the manufacturer, and is entered in a book kept for that purpose, containing similar reports from all the manufacturers in his district; the columns are added, an average taken, and a summary of the work of each division of inspection is written on the cover.On the 1st February these books are sent to the Bureau of Statistics in order that they may be compiled and grouped by counties, and put into the Statistical Year Book.The compiling is not yet ccmplete, for approximate figures have to be given for 1915; the definite statistics do not vary very much from those given beforehand.Production of Butter and Cheese in 1915 After studying the statistics of the butter and cheese produced in 1915 certain explanations are necessary.We find that there is an increase of 113 factories in 1915 compared with the preceding year; the number of cows supplying these factories gures, which should give an increased production for 1915, we find a decrease in the amount of butter and cheese manufactured; butter decreasing by 1 million pounds, and cheese 31% million pounds.The cause of this decrease is well known in Quebec; it was due to the dryness of the summer, and the consequent loss of nourishing qualities in the green food eaten by the cows.In this connection we may quote an extract from an article written by Mr.H.Nagant, in the Agricultural Gazette :\u2014\u201cPastures, the basis of our dairy industry, have been very poor during the summer (63 per cent) and can only be revived under the influence of the autumn rains.\u201d Comparison between 1911 and 1915 It may perhaps be remarked that during this five-year period the number of factories in the province has decreased by 82; this is not really the case, inasmuch as several small factories have been amalgamated and made into one large one.The total value of milk in 1911 according to the Federal census was $31,663,220, and the production of butter and cheese in the factories was $15,656,986, or in round figures 50% of the total value of the milk.On the same basis we should arrive at the following figures: \u2014 Value of butter and cheese manufac- Estimated value of \u2018milk produced i in 1915 .$35,000,000 Exports of Milk and Cream The rapid increase in the export of milk and cream to the United States, as shown in Table No.2, will be noticed.In 1910 this exportation amounted to $150,782.It has increased in 1915 to the large amount of $1,455,420 or nearly 1000 per cent.These last figures are taken from the Report of the Minister of Customs, Ottawa, for 1915.G.E.MARQUIS, Chief of the Bureau of Statistics Economy in Canada, to be effective, must divert labour and capital from catering to indulgence in luxuries to the production of food, clothing, munitions, and other essentials of national strength.Retrenchment in foreign-produced luxuries is most likely to meet this requirement.Under normal conditions imports make foreign markets.But we have in the consumption of war a market for all we can produce and more. 40 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE POULTRY PREPARING FOR THE SCHOOL FAIR EMEMBER the date for your school fair is R fast approaching.Prepare a nice light box to show your chickens in and make sure that it is plenty large enough.A desirable box for seven or eight chickens would be about as follows: three feet long, two feet wide and two feet high.The box should be high enough for the largest bird to stand up straight without touching the top.The front of the box should be covered with slats which run from top to bottom, not from end to end.One of the sluts near the centre of the box should be left to serve as a door.Drive one nail in the top of this slat and allow it to remain free at the bottom.To hold this slat in place at the free end, drive a nail into the front of the bottom hoard, at the centre, close to one side of the slat as it hangs straight ; place the slat up close to the nail and drive the second nail in on the opposite side of the slat.The second nail should be driven only a short distance into the board and then bent over to hold the slat in place.Fasten a drinking cup in the corner of the box about nine inches from the floor.Put some chaff in the bottom of {the box to keep the chickens clean.Bring some grain to the fair to feed the chickens.All the chickens hatched from eggs supplied by Macdonald College must be shown at the school fair.Poultry Departuent, Macdonald College, Que.THE GROWING STOCK TEED the chicks growing throughout the sum- K mer months in order to have them properly developed before the cold weather of fall and winter arrives.This can only be done by feeding regularly and often on good, wholesome food.Ioqual parts of cracked corn and whole wheat can be used advantage during the growing period.This grain ration should be given freely, never allowing {the chicks to go to roost hungry.Mashes tend to produce rapid growth and should be used at least once daily.A good growing mash can be made as follows : bran, three parts ; middlings or shorts, two parts ; ground oats (hulls removed), two parts ; cornmeal, two parts ; and beef scraps, one- half part.Mix the ground grains together by stirring with a shovel before moistening them.Moisten with water.or better, sour skim-milk but do not make it wet enough to become stieky.Keep the coop cleaned regularly in order to avoid discase, and dust the chickens with insect powder or powdered sulphur to rid them of insect pests.Chick cannot grow properly if they are covered with lice or mites.THE MANAGEMENT OF DUCKS UCKS grow very fast when given proper care.They are casily managed and do not require the same amount of attention as fowls.When kept under good conditions they are quite profitable.Then require plenty of clean water for drinking but do not require water in which to swim ; in fact, it is better to keep the little ducklings out of water until they are ten weeks old.Ducks can be raised in small or large flocks and do not require much land.Care of the breeding stock.\u2014 The ducks and drakes selected as breeders should be good representatives of the breed and they should be well developed birds.The ducks which are hatched carly in the season make the best breeders.One drake should be placed with five or six ducks.The house for the breeding ducks should be a well constructed shed with a dry floor.The floor should always be kept covered with two or three inches of straw or other litter.The litter should be changed frequently to avoid dampness.Each bird requires ten square feet floor space ; that is, for a flock of five ducks and one drake the area of the floor should be sixty square feet.A house eight feet on each side would give sixty-four square feet floor space which would be quite suitable for such a flock.A good food for breeders is made up of the following mixture : cornmeal, three parts ; bean, two parts ; low-grade flour, two parts ; beef scraps, one part ; green food, one part; vegetables, one part.These parts are by measure and in addition grit and oyster shells and a little salt should be put in.The foods are mixed dry and the mixture is moistened with water.Care should be taken not to make the feed sloppy or too wet.Feed the mixture on feeding boards in the morning and again in the evening of each day.When the ducks are laying they should be given whole corn at noon in addition to the mash.The feeding boards or troughs should be kept clean al- Ways.Watering the ducks is a very important matter.They require water more frequently than feed and they should be given supplies of fresh water five times each day.The water fountain should be deep enough so that the ducks can put their nostrils below water, as this enables them to keep the nostrils clean.The breeding ducks should be let outdoors every day, except the very cold ones, during the winter.They do not mind the cold, because their bodies contain much fat and they are well protected with feathers.Runner ducks usually lay more eggs than Pekins but the latter usually lay quite enough for breeding purposes.In each breed there are different strains ; some strains are good layers and some strains poor layers.It should be the object of every duck raiser to start with a good strain.Ducks should begin to lay about the first of February.They usually lay their eggs at night or early in the morning.For this reason they should be kept shut in the house until eight o\u2019clock in the morning.In cold weather the eggs should be gathered as soon as possible after they are laid to prevent them from becoming chilled or frozen.This is very important because frozen eggs will not hatch at all and chilled eggs will not hatch well.Hatching the ducklings.\u2014 As soon as the eggs are gathered they should be washed and placed in a cool room where the temperature is about forty- five degrees Centigrade.The eggs should not be kept over two weeks before being incubated and while being held they should be turned every other day.This turning is to prevent the yolks from sticking to the shells.Ducks eggs may be incubated under hens quite successfully.Duck are good sitters but they are seldom used for incubating purposes.The nest is prepared and the sitting hen is treated in exactly the same way as in hatching chicks, except that she has to sit four weeks instead of three weeks.From nine to eleven eggs are enough for the average hen.During incubation the eggs are treated the same as hen eggs execept that they require moisture.It is well to sprinkle the eggs with lukewarm water a few times.Rearing the ducklings.\u2014 After the ducklings have hatched they should be left on the nest with the hen for twelve hours at least.Ducklings should not be fed too scon as the yolks of the eggs are not absorbed completely at hatching time and these serve as food for the ducklings for several hours.\u201d They should be given water to drink first.The water dishes should be arranged so that the ducklings cannot jump into the water.The water should be renewed at each feeding time.It is very interesting to watch ducklings eat a little food and then wash it down with water.They are voracious feeders.Keep the fountains clean; rinse them out every day.Ducklings should never be allowed to swim for the first eight or ten weeks.The first food given to ducklings consists of rolled oats and bread crumbs which are ground fine.The rolled oats and bread crumbs should be taken in equal parts by measure and mixed dry, then there should be added five per cent of sharp sand, which serves as grit.Moisten the mixture with water or with milk, which is better than water.The mixture should be just slightly moistened and not made A Yard of Pekin Ducks.(From Reliable Poultry Journal) fe > Rr \u201d 41 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE too sloppy.The food is scattered on a flat board with ridges around the sides to prevent the food from being wasted.Feed the ducklings five times a day and scrape the boards clean at night.Just a little feed should be given at each feeding as the ducklings should not be overfed at any one time.Beginning the third day the food is changed.A good mixture is made of equal parts of rolled oats, Lread crumbs, cornmeal and bran.This mixture is fed in the same way as the first mixture.When the ducklings are seven or eight days old the above mixture is changed to equal parts of cornmeal, bran and low-grade flour.After that green food and beef scraps are added to the food making a mixture for ducklings which are over eight days old as follows: equal parts of cornmeal and bran, ten per cent low-grade flour, ten per cent green food, five per cent beef scraps and one per cent grit.The ducklings are fed on this mixture until they are ready to be fattened, which should be at about eight weeks of age when they should weigh about four pounds each.At this stage in their growth they are called \u201cgreen ducks\u201d.A Pair of Pekin Ducks (From Reliable Poultry Journcl) During the growing season ducklings should be provided with plenty of shade.They should be kept out of storms as much as possible.Fattening ducks.\u2014 The fattening of ducks for market should be started when they are about eight weeks old.They are confined in small pens and are fed three times a day on a mixture composed of three parts cornmeal, one part low-grade flour, ont part green food, three-quarters of a part of beef scraps and about three per cent oyster shells and grit mixed equally.Just give the ducks what they will eat up clean in fifteen minutes after being fed.Feed lightly in the morning, a little more heavily at noon and more heavily still at night, but always keep the feeding boards clean.Provide plenty of water in deep fountains and keep a fresh supply on hand all the time.The ducks are fattened for two or three weeks, when they should be in excellent condition and should weigh at least five pounds each.Killing and plucking ducks.\u2014 Before being killed ducks should be starved for twenty-four hours.This is necessary to clear the intestines of food so as to make the ducks keep longer.The best way to kill a duck is to place it between the knees Dressed Ducks (From Reliable Poultry Journal) and then with a killing knife, having a blade six inches long and one inche wide, sever the blood vessels at the juncture of the head and neck.As soon as the duck is bled it should be hit hard on the top of the head with a fairly heavy stick.This stuns the duck and makes it easier to pluck.Immediately after the duck is stunned it should be plucked.The plucking should be done dry as both the duck and the feathers are better than when the birds is scalded.First pluck a few feathers from the breast as the duck is held on the lap with its back down.These feathers are plucked in the opposite direction from that in which they lie.The rest of the feathers on the body are plucked by wetting the right hand and grasping the feathers close to the body and then pulling in the same direction as they lie.By plucking in this way, the down is taken off with the feathers.Plucking is often done with the aid of a sharp knife, which assists in grasping the down and feathers.After the duck is plucked it is placed in cold water to cool it for marketing.As soon as the birds are taken out of the water the lead and feet should be cleaned.M.À.JULL.RURAL SCHOOL FAIRS FOR 1916 HE number of school fairs held in the English speaking sections of the Province of Quebec increased from three in 1913 to nine in 1914 and to fourteen in 1915.Such an increase in the number of schools would indicate considerable prog- l'ess in enlisting the rural interest in agricultural problems.True, considerable progress has been made but the outlook for 1916 is not very bright, owing to the fact that several of the offices of the Macdonald College Demonstrators have been vacated and in future the organization of the school fairs will rest largely with officers located at the College.This is an unfortunate condition of affairs but it is hoped that school teachers and parents of pupils who have received material from the College will interest themselves in the fairs to make them a succes, This year the Poultry Department of the College has distributed hatching eggs in the following counties : Compton 188 settings, Sherbrooke 55 settings, Richmond 68 settings, Huntingdon and Cha- teauguay, 79 settings, Pontiac 117 settings, Missis- quoi 20 sttings, and Brome 14 settings.The eggs were supplied free of cost to deserving pupils selected by the College Demonstrators and teachers in co-operation.The only obligation on the part of the applicants who received tlie eggs was to take the best care of the chicks hatched and to show them at a fair provided for the purpose.We know that the great majority of the pupils are anxious to fulfill their obligation.The difficulty this year lies in the fact that the College has but one Demonstrator in the field, Mr.C.Hodge is now located at Shawville, in Pontiac county, and he will look after the school fairs at Shawville, Chapleau and another place.In regard to Missisquoi county it should be said that the eggs were distributed through an appeal from the people of the district.The organization of the school fair, which will be held at Cowansville, is being undertaken by Mrs.G.M.Beach of Cowans- ville.We appreciate very much the good work which Mrs.Beach and others are doing not only to help the people of the district but also to help Macdonald College in this important work.What is really needed now is for people like Mrs.Beach to come forward in other districts to offer their help in organizing the school fairs.The fairs are not for the College; they are for the school children, they are for the farming communities, they are to interest the younger people in agriculture and to help to keep them on the farms.Every community that holds a school fair is £0 much the richer.It is the better and more advanced districts that are anxious to hold the fairs, The fairs are of far more value than most people realize.In the first place the fair arouses interest among the younger people in poultry and poultry raising as well as in other features of agriculture.As far as poultry is concerned the flock of chickens shown at the fair is the work of the pupil and the object of the fair is to determine the skill of the pupils in the raising of chickens.The display of birds at the fair makes an attractive feature.The pupils are taught to realize the value of poultry and to recognize the differences among the different birds.Thus, they become acquainted with the proper type and condition of the breed in the competiton.The amount of good obtained from holding a fair depends upon the attitude of the pupils and farmers toward the fair.Assistance in arranging for schcol fairs in the following places will be greatly appreciated; Scottstown, Cookshire, Rich- mand, Danville and Lennoxville.M.A.JULL.WOMAN'S WORLD THE HOMEMAKERS\u2019 CONVENTION The Editor, Journal of Agriculture : S one of the delegates of the Homemakers\u2019 Clubs convention held at Macdonald College on June 13th and 14th permit me through the columns of your Journal to express my appreciation of the kind treatment we received on that occasion.From the moment we arrived at the station until we returned, nothing was wanting to make our stay pleasant and interesting, and from every side we heard expressions of pleasure at our kind reception.I had never been to Macdonald College before, and I certainly came away with very pleasant impressions of the place and the people about it.I could not begin to name any persons in particular, as one and all from the highest official to the lowest were equally friendly and kind.It is certainly a great education to these delegates to attend such meetings and demonstrations, and listen to the instructive addresses from experts in the different departments.The demonstration on the cooking of vegetables was most interesting and instructive, and cannot fail to be of widespread benefit, for these ladies on returning to their different clubs would tell them what they saw and heard, and encourage the use of vegetables on the farmer\u2019s table to a greater extent than heretofore.We are only beginning to realize the importance of the work Miss Campbell is so successfully carrying on.ONE OF THE DELEGATES.Shawville, June 22nd 1916. 42 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE DUNHAM HOMEMAKERS\u2019 CLUB HE May meeting of the Dunham Homemakers\u2019 Club was held at the home of the Misses E.Land H.Baker, the president, Mrs.Yates, presiding.After the usual routine of business the secretary, Miss E.L.Baker, gave a full account of the annual reports given at the executive meeting held at Cowansville during the first week of May.A discussion on the subject of Heredity followed.A Committee of Directors was appointed, consisting of Mrs.A.Brown, convenor, Mrs H.Miner and Miss Rypert.The Club then adjourned, to meet at the home of Mrs.Miner for its next session.On June 23rd the Club convened at the home of Mrs.H.H.Miner at the usual hour, the vice-pre- sident presiding at the request of the president.Mrs.Yates.In the absence of the delegates, Miss Etta Gilbert, gave in part a report of the annual convention of Homemakers\u2019 Clubs held at Macdonald College.Mrs.N.L.Whitcomb of Saskatoon was a most welcome visitor, and gave a short talk on their club work in the West.In Saskatoon the Club has a membership of 60, with an average attendance of 50, the members often driving 6 or 7 miles into the country to attend the mcetings.Their clubs are affiliated with the Farmers\u2019 Clubs, hence there is always a good attendance of gentlemen at the meetings.Their exhibits won several prizes at the World\u2019s Fair, showing that such opportunities as the Homemakers\u2019 Clubs afford should not be overlooked, for there is no more powerful force for community improvement and general social advance that the clear teachings of social duties ; and to consider questions of work and wages, health and housing, property and wealth, in the true light is to put new power into the spiritual life of the individual and into the practical life of the community.The Club then adjourned, to meet next month at the home of the president, Mrs, Yates.H.J.G.Press Correspondent.FOODS AND FOOD VALUES Lesson III.Phosphorus, Lime and Iron in the Diet.Value of Water to the Body.Necessity of \u201cBulk\u201d HOSPHORUS is essential te the development of all the cells.If the food of the growing child is deficient in phosphorus-containing compounds growth becomes stunted.Foods that may be added to the diet lo increase or keep up the amount of phosphorus are milk and cream, whole eggs or the yolk of the cgg, meat, whole wheat, oatmeal, dried peas and beans.Lime (Calcium) is very important in the growth of the bones and serves many other important uses in the activity of the body.If lime is nat present in sufficient amounts in the diet of a growing child the bones and teeth do not develop properly and normal growth may thus be interfered with.In the red marrow of the bones the red blood corpuscles are produced and anything which interferes with the health of the bones is likely to interfere with the production of the red corpuscles.If the number of red corpuscles in the blood falls below par the whole body suffers in consequence for it means not enough oxygen is carried to the cells.The food richest in available lime is milk, and this in itself is a sufficient reason for making milk an important article in the diet of children, not only while they are very young but all through the growing years.Oranges, cabbage, spinach, turnips, dried peas and beans are good vegetable sources of lime.Of the breads, whole wheat is better than white bread in this respect.Meat is deficient in lime.Those animals which live on meat alone eat not only the flesh of their prey but also the bones.Iron is so important to proper nutrition that most persons are familiar with it through the advertisements of the numerous iron tonics on the market.The use of these tonics would be greatly diminished by a knowledge of right feeding methods, for food iron is what is needed rather than the iron which is sold in a bottle of \u201ctonic\u201d.Too little iron in the diet means that the cells in the red marrow of the bones lack one of the things needed in making red blnod corpuscles.It is the iron which is built into those little bodies which gives them their power of holding exygen and thus makes them so useful a part of the blood system.Anaemia may result from many normal causes but it is very often produced by improper feeding.To increase the iron in the diet such foods should be added as whole eggs or egg yolks, meat, whole wheat, green and dried peas and beans, prunes and spinach.At first glance it may seem strange that- milk should be deficient in iron, for the baby depends on this food for nearly a year of its life.This is explained when we find that the child has at birth sufficient iron stored in its body to cover this deficiency for about nine months or a year.An excellent iron tonic is furnished by taking milk with some food rich in iron, for the lime in the milk is said to aid in the retention of the iron.The Value of Water in the Diet The last of the foodstuffs to be touched upon, viz., Water, is by no means least in importance.We are not accustomed to regard ourselves as aquatic animals, yet the only part of the body which does not depend upon a surrounding of liquid to keep it alive is the outside skin.About two-thirds of the weight of the human body is water and for this reason water must be taken into the body freely.All cells, except the skin cells, will perish if they become dry.The body deprived of the foods just considered would starve, but it would not perish so quickly as if deprived altogether of water.Water furnishes to the blood the liquid which holds foods in solution and carries them to the cells.In the cell water holds the protoplasm in solution.Water conveys and regulates the heat of the body.Water keeps the fluids of the body in a proper state of fluidity.Water dissolves out the waste products of the body and carries them to those organs which are concerned in getting rid of them.Some of the dangers arising from a lack of water in the diet are (1) The blood stream becomes sluggish.(2) The cells are not flushed as they should be.(3) Waste products accumulate and as these are poisonous the body suffers with lassitude, weariness, headache, constipation and a number of attendant ills.Fruits and vegetables are excellent sources of water.Two and a half quarts of water (including the water taken with the food) should be taken daily to replace the amounts given off by the body.28% of water entering the body is given off by the lungs.20% of water entering the body is given off by \u201cthe skin.50% of water entering the body is given off by the kidneys.The habit of taking an early morning bath is an excellent one; the practice of taking an \u201c\u2018internal\u201d early morning bath of either hot or cold water is of even greater benefit.A little lemon juice added to the water (without sugar) is beneficial to those of sluggish intestinal digestion.Bulk in the Diet The framework of roots, stems, leaves, seeds and fruits, in fact all vegetable tissue consists of a materials called cellulose.This cellulose is an indigestible woody fibre which serves as the framework for stem, root ete., and which serves as bulle in the diet.The Food Value of Cellulose.The value of cellulose as a food is nil.It is indigestible and therefore has no food value.The Dietary Value of Cellulose.Nature has given man a very long intestine to allow a large surface for the absorption of the extracted foodstuffs.It is necessary that the intestine should be kept in good wholesome working order and in the healthy individual this is accomplished by the foods eaten.After the nourishing foodstuffs have been extracted through the action of the digestive juices the waste products or materials in the food which are indigestible should be got rid of.If these wastes are allowed to accumulate in the lower intestine putrefaction takes place steadily and rapidly and the poisonous substances which are set free by the putrefactive bacteria are absorbed into the blood stream and poison the whole body, giving rise to various ailments.The food consumed should furnish some substances which aid in getting rid of the waste material.Cellulose has for its function this task of enabling the intestines to move along the wastes or indigestible materials until they are got rid of by the body.Cellulose serves as an intestinal broom.Every menu should show one cellulose-rich food.A diet which consists of foods which are well absorbed, e.g.animal foods of all kinds, custards, cornstarch puddings, pastry, flour products ete., is a diet which is constipating for it is very fully absorbed and there is little residue left to stimulate the intestines in moving along wastes.The peculiar worm-like motion which the intestine uses is called \u201cperistalsis\u201d, and the action is called peristaltic action.Mineral matter, water and cellulose are valuable aids to peristalsis.One argument in favour of whole wheat bread in the diet is that it is more bulky than white bread and that it contains substances which stimulate the activity.of the intestine.Fruits and vegetables, the outer layer of wheat and oats, contain substances which act in this way.Prunes are perhaps th: best exciters of peristalsis we have.Grapefruit or orange juice first thing in the morning is another excellent remedy for sluggish intestinal digestion.Buttermilk, sour milk or starter has the same effect, and is more effective if taken first thing in the morning.The acid has a stimulating effect on the delicate lining of the intestine and peristalsis is started up and the water in which thes2 drinks are rich purifies the tract it passes through.E.B.RUTTER THE BACTERIOLOGY OF PRESERVING OR many years fruits and vegetables have been preserved using formulas whose only recommendation was that they were successful.However, each method used for canning or preserving has a scientific foundation and they should all obey certain fundamental bacteriological rules.Two groups of bacteria must be considered, viz.: (1) Organisms which putrefy the material preserved.(2) Organisms which ferment the sugar in the preserves or canned goods.In canning we must reckon with both kinds of organisms, but more especially with the putrefactive bacteria which are very resistant against heat.Luckily those bacteria are entirely checked by a very moderate addition of sugar and in preserving enough sugar is usually added to leave them entirely out of consideration.In preserving various kinds of fruit we must give our attention to the sugar fermenting organisms.These organisms mostly belong to the yeast family and have not the same resistance against heat as the putrefactive bacteria.Boiling temperature applied for 20 minutes will exterminate them all.Thus the bacteriological receipt is to boil the fruit in a sugar solution of sufficient strength for 20 minutes, and prevent any further infection from the outside air.However, most housewives will experience considerable difficulty in preventing such infection, for the air outside and Est | r= 11 = } \u2014 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 43 inside is full of bacteria, and to a lesser extent contaminated with yeasts.The work of preserving was and is usually performed in a dusty kitchen and the inability to obtain a product that would keep has forced a considerable increase in the amount of sugar found necessary to get reliable preserves.As an example we will take a seasonable product such as strawberries and consider some directions given for preserving them.Formula 1.Equal quantities of strawberries and sugar are taken and boiled together for 20 minutes.Pour the strawberries in open platters and expose to the sun for 4 days.Put in jars and protect against dust.In this formula the jars and rubber rings are not sterilised and the cooked preserves are exposed to outside infection for 4 days.Bacteria and yeasts will enter in large numbers, but the sugar solution is so concentrated that no organisms can develop in it; only moulds would be able to develop on the surface.The sugar concentration is here approximately between 60% and 75%.With a smaller concentration this receipt would be a failure and it is stated that berries should not be picked during wet weather as they then contain too much water.Formula 2.Add to the cleaned berries one-third in sugar and one-third water.Boil 20 minutes.Have the jars and rubbers all ready in boiling water.Fill until overflowing as quickly as possible, seal immediately, and allow to cool.In this method we have a sugar concentration of about 30%, strong enough to eliminate the development of putrefactive bacteria, but giving a splendid food medium for the yeast family.After killing the yeasts by boiling for 20 minutes we must therefore be careful to prevent any new infection and in filling the jars we hope to kill in the boiling liquid any yeast which might remain.Further, the air space between the liquid and the cover constitutes a source of danger; the popular jars with patent stoppers have a large air space and only in such makes as the \u201cImproved Gem\u201d is the air space entirely absent.However, a diligent and conscientious worker will have splendid results with this method as the chances of infection are really very slight.As, however, many housekeepers have run up against this difficulty, the sugar concentration has been increased considerably and in one method for 1 1b.of berries not less than 31b.of sugar is used, making a concentration of about 40% to 45%.From a purely bacteriological viewpoint the following working method might be suggested.Add to berries one-third sugar and one-third water.Heat without boiling until berries sink in the liquid.Have jars and rings ready in boiling water.Fill the berries into the jars and cover over loosely.Sterilize 20 minutes in boiling water.Screw covers down tightly and allow to cool.Strawberries contain a large quantity of air and unless this air is removed the least heating will make them work up to the top of the jar and jam together, making a very unappetizing dish.In preserving bacteriological considerations are not the only ones, and sometimes it is necessary to break bacteriological rules as otherwise the fruit might be spoiled.But this latter method for preserving strawberries deserves serious consideration, were it only for the saving in sugar now that sugar has advanced more than 100% in price and is still rising.J.VANDERLECK A HOMEMADE FLY-TRAP OLLOWING is a description of an inexpensive fly-trap easily made at home.This was published by the United States Department of Agriculture in its Weekly News Letter to Crop Correspondents in 1914 : These traps can be made any size to suit, but the most popular size is 16 inches long, 12 inches high, and eight inches wide.The material costs from 10 to 20 cents, and can be put together by anyone handy with tools in a short time.The trap may be baited with sour milk, a peace of banana, fruit skin, or similar substance.This should be removed at night, or it will attract ants.At the same time, the flies which have been caught should - IG TRIER IE VI RIT LH TH Details of Homemade Fly-trap.be killed by pouring hot water over the trap or leaving it immersed in water until the flies are dead.The fly-trap is made in three distinct parts (A, B, and C, of the diagram) that may be detached from one another by unfastening the hooks (d) that hold them together at either end.The trap is unhooked in order to place the bait on the bottom section (C).The bait is placed on two pieces of tin tacked to this bottom section.The circular tops of paint cans may be used for these.The middle section (B) of the trap consists of a screen-covered frame that resembles a small gable roof through which there are six holes (f) to let the flies into the uppermost section (A), which is merely the screened-in cage that is set down over the other two parts (B and C).The handle (h) of course, is unnecessary, but will be found convenient when the trap is immersed in water to kill the flies.Late in the summer of 1914, my husband made one of these traps.I used it as made until fall, when I discovered that by removing section C and setting the other two parts over a swill pail, I could catch an enormous number of flies.During the fall, the trap was set in this way every pleasant day.Then when the first warm days of spring appeared and the flies which had hibernated began to buzz in the sunshine, I carried that trap and a swill pail from one place to another so to keep it in the sunshine as much as possible.It took only a few minutes each day, and every fly killed then meant thousands \u201cthat might have been\u201d.When the weather got warm, I fixed the swill barrel, which is out-of-doors (a few yards from the hog-pen) for a fly-trap, by making a cover for it fairly tight except for a hole nearly as large as the trap, in the middle.I then laid two boards across the top of the barrel, put on the cover and set the trap (not using section C) over the hole in the cover.At the close of every pleasant day, the inside of that trap would fairly be black with flies, but they did not trouble much about the house.I swatted the few that did come into the house, and used chlorinated lime in the toilet and drains.When fall came there were very few flies around hunting for winter quarters\u2014so few that others of the family noticed and mentioned it.We found that not only the house-flies, but the big blow flies, horse-flies and many others found their way into the trap, so this year we plan to use these traps about the barns also.We prefer the trap to fly poison and sticky fly-paper because it is less dangerous than poison, less expensive and less troublesome than the paper, and more efficient than either\u2014or both.This is written with the hope that some other women may try it, and find her annual fly-fighting campaign made easier and more effective, as | have \u2014O.M.G.in the Rural New Yorker.OF GENERAL INTEREST DURING A THUNDERSTORM O not use the telephone.The telephone wires may receive a heavy charge.Keep away from stoves, radiators, and the like.They are large metallic masses, likely to become heavily charged.Avoid screen doors or other metallic bodies connecting with the exterior of the building.Keep away from chimneys and open screened windows.Outdoors the most dangerous places are under isolated trees and near wire fences in open fields.Small sheds and others shelters are dangerous if isolated from larger buildings.Thick timber is undoubtedly the safest place to seek out of doors, since a sigle tree in a forest is not so likely to receive a stroke as a single person or an object in a open space of equal area.BREED SOCIETY GRANTS TO QUEBEC FAIRS HE following grants have been made to Quebec Fairs this year by Dominion Breed Societies :\u2014 Canadian Hackney Horse Society : Quebec, silver medal; Sherbrooke, silver medal.Clydesdale Horse Association of Canada : Ormstown, $50 ; Quebec, $50 ; Sherbrooke, 8250.Dominion Shorthorn Breeders\u2019 Association : Sherbrooke, $200.Canadian Hereford Breeders\u2019 Association : Quebec, $25 ; Sherbrooke, $25.Holstein-Friesian Association : Ormstown, $100 ; Quebec, $50 ; Sherbrooke, $150.(Canadian Ayrshire Breeders\u2019 Association : Ormstown, $100; Quebec, $50; Sherbrooke, $100 ; Three Rivers $50; Valleyfield, $50.Canadian Brown Swiss Association : Quebec, $10 ; Sherbrooke, $10; Valleyfield, $10., Improved seed and improved stock properly cared for constitute one of the surest means of increasing the returns from the farm.PERTE 44 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE DOES IT PAY TO FEED PIGS ON POTATOES ?HE food value of potatoes for pigs is equal to about one-fourth of the food value of grain, so that 4 to 41% bushels of potatoes will give the same gain as one bushel of corn, wheat, barley cte., i.e.1 1b.of good grain has the same food value for pigs as 4% lbs of good potatoes.It does not matter whether the potatoes are given to the pigs raw or boiled; pound for pound the gain will be the same, but pigs prefer boiled lukewarm potatoes.Boiling the potatoes does not give a higher food value, but they are more palatable in this condition.In some countries where the farmers raise large crops of potatoes the cost of raising 4% pounds of potatoes will not exceed that of raising one pound of grain, but in Canada this does not apply.Grain is not dear, but potatoes are very scarce and very dear, one bushel of potatoes costs more than one bushel of grain, and under such circumstances it does not pay to use potatoes for the pigs; it would be better policy for farmers to sell their potatoes and buy grain for the pigs.Pigs may be fed on offal from potatoes,\u2014the small potatoes not suitable for the market, potatoes more or less diseased, and frozen potatoes.The diseased and frozen potatoes should be boiled before being fed to the pigs.Potatoes are often recommended as fodder for pigs.This gives excellent results, but I would draw the farmers\u2019 attention to the fact that really fresh and good saleable potatoes are very dear fodder in Canada at the present time.It should not be forgotten that 41% lbs of potatoes only give the same amount of gain as one pound of grain.A.HANSEN THE DISHORNING OF CATTLE A Simple Substitute T is well known that dishorned cattle can be 1 managed and fattened with greater facility than horned animals, and that, where a con- sipnment consists solely of hornless cattle, the animals can be conveyed by sea or land with considerably less danger of sustaining injury in transit.Not only so, but horned cattle require more space in railway waggons, and in the opinion of many salesmen are worth two or three dollars per head less than hornless cattle.The practice of dishorning cattle by sawing off or otherwise entirely removing the horns after they are partly or fully grown, appears to inflict great suffering upon the animals, and may even be the cause of death.The growth of the horns can be prevented with the infliction of comparatively little pain by the application of caustic potash to the horn-buds of young calves, if the operation is carried out in the following manner, and can be done quickly and with ease: \u2014 The hair should be clipped from the top of the horn when the calf is from two to five days old.The end of a stick of caustic potash should be slightly moistened with water, or the tip of the horn-bud moistened, and the tip of each horn rubbed firmly with the potash for about a quarter of a minute, or until a slight impression has been made on the centre of the horn.The horns should be treated in this way from two to four times at intervals of five minutes.If, during the interval of five minutes after one or more applications, a little blood appears in the centre of the horn it will then only he necessary to give another very slight rubbing with the potash.The best time to perform the operation is when the calf is under five days old, and it should not be attempted after the calf is nine days old.Uaustic potash can usually be obtained at any drug store in the form of a white stick, and when not in use should always be kept in a stoppered bottle, as if exposed to the air it will rapidly deteriorate, and being a poison should be kept in a safe place.The calf should be held by an assistant and care taken not to moisten the stick too much or the caustic may spread to the skin around the horn and destroy the flesh.For the same reason the calf should be prevented from getting wet for some days after the operation.A piece of tinfoil or brown paper should be rolled round the end of the stick of potash which is held by the fingers; this will prevent injury to the hand of the operator.The centre only of the horn should be rubbed, and not the sides.B.C.T.THE USE OF HERBS AND BARKS IN DYEING By The Canadian Handicrafts Guild.ISITORS to the Rooms of the Canadian V Handicrafts Guild are always greatly attracted by the beautiful colours shown in the different articles on exhibition and sale, and when the manager of the rooms begins to give a little information as to the different herbs and barks from which these colours are obtained, the interest is keen and the \u201cstory\u201d of the various methods listened to with eagerness.Why do the reds, blues and yellows blend so beautifully in one rug ?Simply because each colour contains a tone of the other two.This on the face of it seems absurd, but let us go further.For example, the reds contain, besides red, some blue and some yellow ; the yellows show a suggestion of blue and red ; and the red and blue some tint of red and yellow.When a heavy shade is required a little black is added.To many there is nothing new in the idea that all shades of grey, dipped in yellow dye, make a pretty green, nor that grey dipped in red dye shows a softer shade of red than when white goods are used.Naturally wool is better than cotton for vegetable dyeing, For the following we are indebted to Louise Willis Snead in the \u201cLadies\u2019 World\u201d, February 1911 : Take for granted you are dyeing material for a handmade rug and that you want the best possible effect of colour.Keeping in mind the fact that there are but three colours, we get some red dye, some blue dye and some yellow dye.The three primary colours in painting are called alizarine (crimson or madder), permanent blue and yellow ochre.You should try for the nearest approach to these, always stating whether the dye is to be used for cotton or wool.A general rule is to have the dye solution weak and the process slow, but we learn best by doing things ourselves\u2014even by our failures.You are disappointed to find the colours come out flaming red, brilliant blue and gorgeous yellow.The way to soften these so that they will harmonise is to give each a bath of the other two alternately.For example, when dry give the red goods a quick bath in the blue tub and again when dry another quick bath in the yellow.If proper shades of these colours have been used in the first place, in the third stage the material should glow with a deep reddish tone more pleasing by far than the original red.Give the blue goods a red bath then a yellow, and the result should be a handsome bluish quality.In the same way treat the yellow stuff to red and blue baths and a beautiful yellowish shade should result, all three materials being woven side by side in perfect harmony.The history of dyes is really a romance.The small unconsidered herb or root growing in a corner of the field, when handled with knowledge changes a dull, ugly piece of cloth into cloth of a wonderful colour.Take the wool ready for weaving, not unattractive in its natural state but to the younger members of the family ordinary and cveryday in appearance.The mother takes an extract made from some plant or tree growing perhaps beside the house and dyes the wool in a solution prepared by herself, then sits at her loom and busily works when her household duties are done.Soon a bale of beautifully coloured homespun stands in the corner of the room, and the daughter, who is shortly to move to a home of her own, with clever fingers makes some of it into a frock in which to make herself more beautiful in the eyes of her husband\u2019s world.Or perhaps the whole bale is sent to the city and there is sold to an interested and admiring public.Who can say there is no romance in the story of the tiny herb which grows in the field ?Let us give a few hints for dyeing wool, taken from a book of selected receipts prepared by the Prince Edward Island Branch of the Canadian Handicrafts Guild.First it should be thoroughly scoured and mordanted.To scour, wash it with soft soap and soda, soft warm water should be used, and remember that greasy wool dyes unevenly.Then place the wool in cold water, bring gradually to boiling point in the course of three quarters of an hour.Boil for another three quarters of an hour, stirring the wool freely.Wash the wool in clear water and dry.Now the wool is ready for dyeing.Four good mordants are chrome, alum, tin and iron, and any information as to the use of these will be gladly furnished on application to the Canadian Handicrafts Guild, Montreal.To dye, enter the dyestuff into the pot with the necessary cold water and gradually raise the temperature.Enter the wool, in the course of three quarters of an hour, bring to the boil, and boil for half an hour.Rinse and shake out to dry.The mordanting and saddening method is adopted when it is desired to obtain fastness of colours in tweed yarns.For instance, to obtain fast black the wool is first mordanted with potassium bichromate, then dyed in a fresh bath with logwood, and finally saddened by passing through a fresh hot bath containing potassium bichromate.Excess of mordant must be avoided or the colour will be an unpleasant metallic luster, rusty bronze.As regards plants, etc, used for dyeing, take for instance crottle, common yellow wall lichen, blueberry with nut galls, all of which produce various shades of brown.Beets make a good garnet with vinegar.Pine boughs and wild cherry make a pretty greenish brown set with a little blue vitriol.Roots of yellow bedstraw, or tormentil, give red, and bitter vetch produces a violet shade.These are only a few of the materials which can be used to advantage, and careful notes should be taken of the weights of the dyestuffs so that the shade can be repeated if necessary.Some of the colours which harmonise are grey with purple, red, blue, brown or yellow ; yellow with black, purple, blue or green ; lavender with green or white; old rose with all blues ; brown with blue, mauve or gray ; heliotrope with cream ; green with brown.Thanks to the courtesy of the Provincial Government, this general information is published with a view to showing how valuable is the art of dyeing, and any further details will be gladly furnished on application to the Canadian Handicrafts Guild in Montreal, where a book of selected receipts, prepared by the Prince Edward Island Branch, may also be obtained.The price of this book is fifteen cents.THE HISTORY OF ROOTS (Extract from « Bulletin now in course of preparation.) ISTORY shows that root growing is of a very ancient date.The Greek author, Herodoust, thus tells us that the inscriptions on one of the pyramids of Cheops explain how turnips were used by the Egyptians as food for the building labourers about 3,000 years B.C.From the writings of Strabo (c.63 B.C.-25 A.D.) it would appear that the aborigines of northern Europe were more PC PEN An = te dy bd pd PN pet LY Ae \u2014= pm, \u201ca pw hed a tet En ID Nb DE A ae md Ly ret pe py med Fn a oo REESE + 34 + or less vegetarians and subsisted to a very large extent to roots.Among Roman authors, Palladius, in his book \u201cDe Re Rustica,\u201d gives a fairly good account of appropriate methods for the cultivation of turnips.In most Europeans countries turnip growing was quite common during the middle ages, but, as far as Great Britain is concerned, there is scanty evidence that this plant was used to any appreciable extent for stock feeding purposes, except as a pasture crop for sheep, before the time of Jethro Tull and Lord Townshend.It must not be supposed that absolute ignorance was the cause of neglect in this respect.Any educated man of those days would only have had to refer to the classical libraries of the monasteries in order to ascertain the value of these and cther succulents.Thus, for instance, Columella writes: \u201cRapa non homines solum, verum etiam boves pascunt, prae- cipue in Gallia, ubi hiberna cibaria praedictis pecudibus id olus praebet\u201d.(Rape plants not only nourish human beings, but also cattle, prncipally in Gaul, where that vegetable affords winter sustenance to the before mentioned herds.) Columella undoubtedly includes the turnip in the general term \u201crapa\u201d, as the Latin name for this plant is \u201cBrassica rapa\u2019.Lisle, who began his observation in 1693 and continued them to his death in 1722, speaks of turnips as generally grown in his time.He enumerates yellow turnips, white, red or blue, and long turnips, which indicates that yellow turnips were known before the introduction of the swede.According to Stephen Prof.Low supposes that the yellow turnip originated from a cross between a white turnip and the swede and that, as its name \u201cAberdeen turnips\u201d implies, the cross may have been effected in Aberdeenshire.Low seems to have overlooked the fact that there are several kinds of yellow fleshed turnips e.g.pure turnips, such as Yellow Tankard and Bortfelder, and hybrid turnips, generally classified as Aberdeen varieties.The swede is considered to have been introduced to Scotland at the end of the 18th century (John Sinclair mentions 1781-82; Stephens gives 1777.The latter date is probably correct).Anyhow, the swede turnip has been grown by the Swedes, for table use, since time immemorial, and this vegetable took more or less the place of potatoes until that subtropical plant was introduced to Sweden in 1726, by Sir Jonas Alstromer.But the honour of discovering the value of this root for stock feeding purpose was left to the Scotch.The story, as told by Robert Patrick Wright, is not without its pointed significance for Swedish farmers : \u201cAn occurrence of great importance in the history of rootgrowing was the introduction to Scotland in 1777 of turnip seed, called Swede seed, because it was sent by a Mr.Airth from Gothen- burg in Sweden to his father who then farmed in Forfarshire.Mr.Airth senior sowed the first portion of the seed received, in beds in the garden, and transplanted the seedlings in rows in the field.He succeeded in raising good crops for some vears in this manner before sowing the seed directly in the field\u201d\u2014AII the different swede varieties, which now occupy the greater part of the acreage planted with roots in Scotland, originated from this package of seed.The great, nay revolutionizing, improvement of British Agriculture caused by the general adoption of root culture, its effect on the abolishment of fallowing, its increase of the production of feed enabling the farmer to keep a larger number of stock\u2014all this has been duly observed and acknowledged by all parties concerned.But the part played by that little seed package from Sweden, which has given her name to this particular crop, has scarcely been fully appreciated.Mangels, according to Olivier de Serres are supposed to have been introduced to France over the Alps in 1595, although they were not generally known as a field crop until 1784.It is claimed by some authors that this plant was imported to THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 45 Great Britain in 1548 ; others give 1656 as the correct year, and Stephens again advises us that it was introduced to England in 1786 by Thomas Booth Parkins who obtained the seed in Metz.Anyway, it was probably not grown as a field crop before the latter part of the 18th century, and it was certainly known as a garden plant long before its field cultivation was extensively practiced.The carrot is known to have been in cultivation for more than 2000 years.It is mentioned by Pliny, and the wild carrot was known as a medicinal plant to the Greek writers in the year 300 B.C.There is no reliable evidence in regard to its introduction to Great Britain, but it is probably correct to assume that it was included among the many useful plants contained in the monasterial gardens.In course of time different kinds of root crops, such as \u201cturnip cabbage,\u201d, \u201cborecole\u201d, \u201ckohl rabi\u201d, \u201ccole-seed\u201d, \u201crape\u201d, \u201crutabaga\u201d, \u201cHungarian turnip\u201d, \u201cSiberian turnip\u201d, and others, were imported.Some of these names are apparently synonymes.A good deal of confusion still prevails in regard to\u2019 the names of several of these plants, and it is certainly no wonder that early writers were disconcerted.About 1765, for instance, considerable attention was diverted by \u201cThe Society for the Encouragement of Arts &c.\u201d, to a newly discovered plant, the turnip cabbage, which is very likely the synonym for the Kohl rabi of present days.It was found later that this plant was already mentioned by Gerarde, (The Herbal and General History of Plants\u201d.John Gerarde, 15697), who gives illustrations of two forms of it under the names, caulora- pum rotundum and coulorapum longum.Whenever different kinds of roots may have been brought in to the mother country it remains a certainty that no far-reaching progress occurred along this line of field husbandry until the time of Jethro Tull.Tull introduced the growing of plants in drills about 1730 A.D.He thereby laid the foundation of our present system of rotation which has perhaps found its best exponent in Lord Townshend\u2019s Norfolk system, wheat, turnips, barley and clover.Wherever his ideas were favourably received, husbandmen began to stir their land with an energy which would have delighted Theophrastus, and the effects of Tull\u2019s new horse koe created a revolution in the old system of scattering the root-seed broadcast in the field.I am not in a position to state exactly when roots were introduced to this continent, but there is little doubt but that the first British settlers brought these useful plants with them.Garrots are known to have been cultivated in Virginia as early as 1609 and in Massachusetts twenty years later.Mason reports that turnips grew well in Newfoundland in 1617, and they were commonly planted in New England for table use as early as 1628.Mangels were disseminated considerably later as evidenced by the fact that the red beet was the only kind listed for sale in American catalogues as late as 1806.It is not easy to overestimate the importance of the part which hoed crops in general have played in the agriculture of various countries.Their introduction has more or less revolutionized the methods of farming.As an illustration of this truth we only need to refer to the rapid development of agriculture in England and Scotland within the last 70 years.Denmark and Sweden furnish us with other typical examples of a marvellous expansion and improvements in crop growing as well as in dairying, achieved through the introduction of hoed crops, mainly mangels and swedes.On this continent, and particularly as regards Canada, hoed crops in some form have been grown from the time of the early settlers, but not until the last fifty years, that is to say, not until an extended export of dairy products began, did the hoed crops occupy any appreciable acreage of land.TABLE I.Yiclds in bushels of Roots in Canada 1870-1910.(From the Canada Year Book).1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 Swedes.24,339,476 39,059,094 47,371,434 49,679,636 76,075,642 Other roots.3,553,260 9,192,320 | 39,287,600 Total.27,892,736 48,251,414 49,679,636 76,075,642 86,659,034 Mangels and swedes form the bulk of the root Montreal.crops entailed in statistical records.Carrots, tur- The author is Mr.J.J.Harpell ; the title nips, rape, kale, etc., occupy only a comparatively \u201cCanadian Industry, Commerce and Finance\u201d.limited area.According to available figures there has been a steady increase in acreage for and yield of roots from 1870 to 1910.The area planted with roots to-day, is about 200,000 acres, and the yield represents a value of close to $20,000,000 a year.More recent data, however, seem to indicate that this particular crop is at present at a standstill as far as acreage is concerned.Let us hope that it shall never be said about Canadian farmers that they have come to a standstill in regard to yield per acre.The average yield of roots for the Dominion is only about 430 bus., or scarcely 13 tons per acre, and we have consequently a long row to hoe before we have a right to boast of our ability as root growers.P.A.BOVING.In Charge of Root Crop nvestigation Macdonald College.concise and reliable source of information A BOOK FOR CANADIAN BUSINESS MEN A concerning Canadian industry, commerce and finance is afforded by a book just published by the Industrial and Educational Press, Limited, The book is published as a companion volume to the Journal of Commerce of which the Hon.W.S.Fielding, ex-Minister of Finance, is the Editor- in-Chief.The volume comprises six subdivisions, of which the fourth occupies more than half the total The subdivisions are : 1.In- 4.Marketable Commodities and Canadian Producers (an alphabetical list.) 5.Foreign Manufacturers of Special Machinery and Supplies, Importers and Wholesale Dealers.6.Institutions necessary to the Business Interests of the Country.number of pages.dustry.2.Commerce.3.Finance.While designed more particularly for business men\u2019s use, this book will be of interest to many of our readers as a source of general information about Canadian resources, about the methods and language of trade and finance, about the commodities dealt with in commerce, and to some extent also as a guide in buying supplies and selling products.J.F.S. 46 CONSERVATION AND THRIFT ONSERVATION is thrift.Perhaps C it should be added-\u2014when properly exercised.Conservation is not hoarding.Hoarding is more frequently waste than not.The miser does not enrich the country.He impoverishes it.Judicious investment makes the country richer.It means production and production that adds to the capital of the nation; production that means progress and advancement; that leads to greatness.When the war broke out city-dwellers rushed to purchase necessities in large quantities, fearing a rapid advance in prices.That was not conservation, preservation, or wise investment.It provoked the very evil that it was desired to avert.It was wasle.Scavengers state that the amount of perishable produce that was subsequently thrown out with the garbage was tremendous.Thus an cra that should have started with conservation and thrift commenced with woeful extravagance.Time proved the unwisdom of the carly panic.But stocks had been depleted and prices advanced.The evil had been done and the effects lingered.A feeling of insecurity was caused that remained in the memory of dealers, who were not slow to take advantage of the situation.The larger men profited immensely.The smaller went to the wall.The consumer reaped the result of his folly.But the lesson has been learnt, and, although prices have not fallen, the normal conservatism of the people has returned and with it to some extent the habit of conservation.IL is doubtful, however, whether the importance of the latter has vet entered into the minds of the Canadian population in the wide measure that it should.Conservation, or thrift, or both, is possible in the smallest way as well as in the largest.Bach leads to personal gain and national profit.And there is no manner in which both can be better exercised than in the household and in personal habits.Care in our method of living contributes not alone to the formation of individual, but to what is more important\u2014 national character.France learnt this great lesson from the Franco-Prussian war and is benefitting by it to-day.Canada is acquiring it and there is every indication that present experiences will lead to further conservation, to more thrift, and to greater husbandry.Present and prospective demands will cause it.The scarcity of labour will necessitate it.The high cost of living will provoke, promote and sustain it.And all will accrue to the benefit of the country.Conservation by judicious use means thrift in the highest sense.Give the ereameries and cheese factories a chance to make greatest profits by producing best quality goods.This means that the patrons good must deliver only uniformly quality milk and cream.SOME REASONS WHY EVERY FARMER SHOULD HAVE A SILO By Fred A.Read, Bear River, Annapolis Co., Nova Scotia.(Winner of the Ideal Green I'eed Silo, presented by the De Laval Dairy Supply Co).HE value of a crop preserved by T a Silo is increased about forty per cent.over that of a crop harvested in the usual way.Jess room is required for the storage in a Silo of the product of an acre of land than in cured condition in a barn.- A much larger amount of digestible food can be secured from an acre of silage corn than from an acre of hay.A Silo furnishes form quality.The influence of well preserved silage on the digestion and general health of an animal is very beneficial.a feed of uni- The Silo cnables us to preserve a larger quantity of the food materials of the original fodder for the feeding of farm animals than is possible by any other system of preservation now known.Succulent food is nature\u2019s food.Since smaller barns may be built when silage is fed, there is less danger of fire, thus decreasing the cost of insurance.Inclemency of weather does not hinder its harvesting.Silage enables us to keep more stock, thereby increasing the fertility of the farm which will in turn give us larger crops and affords a chance for another increase in stock.Ensilage is considered the most ecconomical part of the ration of dairy cows and young stock.It will save about one-third or more of all feeds fed in winter.A Silo prevents the losses that occur in curing.Where hay-making is precluded as is sometimes the case with second crops, as Clover, Rowen, ete, on account of rainy weather late in the scason, the Silo will preserve the crop, so that the farmer may derive full benefit from it in feeding it to his stock.No danger of late summer droughts, as by using the Silo with Clover or other green summer crops, carly in the scason, « valuable succulent feed will be at hand, when pasture in most regions is apt to give out.Crops unfit for hay-making may be preserved in the Silo and changed into a palatable food, such as thistles, weeds, ete.The harvest can be removed earlier, making it possible to finish fall plowing sooner and to seed the land down to grass or winter grain.At a conservative estimate two cows can be kept by feeding silage at the cost of one cow from the same acreage, fed on hay or other vough- age, THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Send for new \u201cMoney Saver \u201d Booklet ff Money Savers Made fOr Farmers Canada \u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014 BARRETT Money Savers will solve many of your problems, and save your time and money.Good dealers almost everywhere carry them in stock.EVERLASTIC ROOFING J, VERLASTIC is a splendid \u201crubber roofing\u201d.It is just what you need.Tough, durable, weather-proof and inexpensive.No better \u201crubber roofing\u201d could be made at the price.Very casily laid.It will solve your roofing troubles.Made in one, two and three ply weights.Be sure to ask for it the next time you go to your dealer\u2019s.EVERJET ELASTIC PAINT THEN there is Everjet Elastic Paint \u2014 tthe best carbon paint ever made.Ever jet has saved many a dollar by keeping \u201cready roofings\u201d in first class condition.It is elastic and expands or contracts to meet temperature changes.It never peels, scales or cracks.And as a roof paint Everjet stands alone.It has great covering capacity\u2014therefore, it is not expensive - to use.Absolutely waterproof\u2014therefore, protects against leaks and wcather.You should never be without Everjet.AMATITE ROOFING MATITE Roofing is distinctive for two reasons\u2014its bright, attractive, sparkling appearance and its great durability.It has wide fame, too, as the roofing that needs no paint.Its mineral surface is waterproof and fire-resisting.Amatite is made in rolls, each roll containing enough to cover 100 square feet with a 3 inch lap.CARBONOL THE most necessary thing you could have around the house is a bottle of Carbonol.It is the best disin- M| {cctant, healer and cleanser ever made.Removes grease, M) ccrms and odors.Therefore, put some in the water @ with which you clcan house.Heals cuts and wounds; 8% Prevents blood poisoning.\u2018Wonderful in the sick room because it prevents contagion.It will keep your stable or hen Louse clean and drive flies away from garbage pails or cattle pens.The best thing you could have for a hundred different uses.Get a botile today.CREONOID, LICE DESTROYER AND COW SPRAY REONOID is the most effective lice destroyer and cow spray ever made.Spray your live stock with Creonoid and they will be happy and healthy.Creonoid makes care-free horses \u2014 cows that give a gencrous yield of milk \u2014 and clean, good-laying hens.A little Creonoid sprayed in the piggery helps make profitable porkers.Follow directions carclully.GRADE-ONE CREOSOTE OIL » OW those fence posts of yours would not h Gad N rotted if you had used Grade-One Creosote Grade One Oil.It has been proved that this wonderful \u201cLivin ., Wood preservative will keep fence posts and timbers Creosote Oil rot-proof for twenty years.Don\u2019t think of putting wood into the ground withouttreating it wi - One Creosote Oil.Tt penetrates farther into the wood than it with Grade any other preservative.It also lasts longer.And it is so casily applied.Use it wherever wood is exposed to dampness carth or weather.It saves you money.\u2019 ELASTIGUM WATERPROOF CEMENT ANY a leak in your purse is caused by neglecting the little everyday repairs or else by paying too much to make them.Play safe.Have Elastigum \u2014 the wonderful waterproof cement.It makes those little necessary repairs casy and cheap.And theyare permanent too.It\u2019s just what you want for joining and relining gutters of metal or wood.It scals leaks and joints, Thebestthing you can use for chimney flashings Elastigum is waterproof so that any joint scaled with it stays scaled.| Scnd for illustrated booklet describing Barrett Money Savers in detail.Address nearest office THE PATERSON MANUFACTURING COMPANY, LIMITED MONTREAL TORONTO WINNIPEG VANCOUVER TIE CARRITTE-PATERSON MA y ST.JOLIN, N.B.NAAN UFACTURING sie IMITED TO ALL SUBSCRIBERS of the JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE the management of \u201cLe Canada\u201d offers a yearly subscription of its Weekly Edition, french, at the special price of 50 cents.\u2019 The Weekly Edition of \u201cLe Canada\u201d is published in French every Thursday,at 12 pages and contains a recapitulation of all the news of the war and most important events of the week.Would be pleased to mail a copy upon request.CANADA PUBLISHING co., 73 St.James St., Montreal. ~ fe er LE JOURNAL D\u2019AGRICULTURE ET D\u2019HORTICULTURE 47 Convenience in feeding and economy of storage room are points in farm of the slo, as ten tons of silage can be store in the same space as one ton of hay.When fed with the proper rations, silage is a greater milk producer and fattener than any known feed.Ensilage - fed stock, as a rule, are in a healthier state than when other feeds are used.When properly taken care of there is absolutely no waste of any part of the corn crop.The acreage needed for pasture is greatly reduced and consequently more land can be brought under cultivation.By providing a suceulent forage, winter dairying is made profitable and no reduction of stock is caused by a dry season.It is the cheapest food that can be produced as well as the best.It is a certain supply, notwithstanding the drought, the flood or the snows.Ensiling is the cheapest method of handling the crop, of storing it, and the best method of saving and realizing the fullest value of the crop as feed.More stock can be kept on a certain area of land when silage is fed than is otherwise the case.Silage feeding does away with all aggravating corn stalks in the manure and prevents their waste as well.It excels dry feed for the cheap production of fat beef.It keeps young stock thrifty and growing all winter and enables the cow to produce milk and butter more economically.Its use lessens the labour required to care for a herd, if it is conveniently attached to the barn.It allows the Spring pastures to get a start.It enables preservation of food which matures at a rainy time of the year when drying would be almost impossible.It does away with the system of strictly grain farming where few of the elements are returned to the soil.It increases the digestion capacity of the animal.The Silo supplements pastures and carries the burden of the winter feeding.The Silo will greatly reduce the pasture acreage required and will have a marked effect on beef production on high priced lands.Night pasturing has been found to be a very valuable practice in connection with summer silo.A Silo permits of saving crops in years of great plenty for other seasons of less plentitude.Experiments have proved that silage-fed steers have repeatedly made the heaviest and cheapest gains.Silage saves a large proportion of grain needed in fattening animals.It saves the need of any grain while cattle are growing.Silage-fed cattle gain faster, finish more quickly, and the meat is better.The silage system helps maintain soil fertility.- Here is the Average Man\u2019s Ideal Car\u2014 The happy medium between the monster car that is purchased to impress people \u2014 and the cramping conveyance used merely to get from place to place, irrespective of comfort.Nothing mysterious about its wonderful success \u2014 just a commonsense car of proved capability.More power with less weight\u2014better performance with less running cost\u2014smoother action with less need of attention.By huge production, we are able to offer it at a price that fits any ordinary- sized income.After August 1st, $685 f.o.b.Oshawa.Now obtainable, a few at the old price, $675.Chevrolet Motor Company, Limited Factory at Oshawa Montreal Dealers: LEGARE-GADBOIS AUTOMOBILE CO., Limited.FOR SALE ONE Holstein bull, horn the 3rd March 1916, at very easy terms.Apply to LOUIS OUELLET, St.Ubalde, Portneuf Cty.FOR SALE ONE fine Ayrshire bull, registered, all white, 2 year-old.Measure 5 ft.11 inches around the body.Apply to HONORE COTE, St.Agapit.FOR SALE YOUNG Yorkshire Pigs, Registered, Apply Col- Jin Campbell, The Manor Farm, St.Hilaire, Que.Ginseng Roots and Seeds for sale FARMERS ! the cultivation of ginseng is very remunerating.Roots 1, 2, 3 and 4 year- old, also fresh and stratified sceds for sale.For information and prices, apply to J.A.GOSSELIN, St.Sophie, Megantie, Cty.N.B.-Booklett on Ginseng Culture, 25c.\u201cSALESMEN \u2014Exclusive line for city, or country.Big earnings guaranteed, Permanent all year job.No experience necessary, Write LUKE BROTHERS Limited, Montreal.\u201d town AGENTS WANTED IN all localities unrepresented or selling our fruit and ornamental trees, Carolina poplars, Norwegian maple with silver leaves; apples trees from 5 to 6 ft., also grafts on roots.Our trees are the most rustic in the provinee, grown and sold by Canadians.Catalogue, booklet, ete., furnished gratis to agents.Apply Expert Nurserymen, FREGEAU BROS, Rou- gemont Que.FARM FOR SALE\u2014At St.Hubert, Chambly County, 97 acres under cultivation with house, barn and other buildings, in perfect order.For information, write to H.E.TRUDEAU, 50 Notre-Dame St.West, Montreal. ser ét 48 The palatability of silage for cattle and sheep is universally recognized by all farmers who have given this food a fair trial.Its succulent character makes it very comparable with grass or other green stuff.The choicest of milk is produced by herds fed silage.A Silo adds to the appearance of a farm.By the use of a Silo the fodder is canned very much as a housewife cans fruit, preserves and vegetables.In no other way is it possible to produce so large an amount of good feed from an acre of land as by raising corn and making the same into silage, The succulent silage is the best possible substitute for June pastures.It is relished by cows at all seasons of the year.In winter cows can be fed a palatable balanced ration that will keep them up to summer flow.Every winter we sce a shortage in the dairy line.This can be overcome by introducing Silos.With a Silo you can keep more stock or keep the same stock on less acres and leave more land for other crops.Ensilage has value than roots.Ensilage increases the milk flow.Your creamery cheque grows larger by its use.Keeps fodder contents pure, succulent, and palatable in every clime.A Silo is a watch tower that marks the advancing line of progress in agriculture.Ensilage increases production.Ensilage saves labour.A Silo is not an experiment, but has been proven.The present high prices of feed stuff and of live stock make it im: perative that the farmers conserve the wealth which their acres produce.Silage has been demonstrated without doubt to be one of the best feeds for dairy cattle.When pasture lands are very high il is more profitable to provide succulent feeds through the Silo than by pasture.Silage can be kept longer than any other succulent feed.All successful dairymen consider a good Silo a very neccessary part of their dairy equipment, and the silage contained therein greatly increases the milk flow.There is as much good in good milk- producing silage as in green summer pastures.The Silo means the succulence of pasture all the year round.a higher feeding Ensilage is a cheaper feed than pasture.Ensilage means thriftier cattle.It fattens cattle more quickly.A Silo will pay for itself the first year, and after that it is all clear profit.Silage is a necessity for the most economical production of milk and butter fat, and the Silo should be on every farm.It is one of the best invesiments on the farm.p .Ever ITR (EN FLY PADS WILL KILL MORE FLIES THAN CY EA LLL OF ANY STICKY FLY CATCHER Clean to handle.Sold by all Druggists, Grocers and General Stores.the management of \u2018L\u2018e Canada\u201d offers a yearly subscription of its Weekly Edition, frech, at the special price of 50 cents.The Weekly Edition of \u2018\u201cLe Canada\u2019 is published in French every Thursday, at 12 pages and contains a recapitulation of ali the news of the war and most important events of the week.Would be pleased to mail a copy upon request.In cleaning earthenware crocks and bowls Old Dutch | saves a lot of work ARE OFFERED IN OUR SALE CATALOGUE Don\u2019t miss this great saving opportunity.Order from 5 your Catalogue now.This sale is for a limited period, and 4 many of the notable values now possible cannot be repeated for a long, long time to come.Should you not have a copy of our Sale Catalogue of 48 pages send us your name and address without delay.who want one should lose no time in writing to us.THIS SALE ENDS AUGUST 15th, 1916 We have but a few left and those