The Journal of agriculture and horticulture, 1 mai 1936, samedi 9 mai 1936

[" SUAS 3% NERA spi > Set Bas $ 3h 1 JOURNAL : | of AGRICULTURE ; Srey & ar Ei * a Pi 5 6.TT iv = ka 43 7 wy a E i \u201cte i #4 A4 Jus 3 ¥ iA # io os # J at a à qe 26 = nN DA ms y à Canet 3% 4 hi BA A % = iT es oh # gE { Ef $; + + WI bi Aa # dl het = x i 59) 3 moe jo me ; 4 ¥ 4 £F À + % i Ay \u20ac Bu ww fa ey 3; ZF Lt Ce Fy A ih | 06 Be Je = r ha FAR ira ae i 3 ol 4 Torr Ss a Au Ta Wf Ne ft ga os ped + Ra HE ER nt ad 34 An Ld > SE We % ES pt po) fa ja fu \u201c ait 8 5 2) pol o af i A > % f | a al 3 > a | ! 2 a | 4 4 Ave at TT re : ; 17 aie x 4 os vii } eu % JR pp ce PF sg w 24 5 £ \u201c4e ie a an ==> Tm oe pi 33 pe 3 : a om i Fry Es Éd té a) av \u201cgo 2 \u20ac / > ES Ê .ts.A = ere + < Te m4 =>, 2 def 1 @ EX Koo sm 5 HE Ld j a A A Ei i x F ds ft.> È rr £7 Lu 17 89 4 rE, = ei We Ps 4 a Ÿ Le wi I + £ LA *, RÉ }r 4e i ass # a Sp 4 Le \u201c ge st mage 3] +, Dh.bir oy Ro 4e a 3 iE ~~ 3) e >) T 5 ON» J \u2014 N= \u201cA Quebec Scene''\u2014Reproduced by courtesy C.N.Ry*s.from the painting by Chas.à Simpson, R.C.A., a glimpse of a habitant vil 5° lage in the environs of the St.bawrenss.Te] #4 {LN 200, © ta I~) ve : \u201c ye ir \u2026 VOLUME 39 \u2014 NUMBER 11 MAY 9th 1936 PUBLISHED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF ACRICULTUREOFTHEPROVINCEOF QUEBEC ny ay ea Pe TRE TE RE EEE PETITES NRT ETE ope ae we A nr % oe Gh raw: SHEL i Ap ora a EE TE fe pe RVI mn, SESE rama ! Ç ! = | N MAY of 1782, a young man from The War of 1812 found John Molson, the fen country of Lincolnshire, the Elder, a Captain of the 5th Bat- eighteen years of age, set sail for talion of the Select Embodied Militia, Canada.He found in Montreal a situa- 20d John, the Younger, a Cornet in the tion which immediately impressed him Royal Montreal Troup of Volunteer as affording a most promising opening Cavalry, so establishing the Molson for a brewery enterprise.In 1786 this military tradition.enterprise was established.Through the \u2019twenties and \u2019thirties the Molson enterprises grew with the com- As the business grew and his other > | interests multiplied, John Molson Mmunity.John Molson, the Elder, (known by this time as John Molson, branched into many fields.In 1826 he the Elder) gradually withdrew from was invited to become President of the active management of the brewery and, Bank of Montreal and held that office with his eldest son, John Molson, the through a period of great stress.Younger, initiated steamship travel on The same keen foresight that had the St.Lawrence.Thomas Molson, the brought steam navigation to Canada second son, operated the brewery.was then directed towards rail tran:- portation.John Molson, the Elder, died in January, 1836, at the age of 72.| Li vo During this period of his career which saw the launching of the \u201cAccommoda- : ) ! tion\u201d and its first run to Quebec in Railway traffic was inaugurated at | 1809, he became popularly known as Laprairie in the following July.aa \u201cBourgeois des Steamboats\u201d.MOLSON\u2019S BREWERY LIMITED dl di i # Dh 1786 «» ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF MOLSON\u2019'S BREWERY «æ 1936 \u2014 cn np + -< 10.- AL NAN 4 EN Ad AS Ie J AN Ls 1/00 men sr } De JOURNAL AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Volume 39 MAY 9th, 1936 Number 11 EDITORIAL LTHOUGH the weather throughout April lacked that balmy feeling that we usually associate with spring, there is reason to believe that summer is \u201cjust around the corner.\u201d * * For one thing, we have noticed great activity these last few Jays amongst our more enthusiastic gardeners.And why should not everyone who has the space be an enthusiastic gardener?We know this from experience, that no vegetables or small fruits that one can buy on the market are as good .as those that one carries direct from garden to kitchen.It is with the hope of being of service to the thousands of farm folk who read our columns, that we include in this issue not only articles on planting the home garden, but also a spray calendar indicating protective measures against the various pests \u2014 both insect and disease \u2014 that worry the gardener.May we suggest that this spray calendar be cut out and kept in some handy place for reference?When it comes to formulae and details of application, a fresh calendar will probably be found useful.* + * Now is gardening the only sign of the burgeoning season.In this number we print the full list of summer and fall fairs for Quebec.Whilst most of the county fairs (and this year they will total 69) will be held during the months of August and September, Quebec's show season opens in a month\u2019s time, when Ormstown sets the ball rolling for the season.In addition to the county and provincial fairs, we shall have five regional exhibitions \u2014 several of which are to he held in summer rather than fall months.* * * Particular attention always centres in the Ormstown Fair, since it occupies the position of pacemaker for Eastern Canada.This vear\u2019s dates for Ormstown are June 9-10-11-12, but it is none too carly to send in entries now.On account of federal rulings, the directors find it necessary to close their entries by May 19 \u2014 a mere ten days off.Breeders will be interested to know that the directors of the Ormstown Exhibition have increased the prize money for Percheron horses by $120, for Belgian horses by $120, for French Canadian horses by $115, for Jersey cattle by $340, for Canadian cattle by $300, for Yorkshire hogs by $50, and for the Ladies\u2019 Department bv $50.Remember the closing date for entries \u2014 May 19.* * * We draw the attention of our readers to a radio talk on Quebec pastures, by Prof.L.C.Raymond, of Macdonald College, which we reproduce in this issue.Professor Raymond is chairman of the Macdonald College Pasture Committee, and has had charge of the very considerable amount of investigational and experimental work that has been carried on at various points in the province by this COMMENT committee working in co-operation with Quebec officials.His observations and recommendations deserve the careful consideration of every Journal reader, since pastures occupy so much of our farmed acreage and may, with attention, be made our most paying crop.¥* * * Horse breeding is still booming in the province.Mr.E.J.Thompson, of the Jersey Health Farms, Ile Bizard, recently made a considerable importation of Belgians, whilst by the time this issue is in the hands of our readers an importation of 40 or 50 mares \u2014 Percheron and Belgian \u2014 will probably have arrived.This lot have been selected by Mr.Gilbert E.Arnold, Grenville, but most of the mares are on order by members of breeding clubs throughout the province and so will be placed by the Department promoters.* * * In this connection, we learn from Mr.J.J.Gaureau, of the Quebec Live Stock Branch, that a fair number of farmers throughout the province are experimenting with raising their horses in the open.Osias Tremblay, of St.Bruno, one of four who are trying this out in the Lake St.John district, has found four reasons for the practice: 1.his colts never have colds; 2.they seem to escape distemper; 3.they have no lice; 4.they seem always to feel in good condition.A paddock is provided, if possible where other buildings will offer some shelter from prevailing winds, and the colts have a little board shed, open to the south, in which to sleep and eat.That is all.The Lake St.John district, it may be added, frequently experiences temperatures of 25 to 45 below in winter, but since it is inland the climate is fairly dry.+ * * It is worth mentioning at this time that, beginning Monday, August 31, 1936, buyers of lambs in Quebec will pay one cent a pound more, and from Monday, October 5, two cents a pound more, for ewe and wether lambs than for buck lambs.The moral, of course, is that all lambs should be docked, and all male lambs not wanted for breeding should be castrated shortly after birth.When these operations are carried out early risk is reduced to a minimum.Money talks.In this case, it says \u201ccastrate male lambs designed for the meat market of Montreal.\u201d #* = * Those growing corn in the sections of the province infested with corn borers should give some thought to this pest at this season of the year.All refuse of the corn crop \u2014 including corn stalks, stalk-filled manure, old cobs, corn litter and stubble \u2014 should be disposed of before June 1 of the following year.This may be accomplished by feeding, plowing well under, or burning \u2014 the latter being the surest way of preventing the spread of the pest.For further information concerning the areas infested and quarantine regulations we refer our readers to a short article given on page 18 of this issue. MAY 9th, 1946 Page tour = The JOURNAL of AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Issued Monthly By THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC All matters relating to the reading columns should be addressed to S.R.N.Hodgins, Editor.Macdonald College, P.O., P.Q._- Subscription in Canada: Le $1.00 per year 1.50 * 1.50 \u201c \u201c Province of Quebec Other provinces .Foreign Countries For advertising rates, address THE CANADA PUBLISHING CO., Limited 33, St.James St., West - - Montreal - a All advertising copy is received subject to approval of publishers before insertion.On My Way the patchy landscape and see there upon the face of mother earth the evidence that spring is feeling not so well, that a recurrence of winter has overtaken it, and that it will be some days at least before it is its old.self again.This occurrence seems to have affected everybody, and in their conversation the first thing mentioned is their regret for the sorry condition of spring.Though disappointed, not many were really surprised, for it scemed that the long-awaited, welcome messenger had set too fast a pace, one that could not be maintained, that in March it had pushed on with a strength that at least belonged to April and now it must suffer humiliation as opposing winter returned to make its last stand.Perhaps in this turn of the seasons there is a lesson for any and all who have learned to observe what goes on around them in the quiet, even dull hours of the common day, and to apply the knowledge derived therefrom to the building up of a general principle that will be a dependable guide to the business of happy living.Thus, to make haste slowly is usually wiser than the unpleasant retracing of steps that were in error.What happened to the man in the parable of the marriage supper, who sat himself down in the highest room and when others higher than he arrived was with shame returned to the lowest place, bears to us down through the ages the information that men, like the seasons, are prone sometimes to be too forward.Through the centuries it has been the quest of mankind, to find a way, not so much of controlling the weather as of discovering how to foretell a while ahead the turn the elements are about to take; yet they are the one issue that remains from day to day in doubt, the cause and certain affect not analysed beyond a few future hours \u2014 something, in the midst of all our proficiency, about which we must have patience, faith and trust.T HROUGH be-cloudeddaysIlook outacross The physical body registers warmth and cold, sunshine and shadow in feelings of comfort or degrees of distress.That indeed would appear to be what too much of humanity lives for \u2014 just to make themselves selfishly comfortable, regarding not the privation and poverty of those whose portion has gone some other way; yet I am constrained tonight to believe more than ever in even this kind of humanity, for there is no telling what grandeur lies in the soul of those who do not seem to care.They may never have had a chance, never have had the variations, the ups and downs along the road of life that make for the knowing mind, the understand- heart; then all of an instant, as it were, they are face to face with some almost inhuman demand, and beyond all expectation they step out of their ordinary selves and become mag- nificeent individuals.I have often tried to determine what it is that makes one person beloved by every one while others, so many others, are just individuals that pass back and forth along the way, meaning so little to the great family of the human race; I think sometimes that I know, and then again I wonder if I really do.(Continued on page 21) ORMSTOWN, Châteauguay County.LACHUTE, Argenteuil County.ST-HYACINTHE, St-Hyacinthe County.Hyacinthe, P.Q.VALLEYFIELD, Beauharnois County.harnois.SHERBROOKE.August 31, Sept.1-2-3-4, THREE RIVERS.August 10-11-12-13-14-15.Rivières.J.August 17-18-19-20-21.QUEBEC FAIRS FOR 1936 Exhibitions, under auspices of Quebec Agricultural Societies SOCIETY PLACE DATE SECRETARY AND ADDRESS ARTHABASKA .Victoriaville .Aug.18-19 .C.R.Garneau, Arthabaska, BAGOT Cree St-Liboire ., Sept.29-30 .Rodrigue Gévry, Acton Vale.BEAUCE Div.A.Beauceville .Sep.t 15 .) Josaphat Roy, Beauceville-Ouest.BEAUCE Div.B.St-Ephrem .Sept.24 .Achille Faucher, St-Ephrem-de-Thing.BELLECHASSE Div.A.St-Michel .Caius Lacroix, St-Michel, BONAVENTURE Dv.A.Port-Baniel-Ouest .Sept.16 .G.-M.Kempffer, New-Carlisle.BONAVENTURE Dv.B.New Richmond .Sept.15 .W.-H.Willett, New Richmond Station.BROME .Brome .Sept.7-89 .Edward Caldwell, Knowlton.CHAMBLY .St-Bruno .Sept.9 .Almert Bernard, St-Basile-le-Grand, CHAMPLAIN .St-Stanislas .Aug, 25 .J.-T.Jacob, St-Stanislas.CHICOUTIMI acc Chicoutimi .Aug.27-28-29-30 .Ls.-J.Gobeil, Chicoutimi.COMPTON No.1.Cookshire .Aug.24-25-26 .T.-O.Farnsworth, Cookshire COMPTON Neo.2.Scotstown .G.-F.Cowan, Scotstown, TWO MOUNTAINS .Ste-Scholastique .Sept.14-15-16-17 .J.-Léo Beaudet, Ste-Scholastigue, rl.DORCHESTER Div.A.Ste-Hénédine .Aug.27 .Oscar DeBlois, Frampton.DRUMMOND .L'Avenir .Sept.7 .Y.-H, Charpentier, L\u2019Avenir.FRONTENAC .Edmond Bureau, Lambton.GASPE SUD Div.A.Cape Cove .Sydney-L.Cass, Cape Cove.GASPE SUD Div.B.Barachois .Oct.2.22 000040 Anthony Tapp, Barachois, GATINEAU Div.A .Aylmer .Sept.11-12 .R.-K.Edey, Aylmer, Box 114.GATINEAU Div.B.Maniwaki .Sept.15-16-17 .Palma Joanis, Maniwaki.HUNTINGDON Div.A.Huntingdon .John Smaill, Huntingdon.HUNTINGDON Div, B.Havelock .Sept.15 .W.-P.Fisher, Hemmingford.IBERVILLE .\u2026.St-Alexandre .Sept.4-5 .Alcide Quintin, St-Alexandre.JACQUES-CARTIER Joseph Boileau, 118, 2nd Avenue, Ville St-Pierre.JOLIETTE Div.B.St-Jean-de-Matha .Sept.15 .Léopold Marcil, St-Jean-de-Matha.KAMOURASKA .St-Pascal .Sept.15-16-17 .P.-W, Lévesque, St-Pascal.LABELLE Div.B.Mont-Laurier .Sept.1-2 .William Grenier, Mont-Laurier.LAPRAIRIE .Laprairie .Sept.22 .Raoul Lussier, St-Fhilippe.L\u2019ASSOMPTION .L'Assomption .Aug, 26 .Geo.-Art, Landry, L\u2019Assomption, LEVIS .St-Romuald .Aug.29 to Sept.2 .Télesphore Carrier, Pintendre LOTBINIERE No.1.Parkhurst .Aug.25 .L.-A.Dumont, Ste-Agathe.MASKINONGE .Louiseville .Sept.15-16 .J.-E.Roy, Louiseville, MEGANTIC Div.A.Inverness .Sept.9 .H.-A.Welch, Inverness.MEGANTIC Div.B.Plessisville .Aug.25-26 .Th.odore Fortier, Plessisville, MISSISQUOI .Bedford .Aug.27-28-29 .C.-O.Jones, Bedford.MONTCALM .Ste-Julienne .Sept.22 .Hon.J.-F.Daniel, St-Esprit, MONTMAGNY .Montmagny .Sept, 1-2-3-4 .Paul Carignan, Montmagny.MONTMORENCY D.B.Ste-Famille .Sept.23 .Albert Faucher, Ste-Famille.NAPIERVILLE .Arthur Collette, St-Rémi.NICOLET Div.A.St-Léonard .Aug.6 .Henri Leblane, Ste-Monique.NICOLET Div.B.Gentilly .Aug, 5 oie.Achille Turcotte, Gentilly.PAPINEAU .Papineauville .Sept.2-3 .J.-N.Vallières, St-André-Avellin.PONTIAC Div.A.Shawville .Sept.24-25-26 .R.-W, Hodgins, Shawville.PONTIAC Div, B.Chapeau .Sept.22-23-24 .Edwin McMahon, Chapeau.PONTIAC Div.C.Quyon .Sept.7-8-9 .M.J.Muldoon, Beechgrove.PORTNEUF Div.A.Pont-Rouge .Roméo Piché, Pont-Rouge.PORTNEUF Div, B.St-Casimir .J.-A.Foley, St-Thuribe.PORTNEUF Div.C.Montauban .Sept.8 .Théodule Chateauvert, Montauban.QUEBEC .Québec .Sept.23 .J.-D.Martel, 325 Blvd.Charest.RICHELIEU ., Ste-Victoire .Sept.1-2 .J.-U.Giruoard, St-Ours.RICHMOND .Richmond .Aug.27-28-29 .W.-R.Stevens, Richmond.RIMOUSKI .Rimouski .Aug.28-29-30-31 .Alfred Dubé, Beauséjour.RIVIERE DU LOUP.Isle-Verte .Aug.25-26 .Edmond Côté, Isle-Verte.ROBERVAL .Roberval .Aug.19-20-21-22-23 .J.-Edouard Boily, Roverval, ROUVILLE .Rougemont .Aug.25 .iil, C.-E.Lévesque, Rougemont.SHEFFORD .Waterloo .Aug.17-18-19 .R.-R.Bachand, N.P., Waterloo.SOULANGES .Pont-Chateau .Sept.7 .ceria Laurier Léger, Côteau Landing.STANSTEAD .Ayer\u2019s Cliff .Aug.20-21-22 .Homer-G.Curtis, Stanstead.ST-HYACINTHE .St-Hyacinthe .Aug.4-5-6 .A.-R.Demers, 33 St-Dominique.ST-JEAN .St-Jean .Sept.7-8 .J.-R.St-Arnaud, 112 rue Richelieu.ST-MAURICE .St-Barnabé .Sept.22 .Chs.Marcouiller, St-Barnabé-Nord.TEMISCOUATA .N.-D.du Lac .Aug.26-27 .L.-J.Dubé, N.-D.du Lac, THREE-RIVERS .ThreeRivers .Aug.10 .Médéric Pothier, Banlieu, 3-Rivers.VAUDREUIL .St-Lazare .Sept.cian Henry Reid, Vaudreuil-Station.VERCHERES .Ste-Théodosie .Aug.26 .Louis Dalpé, Verchères.WOLFE No.1.Marbleton .Sept.9-10 .C.-G.Skinner, Bishopton.WOLFE No.2.Ham-Nord .Sept.15 .J.-A.Comtois, Ham-Nord.YAMASKA .St-Frs-du-Lac .Aug, 18-19 .Alfred Allard, Blondin.PROVINCIAL SPRING FAIR June 9-10-11-12, REGIONAL FAIRS June 17-18-19-20.August 4-5-6, W.-G.McGerrigle, Sec., Ormstown, Chateauguay.-A.Bothwell, Sec., Lachute, Argenteuil.A.-R, Demers, Sec., 33 St, Dominique St., St- Jacques Malouin, Sec., Valleyfield, Beau- Norrey W.Price, Sec, Manager, Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke.Gaston Panneton, Sec., Regional Fair, Banlieue des Trois- \"a 00800 0e 0400000 PROVINCIAL FAIR QUEBEC.Sept.5 to 12.M, Emery Boucher, Sec, Provincial Fair, Hôtel-de-Ville, Québec, Oscar LESSARD, Secretary, Council of Agriculture.\u2018A al K « MAY 9th, 1936 Page five QUEBEC POTATO RECORD some of the potato records of the past few years for the proivnce of Quebec.These records are important on account of the extreme variations from year to year which though adding to the difficulties also make particular attention necessary.They are also important as potatoes are probably the leading cash crop of the province.In 1935 the estimated value of the three leading field erops in Quebec were in round numbers: hay 43, oats 19, and potatoes 9 million dollars.Hay and oats are both fed on the farm.Potatoes are also grown largely for home use, and a considerable proportion of this crop must be retained for seed.Assuming that seed and home use accounted for half of total production, then the balance in 1935 was worth more than any other field crop except the two mentioned.It is therefore probable that in 1935 potatoes were the leading cash field crop of the province.Quebec is credited with growing 29 per cent of the total 1935 potato crop of the Dominion.With about 28 per cent of the population residing in the province, the quantity produced would indicate that the province is somewhere near a self-sufficing basis in this particular crop.We are aware, however, that considerable volume is brought in from other provinces.From October 1st to April 17th arrivals of potatoes in the Montreal market included 1,289 carloads from New Brunswick and 327 carloads from Prince Edward Island.During this period the average wholesale price a bag (80 lbs) of Green Mountains from Prince Edward Island was fifteen cents a bag above that of the same variety grown in Quebec.The price of the same variety from New Brunswick ran about half way between the two.Pome or time is a good time to study It is maintained that potatoes grown in Quebec may be equal in quality to any brought in.Yet the market this season paid week by week always five and sometimes ten cents a bag more for those from New Brunswick and generally fifteen cents a bag more for those from Prince Edward Island.It is generally conceded that the reason of the difference in price is the dependability of the grading of those brought from a distance.It is always an easier matter to secure more uniform grading in produce that must be sent some distance: it must be assembled in larger quantities, and, where this is done, opportunity for grading is improved.Any product handled in a small way locally is more By J.E.LATTIMER Professor of Agricultural Economics, Macdonald College SUMMARY While the records here included warrant further analysis than the length of this article permits, the following features are plainly revealed.1.The need for continued study and attention to per capita consumption and market requirements.2.The Montreal market paid more during the past season for potatoes brought from a distance than for | local supplies.| 3.Soil adaptability, cultural methods and grading practices are factors in securing any proportion of the market.| 4.Returns per acre have varied widely | | in recent years; hence the need to consider returns for a number of years in order to make an estimate of the returns from this business and ! a possible policy at planting time.people of the province consume more potatoes per capita than do other parts of the country.This may be possible.Consumption per capita of any product so adaptable to production for home needs as the potato is apt to remain something of a mystery.Another explanation may be that while the province may have produced the amount of potatoes required they may have been in such quantities and in such districts that a great proportion was used for live stock feed while commercial markets used supplies from other sources.There is always a proportion of the potato crop used as feed for live stock.When crops are large (as in 1934) this accounts for the disposal of a large proportion of the crop.But in 1935 the situation was different, and it is probable that some potatoes were fed to live stock early in the season when prices were low that might later have been profitably marketed commercially.It appears not only difficult but also impossible to make certain that no poor quality potatoes are marketed commercially in years of abundant supplies as in 1934, when some of the finest quality tubers were fed to live stock or carted out and plowed under.It may be just as difficult to ensure POTATOES IN QUEBEC \u2014 RETURNS PER ACRE.» that all potatoes fit for human food will reach the commercial trade in years of profitable prices such as 1935.The more information available to consumers, the trade and the growers, of requirements and supplies, the more nearly will the approach be to the most happy solution of this difficult problem.Improved methods of culture, greater control of pests and blight have done much to reduce the risk of crop failure.There is still considerable variation in yield per acre due to variations in the weather over which man has no control.But there is one factor that the grower is responsible for \u2014 the area devoted to the crop.Quebec Potatoes Acres Yield per Production (thousands) acre (cwt) (million ewt) 1924 159 105.3 17 1925 156 70.4 11 1926 159 92.3 15 1927 162 87.5 14 1928 164 79.7 13 1929 162 95.0 15 1930 166 81.4 13 1931 146 115.6 17 1932 133 87.0 11 1933 33 101.0 13 1934 143 99.3 14 1935 128 88.6 11 The variation in acreage from year to year depends largely upon price and is nothing new or strange.But there is here a rather significant long time trend which is downward.This must be considered in relation to the yield per acre which has during this time not only becomes less varied but has also increased by eight per cent in the latter half of the period as compared with the first six years.Though yield per acre is improving and 1s becoming less uncertain there is still wide variation in total production.Here again the long time trend warrants attention.A total production for the province of 14 million cwt.in 1927 was valued at $1.81 a cwt.while a crop of equal volume in 1934 was worth 48 cents a cwt.Apparently a smaller quantity of potatoes is being required and provided locally.This may be due to the decline in per capita consumption.Also it may be due to greater dependence on supplies from outside the province.The greater use of supplies from other provinces may be partly due to the somewhat pronounced loss of export markets in recent years, but which revived somewhat during _ the present season.difficult to bring up to a uniform 1924-1935 This discussion is concerned standard.Some progress has re- Yield [price particularly with the provincial cently been made in this respect, Year |Bre ot Byt RETURNS FER ACRE records.These alone make clear and improvement already appar- 1924 105.3] Ÿse ho1*10 that price depends upon inter- ent reveals the direction in which 1925 70.4| 3.25 R28.80 provincial trade and also on the more might be accomplished.1926 92.5] 1.40 [129.20 export trade which, though not The anomaly is that while the.ve pa Te pee at any time great in potatoes, has province is credited with produc- 1920 v5.01 1.26 ha1.60 varied enough in recent years to ing a greater proportion of the 1980 81.4| .95| 77.80 be an important influence on total potato crop of the Dominion 1931 115.6] .51 58.95 price.The question which these than its population forms of the 1932 87.0] .63 54.80 records raise is whether or not Dominion total, the local commer- 1933 101.0] .71L| 71,70 the potato grower of the prov- cial market is largely dependent 1934 99.3 .48) 47.65 ince is securing the desired share on outside supplies.This can be 1935 38.6] 79] 70.00 of the local market.This ques- explained only in two ways.One 0 50 100 150 200 25 tion naturally leads to an exam- explanation may be that the (1) Data from Dominion Bureau of Statistics.(Continued on page 37) - 4 ?MAY 9th, 1936 Page six = PASTURES ERY few people have, I suppose, ever V stopped to think of the important place that pastures occupy in the business of farming.Our flocks and herds of livestock find all or nearly all of their food supply for a period of approximately four months, each year, from this source.Relatively, the province of Quebec furnishes good pasturage; but the mistake has been made of assuming these grazing lands to be inexhaustible, and little if any attention has been given to them until very recently.In the limited space at my disposal, I want to give you some idea of the extent and nature of pasture lands and of the work that is being done to improve them.Pastures occupy an enormous acreage in this province.It is estimated that one-fifth of the occupied farm land, or an area of about three and one-quarter million acres, is used for this purpose in Quebec alone.These pasture lands vary in their nature all the way from lands that could be freely tilled to those that are so rough and stony that they are of little use for any purpose in their present condition.The average carrying capacity reported is approximately one mature animal to two acres for the season.Good pastures carry al least one animal per acre, and in addition provide more nutritious herbage.The existing situation, then, presents both a challenge and an objective in this respect, at the outset.Various agencies are at present engaged in determining practical measures for pasture improvement The Federal Department of Agriculture through the experimental and illustration farm system has an extensive series of trials connected with most of the several branch stations in the province.The Provirreial Department of Agriculture has established a network of erazing tests under the supervision of their field representatives.besides doing a great deal both financially and otherwise to popularize the use of the various materials for the treatment of pastures.Groups of workers are also located at two of the agricultural colleges \u2014 one at Ste.Anne de la Pocatière and one at Mac- IN QUEBEC By L.C.RAYMOND, Assistant Professor of Agronomy, Macdonald College.+ donald College \u2014 who are devoting their attention to somewhat more specific aspects of the problem.The findings of all these separate organizations is brought together in the Provincial Pasture Committee, which meets every year and which publishes, and distributes widely, a pamphlet giving the most recent recommendations for treatment and management.Climate and soil represent two factors which have a decided effect on the improvement and management of pastures.Over the first of these we have no control, but distinet changes may be made in the latter.Climate probably has a greater effect in determining the success or failure with past- tures than any other one thing.Ideal climates for grazing lands are those found in parts of Great Britain and in New Zealand, where the frost-free season is long and the summers relatively cool and moist.These conditions are not found in Quebec.Our season is short, and a brief but cold spring merges rapidly into the warmth of early summer to be followed quickly, only too often, by a more or less prolonged summer drought.For any given field there is a surplus of grazing in June and a dearth in July and August which not only curtails the total output but also makes the management problem very difficult.Usually, on account of this situation, recourse is had to growing supplementary crops or to feeding purchased materials to overcome the shortage.Control measures are being sought which will in some degree avoid this difficulty.The soil must, of course, always be regarded as basic to any study of pastures Considerable attention is being given to this aspect, at present, so that areas of similar type may be grouped for investigational purposes.Four main soil zones are at present recognized for Quebec.These are the Appalachian Upland Podsols to the south and west; the Brown Forest soils in the Cowansville region; ® A Radio address given over the \u201cProvincial Hour\u201d the flat lands adjoining our lakes and rivers; and the Laurentian highlands to the north.Each of these large sections has quite distinctive characteristics, but each still requires much detailed study to establish a good working knowledge of them.The native supply of plant nutrients, the reaction (whether sour or not), the texture and structure and many other things must determine the suitability of a soil for pasture and the treatments required.The variability in soils is clearly shown by the vegetation that results in many of the old natural pastures.Even in one locality the dominant grass species may differ greatly between two fields.Along with a knowledge of soils, it is necessary to get some picture of the more important species involved and of the conditions under which they naturally develop.Information of this sort is gradually accumulating which will eventually make possible the classification of pastures not only on the basis of soil type but also of the kinds of plants which are naturally adapted.Herbage species adapted for pasturage are, of necessity, of quite a different type from those used for hay.Timothy, for instance, which is such a common hay grass, on account of its tufted habit of growth cannot successfully withstand the close biting to which it is subjected in pastures.Grasses of that kind are replaced, in pastures, by those having a running rootstalk and which develop a low creeping habit having many points of attachment to the ground.Our severe climate prevents the use of some of the most valuable grasses found in Old Country pastures, e.g.the rye grasses.The most common species found are the bent grasses, such as red top and creeping bent, the blue grasses \u2014 both Kentucky and Canada \u2014 and some of the fescues.A similar situation exists regarding the clovers.Species such as red clover and alsike, on account of their habit of growth, cannot long exist in a close- grazed pasture, but the same family is represented by the low-growing, creeping and branching form known as wild white clover.This small and in unimproved pastures rather inconspicuous plant is widely distributed, and uy « ay ® I IAT tr ar A PRRATRREEY 0 Ta tri pc as be tic of so bu ra th wm \u2014_ oh UT + - Led ae MAY 9th, 1936 Page seven is one of the most valuable of the pasture species.Curiously enough, it seems to be more prevalent on acid soils than otherwise, in spite of the well-known requirement of clovers for lime.Apart from its contribution to the bulk of the herbage, it has the most important effect of stimulating the grasses through its ability to gather and store nitrogen, taken from the air.The initial stages of pasture improvement are usually accomplished through the use of commercial fertilizers and lime.The former supply one or more of the commonly deficient plant nutrients, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash.These are each available in a number of different products as separate elements, or they may be purchased in varying proportions as mixtures.A knowledge of the soil\u2019s make-up may give some slight indication of its probable needs, but trials, using various combinations and rates of these different elements under actual pasture conditions, furnish the only reliable answer to the question.Such trials are now being carried on extensively.While all three fertilizers are required in proper balance for optimum plant growth, the one that is most often deficient is phosphorous.This \u201c\u2018phosphorus hunger\u201d exists on practically all of the pasture lands as well as on much of the cultivated land on this continent.Fertilizers vary a great deal in the length of time they will remain in the soil.Nitrogen is of use for only ome season.It is readily soluble and is either quickly used up or leached from the soil.Phosphorus and potash, on the other hand, are retained for considerable time and usually only need to be applied every second, third or fourth year.Lime supplies the element calcium and is used primarily to sweeten sour soils.Its use on our old natural pastures as a top-dressing has hardly produced the result one would have anticipated.Favourable results have been found in some localities, but in most cases the increased production has hardly been sufficient to warrant the expense of application.Where the land has been cultivated, and particularly where a new seeding is involved, the result is quite different.The present recommended use of these fertilizing materials for pastures is best summed up in the 1936 report of the Provincial Pasture Committee.These are provisional and must await further investigational work for refinement.At present two sets of conditions are recognized: those districts where wild white clover will develop quickly and naturally, and those where it will not.The essential difference between the two cases is that there is not the same need for nitrogen where the clover is plentiful, and since it is the most expensive element to buy, improvement can be more economically effected in such fields.For those conditions either phosphorus alone or a mixture of phosphorus and potash is recommended at the rate of 400- 500 Ibs.of 20% superphosphate and 75-100 lbs.muriate of potash per acre.If one prefers to use a ready-mixed fertilizer, the same result may be accomplished by applying 500 lbs.of a 0-16-6, i.e.one containing no nitrogen, 16% of phosphorus, and 6% of potash.For the non-clover areas, a complete fertilizer is essential, and the advice given is to use 500-700 lbs.per acre of a 2-12-6, i.e.one How phosphate brings on wild clover.This photograph, from one of the experimental pastures at the Ste.Anne de la Pocatière Agricultural College, shows plenty of clover in the herbage of a pasture that received 500 Ibs.superphosphate three years earlier.containing 2% of nitrogen, 12% of phosphorus, and 6% of potash.The transformation effected on an old, natural-pasture sward by either of the treatments mentioned is little short of phenomenal.It is difficult to give you a word picture that will do the situation justice.The most striking result is evident where the wild white clover does well.In the short space of a few months after applying the fertilizers the sward changes from a thin, weedy and grassy make-up to one in which the clover dominates.Owing to its growth habit, the clover spreads very quickly and during the first year may easily represent from 30-509 of the ground cover.In subsequent years the more useful and adapted grasses play a larger part, and one finds a very desirable proportion of grass and clover making up the sward The grazing animals, whether sheep or cattle, have an almost uncanny sense for the fertilized portions of a pasture.They unerringly select them and return to them repeatedly.Plenty of justilication for this selection by the animal is found when the situation is carefully looked into.Not only are the better species emphasized in the fertilized sward, giving a more desirable and palatable herbage, but the chemical make-up of them is more in accordance with the needs of the animals.The application of fertilizers should represent but the first stage of pasture improvement.Of almost equal importance is the management aspect.Unfortunately it is one that is often lost sight of entirely.Proper or improper management can mean the difference between a good or a poor pasture, a profitable or unprofitable undertaking.For example, the time of applying fertilizers may have a profound effect on the response of the herbage.Nitrogen should never be put on in the fall since it is readily soluble and, except when the plant growth is active, is rapidly carried away in the drainage waters.Phosphorus and potash, the so-called mineral fertilizers, are, in the language of the chemist, quickly and almost completely \u201cfixed.\u201d The two latter may be, and it is advised that they should be, applied in the fall.The greatest danger lies in making the treatments too late in the spring, when there may be insufficient moisture available to produce the desired effect.Probably the most important single management factor is grazing control.Both under and over-grazing are to be avoided.Of the two conditions the former is likely to be the more detrimental to the sward, and certainly it is the one that most commonly occurs.The loss resulting from improper grazing is of relatively small concern on unfertilized natural pastures, but it is of the utmost importance when we have gone to the expense of fertilizing.Good grazing means keeping the herbage short.Grass should never be allowed to get more than 4 inches high at any time.The one thing to be avoided definitely is that of allowing any of the grasses to shoot into flower.Their feeding value and palatability are greatly reduced\u2014 in fact stock must actually be starved into eating them in that condition.The practice of rotational grazing, where efficiently carried out, is a good system.By this means the herbage in any one of the rotated fields may be quickly and completely eaten off and then given a rest for recovery while the stock are pastured in another field.These two management aspects and a number of others are more fully dealt with in the report of the Provincial Pasture Committee.If you are interested in pastures, ask your local agronome for a copy and study the suggestions.Fertilizers applications such as have been mentioned here resulted in a distinct increase in yield and carrying capacity.Wherever a reasonable sward existed at the outset, herbage yields have in most instances nearly doubled and the improved quality of the grazing has been very apparent.Furthermore, the greater density and vigor of the sward has in some measure prevented such rapid drying out during the usual midsummer drought.In this very brief statement it has only been possible to touch lightly on a few phases of pastures.If space permitted one could go on to mention the extensive investigations that are being made on the nutritional, chemical, and botanical aspects, all of which will have an important effect on the ultimate solution of the problem.In conclusion, I should like to add a word of appreciation of the provincial department of agriculture for their very helpful interest in this pasture work.Both financially and otherwise, they have given distinct leadership in a vital undertaking.What To Look For in Seed Corn In purchasing seed-corn there are two considerations which are of outstanding importance.First,\u2014the seed should be of a type or variety which is known to be adapted in the district where it is to be grown.In a normal season such a variety should reach the glazing stage before there is danger of a killing frost.Second,\u2014seed-corn should be high in germination.Buy only seed which has been tested and which shows good vitality.If attention is given to these two points all other seed-corn difficulties will take care of themselves.Consult your local agronome regarding the suitability of varieties for your district, and regarding source of seed.© em my rn re wm camer cewess we Page cighi .eo TET mt mm MAY 9th, 19.36 New Life For The Agricultural Society An article prepared specially for Journal Readers OW many agricultural societies have the H same officers, doing the same jobs, in the same way, year after year?Is the answer that a society can give to that question the reason why some of them are live, active, progressive organizations, while others are societies in name only, doing the one thing\u2014 holding a one or two day fair every fall \u2014 with steadily dwindling support and interest on the part of their members and constantly in difficulty with their financing?L.C.Roy, Agricultural Agent, Canadian National Railways, recently made a little survey of what makes an agricultural society valuable to its community and successful in its work, He gathered what information he could in Quebec, gave it to a meeting of the Ontario Association of Agricultural Societies in Toronto, and while there gathered some more ideas presented by delegates to that meeting.The most successful societies, he found, were those that worked closely with other organizations in their community, with representatives from all the organizations meeting as a central body to head up all the agricultural improvement work in that community.This gives each organization a knowledge of what the others are doing and enables each of them to lend their support to the others in advancing the general interests of all their members.He quoted the Kamouraska Society, which for a $2.00 membership fee enables a farmer to belong to any one of 16 farmers\u2019 clubs in the area, a horticultural society, and the Kamouraska Agricultural Society.The membership fee in an agricultural society in Montmagny county includes membership in the Women\u2019s Institute, a subserip- tion to the Journal of Agriculture, use of agricultural machinery owned by the society, five tickets to the fall fair, and participation in any onc of three drainage competitions conducted by the society.| This linking up with other organizations enables the agricultural society to make their local fairs real show windows for all the improvement work of that community, whether in crops, in live stock, natural products, manufactured articles produced in the community, or local handicraft exhibits.Those societies whose fairs featured the major lines of their district and provided a window display of ils activities, rather than trying to cover everything in their prize lists, he found.were able to quicken the interest and natural By C.H.HODGE, Editor, \u2018The Farmer, Toronto.judging of bacon hogs in progress at the Sherbrooke Fair.pride of the people in their community, enlarge their attendance.and enable visitors and possible buyers from outside the community to see at once just what main agricultural features.Many societies, Mv».Roy reported, had greatly stimulated local interest through junior farmer or boys\u2019 and girls\u2019 club exhibits.This could be further stimulated by appointing young men from new districts, setting them definite tasks connected with the society, and then seeing that they understood how to go about them.By stirring up local talent and developing rivalry between neighboring centres, some societies had been able to add greatly to their entertainment features and at the same time reduce the cost.Evening concerts, sports contest, dramaties, could all find a place at the local fair and prove excellent attractions.Placards enabling visitors to identify the owners of different exhibits, and announcements of the names of major prize winners or those taking part in different events, all added to the local interest and helped to make everybody \u2018\u201cFair-minded.\u201d These features, with particular attention to the slogan \u201csomething new each year and new every day,\u201d were the secrets of success of the local fair as of the large exhibitions.Mr.Roy found as the result of his survey.were its Leadership in New Activities Holding a local fair is only the climax to the year\u2019s activities of an agricultural society which really seeks to give leadership to its local community, however, said Mr.Roy.In different parts of the country societies were sponsoring a wide variety of projects that Members of Boys' and Girls\u2019 Calf Clubs leading their animals at the annual county show at Plessisville.were valuable to their members and all tending to bringing out larger and finer exhibits to the fairs.In most of these projects the agricultural society was the natural body to give leadership and direction.The bringing into the community of valuable pure-bred sires is a function of an agricultural society that has long been recognized.Its success apparently depends upon the type of animal secured and the measure of care and supervision given it.One such society in Western Ontario now has six such sires for the herds of its 60 members.It has found the best method of operating to be through local units of about 10 members.These units purchase their own sire with money advanced by the society.All animals must be registered, and approved by a representative of the provincial department of agriculture.The society will advance up to $145 for a bull and $25 for a boar.Members of the unit have the use of the bull for a stated number of cows, usually three or four, on payment of a fee of $4.00 a year for three years.Part of these fees are used to pay the keeper of the bull, payments running from $15 to $25.At the end of the three-year period the animal becomes the property of the keeper; thus he has a definite incentive to give it good care.The rest of the fees are used to repay the money advanced to the unit by the society and, with the grants made to societies for this purpose by the provincial government, have usually more than covered the cost of the animals.So successful has the plan proved in the county in which this society operates that all the other societies in the county have adopted it and are forming new units and purchasing additional sires this year.They have several stallions, and a number of bulls and boars, standing for service in the county.The project is particularly valuable in communities where there is a shortage of good sires, but one of the oldest and best managed societies in Eastern Ontario has been securing sires for its members for 68 years.Equally valuable work has been done through agricultural societies in crop improvement by introducing new and tested varieties of seed grain.More recently a few societies have gone a step further and established seed-cleaning plants, equipped with the best seed-cleaning machinery available.This service not only enables their members to thoroughly clean and free from weeds the seed they sow, but it enables the community to build up a reputation as a source of improved seed for buyers from other sections.In other words, these societies assist their members to secure higher crop yields through good seed and then assists them in putting their crop in condition to command a premium when placed on the market.Through a suggestion from L.H.Newman, Dominion Cerealist, Mr.Roy found that societies establishing these cleaning plants were able to render still another service to their members \u2014 that of treating their seed grain for the control of smuts such as have been controlled previously by the well known formalin treatment.\u2014 Ë Ë ; MAY 9th, 1936 Canadian cattle in the ring at the regional fair of St.Hyacinthe.Mr.Newman and his staff found that with the dusts now on the market for treating seed for smut, the seed can be treated weeks in advance of the time of seeding; that seed so treated and stored in bags will not be touched by mice.The dust material for treating costs about 3 cents a bushel, and a machine to mix the dust through the grain can be secured for a cost of about $20.It will be possible now for the operator of a seed-cleaning plant to secure one of these machines \u2014 which can easily be driven from the same power line that drives the cleaning machinery \u2014 treat the farmer\u2019s seed grain for smut immediately after it leaves the cleaning machine, bag it up, and let the farmer take it home and store it away until he is ready to sow it.It will be safe from mice, due to the dust it contains, and will be treated and ready when the rush of seeding starts.Another suggestion from Mr.Newman was that agricultural societies organize a series of variety tests of the leading crops in their communities.He said they had developed at the Ottawa Experimental Farm new varieties of oats that were more resistant to rust than the common varieties; others that were stronger in the straw or gave a higher yield.These were now available for testing in different localities in comparison with the varieties now grown there, to determine if they would show the same superiority under new conditions that they had shown at Ottawa.À society that was seeking to advance the interests of their community could easily bring these new varieties to the attention of its members by arranging for a series of small test plots on some central farm in the district.Inevitably this interest in better seed leads to a desire for a seed fair, and nobody is in a better position than an agricultural society to sponsor an event of this kind.Other activities which an agricultural society can sponsor and support to increase its membership and hold their interest are found in community campaigns against disease and insects attacking farm crops and stock.As with smut diseases in grains, organized efforts are far more effective than individual attempts in clearing up warble-fly grubs in the backs of cattle, bot-fly grubs in horses, worms and other parasites in sheep and hogs.The publicity attending an organized campaign focuses attention on the losses caused from these pests and encourages many more individuals to adopt preventive or control measures.The agricultural society is the natural body to furnish leadership and direction to such campaigns.That they are worth while attempting may be seen from the fact that in Ontario last year over 1,600,000 head of cattle were treated for warble-fly grubs.It led to whole counties being practically free from any running of their cattle when at pasture in the summer.The cost, in comparison with previous losses from the drop in milk production and damaged hides, was little or nothing.It is this type of work, coupled with a survey of the community\u2019s possibilities in the growing of special crops and live stock to fit their particular needs and conditions, that in Mr.Roy\u2019s opinion makes an agricultural society valuable to its members and successful in its work.It will lead inevitably to larger entries and attendance at the local fair and the community that will attract attention far beyond its borders.Paye nine Why We Should Buy Quebec No.1 Sealed Timothy Seed Because the deal and the Federal Government tag put on the bag CERTIFY: 1° THE ORIGIN \u2014 The seal is the only thing to prove that the seed has been grown in Quebec.In buying such seed you are sure to buy home-grown seed.2° THE QUALITY \u2014 The sealed Timothy seed is of superior quality.It is produced and prepared under the supervision of a seed inspector.À field crop inspection is done with a view to establishing the aptitude of the crop to give No.1 seed.After the recleaning, each bag of seed is carefully inspected.If the seed is free from Ox-Eye Daisy and of the quality described by the Seeds Act for No.1, the inspector puts on the bag the official seal after having attached a tag countersigned by himself to guarantee the origin and the quality of the seed in each container.The most satisfactory material so far discovered for destroying ants, says the Dominion Entomologist, is sodium fluoride, sold by druggists in the form of a fine white powder.As sodium fluoride is somewhat poisonous, care should be taken to prevent children or domestic pets from gaining access to it.Our Agricultural Societies Their finances, projects.The General Council of Agriculture project of reform adopted By Frs.FLEURY (Translated by S.D.Hemsley) HE Agricultural Societies have appreciably improved their financial position during the last five years.The comparative financial report submitted by Mr.Oscar Lessard, secretary of the Council of Agriculture for the province of Quebec, at the annual meeting of this organization on the 17th and 18th April had many points of interest.Mr.J.Antonio Grenier, Deputy-Minister of Agriculture, speaking after Mr.Ovide Loisel- le, president of the Council of Agriculture, commented thus on the report: \u201cOur Agricultural Societies have appreciably decreased their liabilities, taken all together, during the last five years.We believe that they are showingde- pression.However we can say, not without pleasure, that the number of members has increased by 4,000.After having encouraged more agricultural enterprises they show better balances.The deficit shows a decrease of more than a third whilst the credit and debit account shows improvement, \u201cRelative to this greatly increased credit, we should remember that since the depression, property and other fixed assets have tended to be devalued \u2014 certainly they have not been overvalued.The same is true of the debits which have decreased by more than $40,000,\u201d added M.Grenier, An old farmer quoted by Mr.Georges Bou- (Continued on page 28) finite signs of prosperity, and we should thank the farming classes for the efforts which they made not only tomaintainthese organizations but also to put them in the position of giving even greater service.\u201d The comparative statement published below shows the financial position of the societies in 1929, which may be considered a very prosperous year, compared with 1935, a year of de- Some of the comfortable stables for horses and cattie on the grounds of Pontiac Agricultural Society No.1, at Shawville. ?> 2 | 8 | Page ten THE HOME GARDEN duce an adequate supply of fresh vegetables for the owner\u2019s table.This supply should start with the early spring and continue until frost, with a sufficient surplus for storage and canning to last throughout the winter.In most localities of Quebec this is possible if careful attention is given to the planning, the choice of crops and to some means of home storage.Few people realize the large number of different vegetables which can be grown successfully in this province, with kinds and varieties to suit every taste.Whether on the farm, in the rural village, or in the city, the home garden may be made into a very profitable venture.A small plot of ground may be made to supply a large amount of the most appetizing, healthful, fresh vegetables.Without question, more vegetables are consumed when they are produced at home than when they are purchased.The remark is often made that it is cheaper to buy vegetables than to grow them.In the cities this may be true if one has the money to buy or when the people are more highly paid for their time.With the farmer, though, we generally find that unless he produces his vegetables, the family goes without.Fresh vegetables are not usually available in country communities; and supposing they were, to buy them would mean an outlay of cash for people who now have to conserve their ready cash for absolute necessities which cannot be produced at home.Furthermore, vegetables produced in the home garden may be substituted for more costly articles of food, to cut table costs.The importance of this possibility can be better understood if we consider that about 2/5 of a labourer\u2019s income is spent on food.By cutting this cost with home grown pro- duets, the family savings will be increased, resulting in better homes, better health and better living.Te object of a home garden is to pro- PLAN FOR A FARM-GARDEN By H.R.MURRAY, Assistant Professor of Horticulture, Macdonald College.+ and water cress vitamin G.These vitamins are essential for growth, good health and resistance to disease.Vegetables rich in vitamins are also excellent sources of iron and phosphorous.Roughage or bulk is needed for proper elimination of waste from the body.The woody, stringy fibres of vegetables furnish this in a much cheaper form than do some other foods.In selecting the site for the garden, care should be taken in locating it The garden should be near the house for convenience and because it is usually a spare time proposition.A southern slope is recommended as there the soil usually warms up earlier in the spring and permits earlier planting.It should have good drainage, both for water and air, and, as vegetables require plenty of sunshine and moisture, the close vicinity of large shade trees should be avoided It is best to select a sandy loam, as this type of soil is most suited to vegetables in general.This is an early type which warmes up quickly in the spring, drains effectively and is easy to work, It is also easy to keep in good physical condition as it does not bake or crust.Plowing or spading the garden plot in the fall is almost always preferable as it will permit earlier spring preparation and planting, Humus forming material turned under at this time of year will decompose more rapidly and enrich the soil more for the early crops than if turned under in the spring.Insects are also exposed to the weather and are generally destroyed.OF THE PROVINCE OF OUTER! PALPARCO OV THE HORTICUATURE S2MACA e MAY 9th, 193¢ ® A Radio address given over the \u201cProvincial Hour\u201d After plowing or spading (or if the plowing and spading were done in the fall, just as soon as the ground has dried out enough to work), we should pulverize the soil thoroughly and work it down to a smooth, fine, firm condition.In the small garden, this can be accomplished by raking, but in the larger farm gardens, the soil should be disced following plowing, and then harrowed and levelled with a drag for the smoothing touches.This finishing is important because if seeds are planted in a coarse lumpy soil they will be very poorly covered and the result wll be a poor germination, a poor stand, and a poor yield.A final preparation of the seed bed, such as hand raking, is recommended if the garden is not too large.The size of the garden will depend entirely upon the size of the family and the space available.In towns and villages the space is necessarily limited and the garden is planned to fit the area.In the country the plan will be made and the required ground allotted for it.Plan to include vegetables for canning and storage.Every family should can at least 10 different vegetables.The winter's supply of canned produce should include at least 20 quarts of tomatoes and 10 different vegetables for each person In addition it should include for each person 2 to 3 bushels of potatoes, 5 heads of cabbage and 40 pounds of other vegetables.The actual plan for the home garden should be made on paper early in the year to show the arrangement of the crops.No one garden plan will suit all conditions or all tastes, but certain principles should be kept in mind when preparing it.The vegetables planted should be those most desired by the family.Always keep in mind that a small garden well cared for is better by far than a large one which is neglected.Regardless of size, it should be planned to be economical of labour.In small gardens, much time and labour can be saved cups cooked oatmeal or 6% Spinach, lettuce, ve Key DLASPSLARID cups milk.are PATH rave ROTATION ROTATION with plowing and other operations of land preparation.Paré ; -.- AFAR TAX During recent years the im- J SCALE IN FEET reer by the use of a wheel hoe.If portance of vegetables in the \u2014\u2014\u2014 = n there is plenty of space avail- diet has been stressed more and cocci chars | able and the garden is on the more.Vegetables minerals, ¢ BABAR MORSE RADI (TC | 13) farm, it is best to plant the vitamins and roughage which | ts rows sufficiently far apart for are essential for good nutri- 7 \u2014 y 4 horse cultivation.Other con- tion, especially in growing + \u2014 \u2014 roro \u2018 ditions being equal, it is usually children.Dictitians tell us HI.YEAR.FOLIAGE VEGETABLES 380 YEAR, FRAT VEGETABLES best to have rows running that in minerals a medium siz- .J .north and south, for then the ed carrot is equal in lime (nce- effects of shading are less essary for bone building) to | \u2019 marked.114 lbs.round steak, or % | ; ; Perennials, such as rhubarb, loaf of whole wheat bread, or ë à asparagus, bush fruits, berries 7 medium sized apples; five 2 : : # || and other crops that remain in eighths of a cup of cooked J .$ i one place for several years, spinach is equal in iron (nec- & G 5 3 ë | should be located on one side essary for pure red blood) to i 1 À p 3 or at the end of the garden 10 slices of white bread, or 4 | | so that they will not interfere cabbage, carrots, tomatoes, [30] STRAWBLRALS 2 ROWS ASPARAGUS snips, salsify and other long .200 YEAR, R007 VEGETABLES 4TY YEAR, SLED VEGETABLES sweet potatoes, string beans season crops should be group- and swiss chard are good soure- ed together.All crops which es of vitamin A, tomatoes in occupy the land during the either raw, cooked or canned 2 same period of time should be state, cabbage and carrots in | : ë planted side by side.If only the raw state, lettuce, turnips, 8 (2s 23 .a limited amount of land is onions, potatoes, spinach and .d i ; J available, succession cropping swiss chard are good sources o J | § ds 3 ° j .may be carried on successfully.of vitamin C.All vegetables » g E ; j : 3 3 i 1 i If possible further arrange the contain vitamin D; lettuce and 4 vegetables according to the water cress vitamin E; best , , \" i TT \" 1 1=*1 number of days required for preens, kale, potatoes, spinach maturity.If the early matur- eps TI AR, © MAY 9th, 1936 Selected Varieties of Vegetables (Prepared by the Horticultural Department, Macdonald College) In the following list, the varieties are arranged in the order of earliness: ASPARAGUS :\u2014Mary Washington.BEANS :\u2014 (Yellow) Round Pod Kidney Wax, Pencil Pod Wax.(Green) Bountiful, Stringless Green Pod.(Pole) Kentucky Wonder (both yellow and green strains available) BEET :\u2014Crosby Egyptian, Detroit Dark Red, Long Smooth Blood.BRUSSELS SPROUTS\u2014Improved Half Dwarf.CABBAGE :\u2014Golden Acre, Glory of Enkhuizen.Danish Ballhead (Short stem strain) CARROT :\u2014Chantenay, Danvers Half Long, Nantes.CAULIFLOWERS :\u2014Early Snowball, Early Erfurt.CELERY :\u2014Golden Plume, Golden Self-Blanching.Giant Pascal.CORN :\u2014Banting, Sunshine, Golden Bantam.CUCUMBER :\u2014Early White Spine, Davis Perfect, Improved Long Green.CITRON :\u2014Colorado Preserving (Green seeded).EGGPLANT :\u2014Early Dwarf, Black Beauty.HERBS :\u2014Dill, Fennel Mint, Sweet Marjoram, Sage, Savory, Thyme, LETTUCE: \u2014(Leaf) Grand Rapids, Black Seeded Simpson.(Head) May King, Big Boston, New York.(Cos) Paris White.MUSKMELON :\u2014(Green Fleshed) Rocky Ford, Montreal.(Salmon Flesh) Bender Surprise, Oka, Hearts of Gold.WATERMELON :\u2014Cole Early, Peerless.ONION :\u2014(Red) Red Wethersfield, Southport Red Globe, (Yellow) Yellow Globe Danvers, Southport Yellow Globe.(Sets) Ebenezer.(Transplanting) Alisa Craig, PARSLEY :\u2014Champion Moss Curled.PARSNIP :\u2014Hollow Crown.PEAS :\u2014 (Dwarf) Laxton Superb, Blue Bantam, Thos.Laxton.(Tall) Alderman, Telephone.PEPPER :\u2014Harris Earliest, Ruby King.POTATO :\u2014Irish Cobbler, Green Mountain.PUMPKIN :\u2014Pie, RADISH :~\u2014(Summer) Saxa, Early Scarlet Globe, French Breakfast, White Icicle.(Winter) China Rose, RHUBARB :\u2014Macdonald, Victoria.SPINACH :\u2014Bloomsdale, King of Denmark, Princess Juliana.SQUASH :\u2014 (Summer) Straightneck.(Winter) Hubbard (Green or Golden).TOMATO: \u2014(Red) Earliana, John Baer or Bonny est.(Pink) Livingston Globe.(Yellow) Golden Queen.(Forcing) Livingston Globe, Grand Rapids, Kondine.TURNIP :\u2014White Milan, Purple Top Milan.SWEDE :\u2014Canadian Gem, VEGETABLE MARROW :\u2014White Bush, Green Bush.ing crops are planted together, then this space can be used for second plantings after the early crops are removed.A little assistance may be needed in selecting the right kinds and varieties.Experiment stations, colleges, agronomes and reputable seed companies can be of great help in recommending the right things to plant and the quantities of seed to» buy.In buying seed demand high quality and be ready to pay for extra value: in the long run the best seed will be found to be the cheapest.The yield and quality secured at harvest time will more than pay for the extra cost.Unless very small quantities are desired, seed should be bought by the ounce or pound rather than in small package lots.Buy only from reputable and known seed houses, and preferably from local dealers who observe the performances of seed sold to gardeners, and who therefore can supply seed that will meet the growers\u2019 requirements.When the garden is so situated that purchases cannot be made direct from seed dealers, seed can be ordered from a reliable seed company by mail.In ordering from seed catalogue, it is generally better to select standard varieties, rather than the highly featured new sorts.The date of seeding will vary somewhat from year to year with different seasons.The vegetable crops can be grouped into four classes.Hardy, which includes onions, spinach, lettuce and round peas; half-hardy, which includes beets, carrots, cabbage and cauliflower plants and wrinkled peas; tender which includes corn, potatoes and tomatoes, and very tender, which includes melons, cucumbers and squash.Frequently the season will develop in such away that those of the hardy and half-hardy classes can be planted at the same time.In seeding, open a furrow of proper depth (generally four times the diameter of the seed) by the repeated pressing of the loosened soil with the back edge of a rake, along a tightly stretched garden line, or using the corner of a hoe and making a drill of the right depth.Following this the seed may be shaken from a packet or an envelope, scattering the seeds in the bottom of the furrow.Larger seeds such as peas or beans are often spaced by dropping them with the fingers.A uniform distribution is the aim.A rake or hoe will serve to cover the seed with the Page eleven right depth of fine soil.Avoid putting lumps of soil or stones upon the top of the seed.The final step is to firm the soil on top of the row by tamping with the flat side of a hoe or the back of a rake.This sowing will usually be too thick if a large proportion of the seeds come through: hence the plants will grow under very crowded conditions.This is especially true of the root crops; therefore, thinning should be started just as soon as third or fourth pair of true leaves have developed.Thinning at this stage will prevent the growth of weak.spindly plants.Throughout the summer, garden soils should be stirred by frequent shallow cultiva- tions.This operation will keep the surface soil well worked, and will form a mulch which will help retard moisture losses as well as (Continued on page 30) The Culture Of Gladiolus By E.H.JONES.Macdonald College bulbs for the amateur to grow, and is lovely enough to satisfy the most exacting tastes.One may have them in delicate pastel shades, if ones taste runs in that direction, or in shades of extreme brilliance.Th gladiolus is the best of all flowering The gladiolus is propagated readily from seed, or by the use of new corms.The latter method is used extensively; in this way the variety is perpetuated.These new corms are found growing attached to the base of the old bulb, and are separated when cleaning the bulbs in the fall.They should be stored in paper bags in a dry, cool place during the winter, and should be planted in the same manner as year-old seedlings, that is about three inches apart, as soon as the ground is ready.They bloom in their second year.While any good garden soil is adapted to the culture of gladioli, the plants thrive better in a sandy loam.If gladioli are wanted for decoration, plant the corms in groups in the border; if wanted for cut flowers, then use the straight row method.The corms should be set out about six inches apart in the row, with twenty inches between the rows.If a fair number is used, it is an excellent plan to make successive plantings about fifteen days apart, from the time when the ground is workable until July.This system will insure continuous bloom from the end of July to the end of October.As the old corm produces its flower, it dies and a new one takes its place.The corms are lifted in the fall and left in the sun for a few days; the tops are then cut off to within six inches of the corm and stored in a cool place.When properly ripened, the old corn should be taken off and the new one properly cleaned.Shallow boxes are useful for storing.If they are put away in bulk, the corms are likely to generate heat and develop a fungus disease, when the probabilities are that part of the corms will be destroyed.It is agreed that strong, fresh manure should be avoided.If the soil is not sufficiently rieh in plant food it is best to use such manure on the previous season's crop.Any complete fertilizer is beneficial when thoroughly worked into the soil at the rate of four to six hundred pounds an acre.It is also a good idea to scatter a little between the rows during the growing season.Constant cultivation is essential, and frequent waterings should be applied during dry spells.For those who are interested in flowers for exhibition, the corms should be planted accordingly to be sure to have the flowers at the right time.By planting at intervals of a few days you may be reasonably sure of flowers for the required time.Sometimes it is necessary to provide support.Many growers use stakes about three of four feet long, placed about eight feet apart.Twine is then tied on both sides for support.To have good specimens in perfect shape, laths are frequently used tapered at one end.Being flat, the stem can be tied to the lath and thus can be kept in perfect shape.For exhibition purposes the spike should be cut when three or four flowers are out.The stem should be cut as long as possible, leaving enough foliage to mature the corm properly.Some growers pinch out the terminal bud; this practice encourages the lower buds to open.Thrips are the worst enemy of the gladioli.They have caused losses of thousands of dollars to commercial growers within the last few years.This insect is believed to have been hrought into this country from Australia.However, excellent work has been done at the experimental farm at Ottawa.Every grower should write to Mr.A.G.Dustan for bulletins on the control of this pest.If every person growing gladioli would follow out the information given, there is no reason why we should not exterminate this pest.My own method of treating three thousand «orms which the previous year did not produce one spike of any value, was to use corrosive sublimate at the rate of one ounce to six gallons of water.This material should be dissolved in a small amount of hot water.and then diluted to the correct strength.The corms should be dipped for three hours.Wooden, earthware, or enamel vessels should be used, since the sublimate quickly corrodes metals.As this is a deadly poison the greatest care should be exercised in its use.A second method was used in which three hundred were treated by dipping them in a solution of nicotine sulphate at the rate of a a liquid ounce diluted in one gallon of water.The corms were left in the solution for twenty-four hours.These corms did not produce flowers of any value for two years previous to this treatment.Both of the above treatments destroyed all thrips and the eggs.The flowers produced in both cases were of first class quality.A Ld ù Pen \"mene a Page twelve MAY 9th, 1936 DEPARTMENTAL NOTES Grant for Purchase of Grader O aid in the rapid and economical carrying out of drainage works on Quebec farms, the Department of Agriculture agrees to undertake a part of the purchase price, and to pay transportation from the factory to the station nearest the farm, of a grader specially built for use in drainage projects.The Department offers: (a) to pay directly to the manufacturer 50 per cent of the purchase price, to the extent of $95 per grader; (b) to be responsible for transportation costs from the factory to the near- latter requests will be considered in order of their receipt and registration ; 5.The budget set aside for this purpose provides for 50 per cent of the purchase price and the transportation of one hundred (100) machines.When this figure has been reached, later requests cannot be considered; 6.This offer expires automatically on June 1, 1936; 7.All correspondance relating to this matter must be addressed to the Chief of the Rural Economies Branch, Department of Agriculture, Parliament Buildings, Quebec.J.Antonio GRENIER, Deputy-Minister of Agriculture.year grubs is the one in which most actual damage is done: the grub in that year has a long, underground feeding period.But remember that it is important to take steps to eradicate the pest if you suffer from the white grub in any of the stages of its development.In all soils where in spring the farmer finds two or more white grubs to the square foot, susceptible crops will be greatly deminished.Farmers finding such an infestation should prepare the soil thoroughly for early crops (to come off by August 1-10) so that the fields may be summer-fallowed for next year.Notice in the life cycle that ploughing in August will turn up the grubs.Fine est station, or to the farm if the grader can be transported by road, according to whichever means is least expensive, This offer is subject to the following conditions: 1.The only people who can advantage of this offer are groups of trustworthy farmers, made up of five or six proprietors who live on the revenues derived from the cultivation will then kill a great many and the disc harrow will cut up more; some will be eaten by birds, and still others will be killed by the sun or cold.Thorough cultivation in the spring will similarly kill many of the grubs.Where it is possible, very susceptible crops such as corn, potatoes, strawberries, timothy, bent grass and vegetable seedlings working of their farms; 2.An accepted cheque, payable at par, to the order of the Plessis- ville Foundry, manufacturer of this garder.must be sent to the Department of Agriculture at the same time as the group contract (a copy of which may be secured - \u2019 \u2014\u2014.\u2014 ! .; \u2014 / \u2014 0 3 fo po +3 0 mue me BB mer © $e 5 SA #8 Sm WHITE GRUB MAP OF QUEBEC ] _ i 7 should be sown on rich land or in oF VON ®) | Montreal ya fields which were in hoed crops in - Ollana- eo Serdroph 1935, or which show only a few ' TT grubs.Waste and grass land heavily infested last year are suitable only for buckwheat or sunflowers unless the land has been worked many times with the discs.from the Rural Economics Branch).3.A group contract (see above) signed by the hand of each farmer making a part of this group, must be sent to the Department, with the amount representing the half of the purchase price of the machine; 4.To get things started, r.machine will be placed at the disposal of each of the agronomic divisions of the province until April 1, 1936.At the date, if the farmers of certain agronomie divisions have not sent their orders to the Department of Agriculture, they will lose their right to obtain the reduction mentioned above and that right will be transferred to other groups who may have organized themselves in other agronomic divisions.These The zones of distribution of the White Grub for 1936 are: the second year; 2.\u2014Flight of adults and grubs of the first year; 3.\u2014Grubs of the third year.Get After Those White Grubs OW is the time to make a thorough onslaught on the White Grubs \u2014 particularly in that district numbered 1 on the map where farmers will suffer from the ravages of the second year grubs.Farmers in this region should make a special study of the precautions to take to insure that their 1936 crop will be sufficient for their needs.The diagram of the life cycle of the grub will clearly show why the year of the second 1.\u2014GCrubs of It is extremely important to keep meadows and pastures and, generally, all cultivated fields in high fertility.Finally, the farmer who has seen his harvests decrease through the activities of the grubs should be alive to the need of increasing his acreage of ensilage and forage crops by a quarter or even a half this year so that his 1936 crop will be sufficient for his needs.A basic line of attack on the grubs is: thorough preparation of the land this spring and working it again this summer.No farmer in the affected areas should be without the Quebec Department of Agriculture Bulletin No 130 which gives full information on combatting this pest.FIRST YEAR SECOND YEAR THIRD YEAR T MAY |JUNEJULY AUG,SEP OCT.WINTER woth hola in Her MAYJJUNEUULY [AUG [SEP JOCTWINTER | MAY DUNEUULY]JAUGSEPDCT.] WINTER \"APR A An ds 3: : 3 rd .LIFE CYCLE OF THE WHITE GRUB mn : i É i 3 Pi rave 3 pe. MAY 9th, 1936 Two Important Diseases OF Ducks DUCK MALARIA causes of losses among ducklings in Quebec and elsewhere, but the nature of a serious disease they are able to transmit is probably not so well known.In certain parts of the province, farmers have ceased to keep ducks owing to the almost total loss of ducklings during the early summer through black-fly attack.Although it is possible that the injury caused directly by the biting and bloodsucking activities of the flies is responsable for some losses, by far the more serious losses are due to a malaria-like disease carried by them.Accordingly this article is written in the hope that a knowledge of the disease will enable owners of ducks to protect their young stock this season and in following years.Bes ot 1 are well-known The disease is caused by a microscopical parasite which develops in the blood of ducks.This parasite was first seen and described in Canada by Dr.A.B.Wickware of the Health of Animals Branch of the Deparment of Agriculture in Ottawa, in 1914.Although at that time the parasite was found in the blood of sick birds and could not be found in healthy birds, Dr.Wickware hesitated to say that it was the cause of the serious disease brought to his attention.However, he described and pictured the parasite very well, recognized it as a member of a group of protozoa known under the generic name Leucocytozoon, and named it as a new species, Leucocytozoon anatis.This parasite was later proved in the By W.E.SWALES Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Macdonald College, P.Q.RECOVERY OR SICK DUCK BLACK FLY The annual cycle of Duck Malaria.surface of the water; the eggs hatch out larvae which attach themselves to rocks, etc.In about three weeks the larva changes to a pupa or cocoon from which the fly will emerge in from two to seven days.The adult female fly, which is so tiny that it can get through ordinary mosquito netting, then goes in search of blood as food (the male does not suck blood).The adult fly is found from May to October in Quebec, but it occurs in greatest numbers in June and July.ADULT CARRIER Page thirteen In Quebec An adult duck whieh has recovered from the disease contracted the previous year may have a certain number of parasites in its blood, even though it does not show disease symptoms.Thus the adult breeding ducks are able to act as immune carriers of the disease.When a black-fly sucks the blood of one of these birds it takes a number of the parasites into its stomach.Upon gaining entrance to the black-fly the parasite begins the part of its cycle which involves sexual multiplication, and in from two to five days a new form of the parasite is developed.This form is again able to infect ducks, and when the black-fly bites a susceptible durk- ling the parasite gains entrance to the blood stream and commences yet another phase of multiplication (this time, non-sexual).The forms of this stage multiply exceedingly rapidly in the body of ducklings, first in the lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys, and, after seven days, in the blood.On the tenth day following the bites of infected black-flies, the blood is capable of infecting other black- flies of the same species.At this time the duckling is very sick, and death may oceur on this day or in one to two days later.The disease strikes very suddenly; infected ducklings may appear healthy in the morning, refuse food at noon, and be too weak to stand in the evening.They may die in convulsion a few hours later; a period of excitement just before death is well-marked, and is ofter accompanied by short convulsive cries.Newly infected adult ducks Avg 3a14 0L OW United States to be the cause of the disease and in 1930 became the subject, of an intensive study by Dr.E.C.O\u2019Roke in Michigan.The investigation lasted for three years, and during this time Dr.O\u2019Roke described every phase of the life history and proved that it was transmitted by a certain blackfly, Simulium venustum.Due to the fact that the disease is similar in many ways to human malaria and that it is transmitted by an insect, it has come to be known as Duck Malaria.The black fly responsible is, unfortunately, one of the most widespread species in North America.It was the subject of a publication by Mr.C.R.Twinn of the Entomology Branch, Ottawa, in 1933.Mr.Twinn reported that Simulium venustum occurs throughout Canada as one of the most common species and that, in common with other black-flies, it passes its immature life-stages in swift or fairly swift, running water.Even small streams containing swiftly {other than chronic and apparently healthy carriers) are not so suddenly affected.They appear listless for several days, refuse food, but drink water readily, and do not take any interest in their surroundings.These symptoms are generally followed by recovery.A post-mortem examination of a duckling which has died from malaria will reveal certain well- marked changes.The lungs are red and inflamed, the spleen is almost black and is greatly enlarged, and the blood is pale and watery.The other organs are pale, as in cases of anaemia.A consideration of the above characteristics of duck malaria will show that it can be readily distinguished from the direct injury caused by black-fly bites.CONTROL It will be seen from the above account that if the black-flies do not first attack an infected bird, then they cannot transmit the di- flowing water are suitable breeding places.The female fly lays its eggs on rocks, logs or plants at the Fig.| \u2014Tetrameres crami-\u2014Female.Fig.11,\u2014T.erami\u2014 Male.Fig.111.\u2014- The amphipod carriers of the parasite.Fig.IV.\u2014An opened stomach, showing a medium infestation.sease to healthy ducklings.Hence the first consideration is the adult carrier, which must be considered (Continued on page 40) nn = > a rm QD 7 A TES SEC STE ME LE MAY 9th, 1936 Page fourteen Brooding The Chicks By C.STANLEY WALSH, Hemmingford, Que.ROODING is always an anxious time for B the poultryman.We have found, however, after ten years of brooding on our poultry plant, that if strong chicks are put in the brooder houses, and very careful attention is given to details, the mortality may readily be kept down to 1 or 2 per cent.The difficulty is that there any many details to watch, and often a slip in only one detail will produce a heavy loss.The following is our method of brooding, which having proved successful here, may contain suggestions for other poultrymen.As poultry house construction is a subject in itself, it is taken for granted that that part of the brooding has been properly attended to and that construction, insulation and ventilation are suitable for our climate.The brooder house fire is lit at least two days before the chicks are due to be put into the house, and after the house has been carefully inspected so that all air leaks have been plugged.During the two or more days, the fire is regulated so that it will run at 98 degrees at the tip of the hover and about 6 inches from the floor.On the first day the fire dries out the building.The morning of the second day we put down the litter of cut straw -\u2014 a depth of about 2 inches and one foot away from the stove A wire screen about 3 ft.high, of 1 inch mesh (or less) is circled around the stove, keeping it about 3 ft.from the tip of the hover.Bags are kept available in the brooder house to put on the screen should there be a cold windy day or night.We never mix breeds of chicks in one colony house, as the development varies at different ages, and as one breed of chicks usually suffers at the hands of the other.It is important to have sufficient hopper space so that the weaker chicks will not be bumped around when they are trying to get to the feed.In the same way, it is important to have plenty of accommodation at the water fountains.We prefer powdered milk for the first 3 or 4 weeks; then, if available, skim or buttermilk.Before we take the chicks to the brooder house, filled mash hoppers and water fountains are put in place within the screen.Overcrowding a house is often a cause of trouble.We find that from 250 to 300 chicks is plenty for a 52 inch hover and will give the chicks every chance.Chicks should be moved in regulation chick boxes or a similar container that will prevent chill winds or drafts from reaching them.The chicks are carefully removed from the boxes and placed in a circle at the tip of the hover.They feel the heat being reflected and thus know where the warmth is.Ventilation depends on the weather.The chicks need all the air they can get without chilling or having any wind or draft on them.The chicks should sleep in a circle a little from the tip of the hover.They will move in and out depending on the amount of heat being reflected.If, at bed time, the chicks have not formed in a circle, we carefully put them in this position.After a night or two they get the circle-forming habit.Mash, fresh water, grit, oyster shell and charcoal are kept available for the chicks at all times.Any indications of cannibalism should be checked at once.If toe-pecking, feather \u2014 pulling or the like takes place, the chick with blood on it is removed and something nasty to the taste (we use Izal) is put on the bloody area.This usually checks it at once, though the treatment may have to be repeated in a few days Usually two applications will check any cannibalism.This trouble is much more likely to occur if the house is over-crowded.When the weather is warm and bright and the soil is dry, the chicks are let out.If they are very young, a temporary 3 ft fence of 1 inch mesh is put up, giving them a yard about 10\u2019 x 25° When the chicks are able to fly Cost Of Fuel For Brooding | Chicks The main item of cost in brooding | early-hatched chicks is for fuel used in | maintaining the required temperature.| The kind of fuel used and the construction of the building are the main factors influencing this cost.It is not economical to use a poorly constructed building or too low grade of fuel for brooding purposes.When such equipment is used, uneven temperatures usually result in heavy losses of young chicks.The brooder house should be double boarded and well insulated, the ceiling tightly boarded to avoid unnecessary loss of heat, and the building well banked to prevent floor drafts.Banking of walls is particularly necessary when buildings are equipped with wood floors.A well constructed building, properly insulated and located on a site that is protected from winds, costs less to heat, and deaths due to uneven temperatures and chilling are reduced.Poorly constructed brooder houses are difficult and expensive to heat.The uneven temperature that obtains in such houses is one of the most common causes of chick losses.With coal stove brooders, and using hard nut coal costing twenty dollars a ton, the average daily fuel cost at the Experimental Farm, Brandon, during the seasons of 1934 and 1935 was fifteen cents per brooder per day.During these two years the minimum temperatures reached four below zero and twenty below zero respectively during the two | brooding seasons.| R.M.HOPPER, Dominion Experimental Farm, Brandon, Man.1 up on the fence, it is time to remove it.Our houses are always moved on to fresh ground in the fall, so that no moving is necessary in the spring.Our cleaning method is as follows: Before the stove is placed in the house, the floor and walls are thoroughly sprayed with a disinfectant (we use Izal).As the brooder house has been well cleaned, scraped and sprayed in the fall, this is all that is necessary.We clean whenever the litter gets dirty, but do not spray again until the first ceaning after the stove has been removed and the chicks are outside.The straw is cut only for the first application.We remove the cockerels as soon as we can tell the sex, thus giving the pullets plenty of room.The temperature of the brooder-house is very gradually reduced after the first few days.The speed of reduction depends on the actions of the chicks.They must always be comfortable and happy.Either over-heating or chilling may cause serious trouble \u2014 a big loss for a couple of days and a small continual loss for some time.Prevention is the only cure.If the brooding details have been carefully followed, we should now have a nice house full of pullets to enter the next stage of their existance\u2014rearing.Rearing The Chicks By G.STANLEY WALSH HE fire has been removed, and the T weather is warm enough for the chicks to go out.Hence the worries of brooding are behind us; but the responsibilities of rearing are upon us.When the brooding has been well done and so has produced healthy chicks, the rearing is simple; but details should not be neglected \u2014 as they often are during our busy periods of seeding, haying, and harvesting.The chicks have been separated, and the pullets and cockerels are now on range in different enclosures so that when the cockerels get older they will not worry the pullets.Feed: use a good commercial rearing feed or a recognized good home-mixed rearing feed.The usual difference between the brooding and rearing mash is that shorts and al- falfa-leaf-meal are substituted with an equal amount of bran, and if you have had powdered milk in the brooding mash it could be left out if skim milk or buttermilk are available.Mash, grit, oyster shell, and charcoal are kept in front of the chicks all the time.When the chicks are old enough to eat scratch grain (regular size), it should be supplied in a hopper and kept in front of them all the time.Fresh clean water should be supplied at least once a day.If feeding skim-milk or buttermilk, see that it is cleaned up by about 3 o\u2019clock in the afternoon.Roof ventilation is essential during rearing.It keeps the air in the house circulating better; also I believe that without roof ventilation there is likely to be a lot of very crooked breast bones among the birds due to the warm stagnant air surrounding the birds as they roost.The feed, of course, would have a bearing on this too; but even with the best of feed you can get very crooked breast bones if you do not have roof ventilation.In cool weather the cloth sash frame is our main means of ventilation, and the amount it is opened depends on the weather While the chicks are young, no drafts or wind can be allowed on them.We open and close the cel- lu-glass frame according to the weather.During the very warm weather, the house door is kept hooked open during the day, and closed at night when the air cools.The rearing stock should have sufficient roosting space so that all birds can comfortably get on the roosts.The roosts are at the rear of the house away from wind and drafts.About once a month the roosts and any places that the birds roost should be painted with a nicotine product such as Neotine.This will prevent any lice or mites appearing.Our roosts are 2 ft.or more from the floor.The houses are cleaned whenever the litter gets dirty or damp.About once a month they are sprayed with a good disinfectant such as .\u2014 RIAA LT 0 MAY 9th, 1936 Izal.The cleanings are taken away immediately and spread on a hayfield.Leaving the cleanings in a pile is very dangerous, as beetles, which are the cause of many of the intestinal poultry parasitic troubles, may collect in the piles and eventually be eaten by some of the rearing stock, or by some wild bird whose droppings may cause trouble to the rearing stock.A feeder should be alert to notice any birds that are dumpy, weak on legs, wings drooping, head of whitish appearance, \u2014 and at once remove them from the flock.Any trouble that seems serious should at once be put under the Provincial Veterinarian\u2019s supervision for advice.The pullets are moved into their laying quarters when a few eggs begin to appear in the colony house.When the birds begin to mature, we always put a box in the colony house for them to use for a nest instead of (Continued on page 31) Page fidteen The Marieville Co-operative Hatchery MONGST Quebec\u2019s cooperative hatcheries, that operated at Marieville has been greatly expanded this year.From a capacity of 21,000 eggs when first established, it has been increased to 42,000- egg capacity in 1936.It is one of the hatcheries producing certified chicks.Year by year its business has increased, while its co-operating members, some thirty in number, are more enthusiastic than ever.To build up such a hatchery, so well furnished today, the co-operators were obliged time after time to draw on their capital for the purchase of land, the fitting out of the place, and the enlarging of the buildings, but already they realize that the financial sacrifices made voluntarily for these purposes are returning to them today in the shape of quality products and of very encouraging results.The figures given herewith show this: Number of eggs Year placed in Chicks hached hatched incubator hatched 1932 37,990 26,224 69.0 1933 56,059 37,128 66.2 1934 59,929 40,662 67.85 1935 65,080 42,055 64.62 The Marieville hatchery, as is shown by the results, is truly co-operative.Those in charge of running it are farmers who have good business sense and are interested in the progress of poultry raising.In the autumn of 1935, the executive committee decided to enlarge the plant to the tune of $1000 and to purchase another incubator.In addition to two machines of a capacity of 16,000 eggs each the hatchery has a smaller machine of 5,000-egg size \u2014 it is thus possible, with the various compartments, to take off two hatches each week.There is, further, a well-man- aged warehouse which fills an important need.All indications are that the number of members will increase and that the co-operative movement amongst poultry-raisers will be still more vigorously fostered.The poultry club of l\u2019Ange-Gardien, recently organized, is an example of something that has been done to meet this need of union.The county of Rouville, where the co-operative is located, belongs to the agronomic district of Waterloo, the regional agronomist of which is Mr.Lucien Therrien.Mr.H.P.Ricard, special poultry promotor, has technical charge of the poultry flocks of the district and supervision of the hatchery at Marieville.Close to the Montreal market and located near many important smaller towns such as St.Johns, St.Hyacinthe, Cowansville, and Farnham, the county of Rouville enjoys an enviable situation for the disposal of its poultry products.Further, the Marieville hatchery must, to a certain extent, serve the other two counties included in the same district, Brome and Shefford.Upon its existence and its expansion, then, depend the poultry future of a whole _ district well situated for markets.* * * The gypsy moth which has cost the New England States an enormous amount of money in keeping it under control was first found in the State of Massachusetts in 1869 but it was not until 1924 that it gained an entry Top: Interior view of the cooperative hatchery at Marieville.\u2014 Centre: Exterior view of hatchery.\u2014 Bottom: The members of the executive, left to right, Edgar Standish, director; ; \\ bonneau, director; Roderigue Ruel, secretary-manager; Donat Ostiguy, director; G.Henri Ares, president; H.P.Ricard, poultry promoter.Georges Gingras, vice-president; H.Char- into Canada in spite of the efforts of the officers of the Dominion Entomological Branch.In purchasing a fish meal, the guarantee should be carefully read bearing in mind the desirability of a comparatively low fat content, combined with high percentages of protein and bone phosphate.If practicable, a sample should be obtained and examined as to freedom from rancidity.J yt Page sixteen The Meal Problem By DOROTHY M.WALSH least most, housekeepers is the question of what to eat.Much has been written and more will be written on this interesting subject, and yet there will always be new ideas and suggestions to help the puzzled housekeeper.Fortunate and infrequent is the woman who has no worry about the cost of the food, no fussiness or illness to cater to, and a hungry family that appreciate every effort made to serve attractive and wholesome food.Let us consider the problem from two angles: first from the point of view of the woman who has a healthy hungry group to feed on an absolute minimum of cost; second, now that of one who has more to spend, but must cater to poor appetites or more elaborate entertaining.These examples stand at the extremes, and there are all the variations between.As a rule, those who have not been pampered or otherwise spoiled have healthy appetites.One aim of every mother should be to see that her family has a healthy attitude toward food.Their meals should be neither their chief objective in life, nor yet a thrice- daily battle ground.A N ever-present problem with all, or at Have we any suggestion for our hungry family with a small income?Yes, a lot of them, If our family lives in the country, the answer to the food problem is simple\u2014produce your own.A cow or two will supply milk, cream, butter and cottage cheese, a good garden will supply abundant vegetables all summer and most of the winter, requiring only an expenditure for vegetables during a few months in the spring.Poultry will provide eggs and table fowl the year round, for eggs may be saved in waterglass or any other grood method to tide over the \u201clow production\u201d season.Syrup and honey also are produced on many farms.Fruits such as berries and apples may be used abundantly in season and apples may be kept till spring.If vegetables and fruit are preserved in cans or by drying or salting, there can be enough for the year around.Meat may be produced at home and frozen, canned, or salted so that the meat bill is limited to emergencies or times of low supplies.It is mainly cereals that we must buy.Flour that makes excellent bread and is also suitable for all baking may be bought at a lower cost by using second patent.Oatmeal may be bought in 20 lb.bags at a saving.Home baking is a necessity if one must cut costs.Bread may be made with skim milk and is much more nourishing than the cheap bakers\u2019 loaves.Wholewheat or graham flour should be used freely.Purchasing can be done much more economically in quantity.Bananas may be bought by the bunch, slightly under-ripe, and are very cconomical this way, as they keep a long time hung in a cool dark place.Peaches and other expensive fruits should be used only in season and then bought by the basket.In planning the meals, remember that a lot of food is needed and see that there is plenty of the bulky cheap foods to \u201cfill up on.\u201d If the diet contains the foods mentioned above there need be no fear of shertage of vitamins or minerals as long as there is variety.If the hungry family on small income lives in the city the problem is more difficult.Milk is one of the first indispensibles and it adds a big item to the food bill.Tea and coffee provide no food and in this case should be dispensed with.Home baking is recommended and no money should be spent for pastry or any prepared foods.Greater value may be obtained by buying the materials and doing the cooking at home, except, of course, vegetables out of season.Canned tomatoes are almost a necessity and are very cheap.A grocery list should contain potatoes, turnips, onions, carrots (old), lettuce or celery (while low in price), oatmeal, beans, canned tomatoes, flour, sugar, molasses.Fruit and vegetables may be bought very often during the summer at ridiculously low prices.If it is possible to take advantage of this by preserving some, it should be done.The main thing to watch is that for every cent spent, there is definite food value received in return.On the other hand, if we are considering the family with the larger income and poor appetites eveything can be looked at differently.It is true that most of the same foods are desirable, for the simpler foods are healthful; but there may be much more variety.Foods out of season may be used, and fancy canned and packaged goods made use of.We must make sure that in the small meals eaten all the essentials are obtained.Greater care MAY 9th, 193¢ should be taken to avoid monotony.Bulky foods should be used sparingly, for example white bread and potatoes.New and different foods may be tried.Care should be taken that rich foods do not replace vegetables and fruit.Green salads have an important place.Several small portions of different foods will tempt the appetite more than a large portion of one food.Entertaining is a subject by itself.Variety and originality in menus are desirable.Food should be attractively and daintily served.If much entertaining is done, it plays a very important part in the food budget.Many good family meals can be served for the price of one party.Most of us stand somewhere between the extremes.Perhaps we can find suggestions from both sides to help us in our constant food problem.Feeding of Milk To Poultry Skim-milk and buttermilk may be fed to poultry either sweet or sour, but should never be rancid.Keeping it in wooden barrels is much ahead of leaving it in the cans.These barrels should be placed in the shade.The length of time the milk will keep depends on the weather.Before putting fresh milk in a holding container, be sure to remove any milk left over, rinse the container with water, empty it, and you are ready for your new load of milk.Always use up the old milk before starting on the new.Milk should not be kept in front of the birds all day, but should be given early in the morning and the quantity such that it will be finished up by noon.The man collecting the noon eggs can then hang up the milk fountains, thus keeping them clean and freeing the floor space.G.S.WALSH.Milk Publicity (From HOARD'S DAIRYMAN) OT to be outdone by cosmetics, yeast, and other beauty preparations, milk has _ entered the field of \u2018\u201cglamour\u2019 advertising in New York State.Milk guarantees, they say, the lovely complexions, smooth skin, and sylph-like form that all women desire for beauty and charm.Newspaper advertising is being conducted by the Milk Publicity Bureau of the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets.Each advertisement is accompanied by the picture of an attractive girl.She is told that each glass of milk is a calcium treatment that will make her skin clear and silky.Not only that, but a note is added to write for a booklet on how to reduce safely with milk, \u2014for milk is not fattening.Milk is also advocated as a \u2018\u201che-man\u2019s\u201d drink.Babe Ruth, Jack Dempsey, Frank Buck, and other outstanding men in sports are quoted.Milk is the training-table standby and not a \u201csissy\u2019s drink.\u201d The \u201calkaline effect\u201d of milk is also stressed as the easy, natural way to keep clearheaded.Gone are the statements as to the nutritive value of milk, its vitamin content, and comparisons with other foods.It is the new approach to the desire of women for beauty and of men and boys for athletic prowess.The following are a few brief extracts from this newer type of advertising: \u201cFollow the lead of the movie stars.They drink milk because it conserves their energy, gives them sparkle, without affecting their glamorous figures.\u201d \u201cMilk often clears up unsightly and embarrassing skin blemishes when everything else has failed.You get a calcium beauty treatment with every glass of milk you drink.\u201d \u201cLose weight scientifically this pleasant way that keeps your pep up.Write for the booklet all Hollywood is raving over, \u201cThe Milky Way, Diets of Movie Stars.\u201d Jack Dempsey: \u201cSure, I always knew that a «fighter couldn\u2019t train properly without plenty of milk.I still drink lots of milk to keep me in condition for my present work.It\u2019s a drink that contains a punch for everybody.\u201d \u201cFatigue is a sign of low alkaline reserve.Why dose and drug yourself before you try the natural way to overcome fatigue?Have a glass of fresh, cool milk and build up your alkaline reserve naturally.Send for free booklet, \u2018Milk\u2014The Alkalizer\u2019.\u201d \u201cFamous coaches say there is nothing like milk to put a man in championship form.Milk developes a super-abundance of muscular force, makes live, sturdy muscles and good healthy blood, rather than making fat.Boys and girls, send for free book,\u2014\u2018Midshipman Jack\u2019.7% = \u201c ET Se Can mac NO SR Pa ENS ee = RE Tow WT 3 a CE pe SRF dE se mgr ey = Paye twenty-six The only CompLeTELY MopErN CAR that sells for such \"LOW PRICES Costs you less for GAS, OIL ana UPKEEP © Think of all the good things you get in the new Chevrolet, and don\u2019t get in any other car at Chevrolet's low prices, and you will readily understand why people call this The Only Complete Low-Priced Car.It's the only low-priced car that combines Swerveless Hydraulic Brakes with a solid steel Turret Top and Safety glass equipment through- out\u2014all three of which are essential to maximum driving safety! It's the only low-priced car with Bodies by Fisher, the world\u2019s high standard of style leadership, quality of construction and solid comfort! It's the only low-priced car with a high- compression Valve-in-Head engine, which gives a better combination of performance and economy \u2014 and with Fisher No-Draft Ventilation, for more healthful, all-weather motoring.Bear in mind, too, that Chevrolet offers you all these features in the lowest-priced Standard Series Chevrolet \u2014 as well as in the popular new Master De Luxe Chevrolet with Knee-Action front wheels.All the facts say, Buy a new 1936 Chevrolet \u2014 The Only Complete Low- Priced Car.Drive it today\u2014and be sure to compare Chevrolet's low delivere rices and greatly reduced 7% GMAC time payment plan terms.MAY 9th, 1936 Home Economics North Hatley responded to the roll call with a parade of old-fash- ioned hats, with prizes, followed by a Valentine tea.Exhibits of the work of the weaving classes were shown.Way\u2019s Mills response to the roll call was: \u201cFavorite supper dishes.\u201d Hatley enjoyed a paper on the \u201cHistory of Tea,\u201d dealing with varieties, growth and preparation.Wyman had an exhibit of thrift articles, and Lemesurier a demonstration on Bread Making.Eardley held a competition in small cakes, Mrs.Cooligan taking the prize.Aylmer East planned its exhibit for Fair time, and at East Clifton a demonstration on Cheese Making was given.Ascot had papers with time-saving suggestions, and ideas on modernizing rural homes.Granby-Hill served a dinner at the meeting, and disposed of a quilt.Aubrey-Riverfield heard warnings on the Danger of Keeping Certain Liquids in Iron Vessels, and had a demonstration on the Making of Table Mats.Howick\u2019s r6ll call was on Hot Supper Dishes, followed by practical suggestions on mending granite ware.A demonstration of hand made work, and a paper on Home Economics were given at South Newport, with Mrs.Lafleur as speaker.Upper Lachute held a novelty sale at the close of its annual meeting.Richmond Hill planned a cookie contest, the results to be auctioned.Denison\u2019s Mills discussed vegetable salads in the diet, and heard a paper on Home-Making by Mrs.Heney.Roll calls on Practical Kitchen Hints were used.Agriculture The branch at Beebe distributed bulbs, Boothgrove branch donated the sum of $50.00 towards the building fund of an Exhibition Hall at Quyon.Clarendon branch held a food sale in aid of the local cemetery improvement fund.At Lemesurier an exchange of seeds, bulbs and slips took place.Milby branch is planning to plant a perennial border in the local cemetery, and at Belvedere Mr.Norman Beach gave a talk on Home Beautifying.In South Newport branch, an instructive paper on Home Gardening and School Fair work was given by Mr.Rousseau, County Agronomist, Cookshire.Cleveland planned a flower contest, and Denison\u2019s Mills had a paper on Storing Winter Vegetables, with discussions on Improvement of Home Grounds, Winter Care of Bulbs and Plants.Canadian Industries Sawyerville had a paper dealing with Muskrat Farming, and another on Forestry.At Scotstown MAY 9th, 1936 «BABY WAS FEVERISH WHILE TEETHING \u2018Baby's Own Tablets brought her through marvelously!\u201d \"I \u201cBaby started teething early,\u201d writes a London mother, \u2018\u2018and two eye teeth came together, making her very feverish and fretful.We gave her Baby\u2019s Own Tablets and they brought her through marvelously.When she was constipated we used the same remedy with the same success.* Now we have a bonnie baby who has 6 teeth and is in the pink of condition.\u201d Mrs.W.Kemp, London, Ont, For over 40 years, mothers by the thousand have found Baby\u2019s Own Tablets wonderfully effective during teething.They are soothing because they reduce fever, aid in settling an upset stomach, and help relieve the inflammation in the gums.After a dose or two the child usually drops off to sleep and wakes feeling much better.These sure-acting tablets were originated by a physician, and are certified safe even for the most delicate child.Besides being an excellent corrective for teething troubles, Baby\u2019s Own Tablets are equally effective in relieving simple fever, constipation, colic, upset stomach, colds, diarrhoea, indigestion and fretfulness; price 25c.® Try them at our risk.Buy a package today and, if you do not find them as good as we claim, return the partially- used box to us and we will refund your money.62) Dn.Williams, Baby's CRETE E safe.Convenient.Payable at Par Everywhere For Sale at all CANADIAN NATIONAL RAILWAYS STATIONS and EXPRESS OFFICES EXTRA HENNY «© FORGET THE BARGAIN COUNTER Buy the best roofing.Council Standard is by far the cheapest in the long run.COUNCIL STANDARD GALVANIZED ROOFING the roll call asked for Canadian Exports, with papers on Forest Preservation and the Mineral Industries of Canada Talks on Con- goleum, Tanning and Glove Industries followed.Lennoxville had a paper on Cheese and its Uses.Dundee named County Industries as roll call, and heard an article on the Paper Manufacture Industry.Shipton had a paper on Cellulose and its Uses, and Denison\u2019s Mills a discussion on Canadian Textiles, with papers on Cellophane and the Salt Industry.Legislation Beebe and Dixville both enjoyed excellent papers on Legislation, and Dixville had as roll call the names of Cabinet ministers.The Bristol Busy Bees has as roll call \u201cSchool Laws in Quebec,\u201d and a paper on Dominion and Provincial laws, with a question box.Women\u2019s Institute officers and members figured in the fiftieth anniversary celebration of Elmside Intermediate school, Wyman members are enjoying a McGill Travelling library.Milby had a paper on Legislation, and Ascot had as roll call Names of Noted Lawyers, past and present.Aubrey-Riverfield had a short paper on Legislation, and Dundee heard an address by the local mayor on Municipal Law.Howick had a humourous sketch on Laws Restricting Dress in the Eighteenth Century.Legislation was the subject of a paper at South Newport meeting, followed by discussion on women\u2019s rights in Quebec province.At Morin Heights extracts from the Municipal Code dealing with the holding of municipal offices were read and discussed.Richmond Hills roll call asked for names of famous lawyers, with a paper following, giving the history of Laura Secord.Denison\u2019s Mills\u2019 roll call asked for interesting facts about Lord Tweedsmuir, and heard a paper on The League of Nations, followed by a discussion on Traffic Regulations.Immigration North Hatley gave gifts of blankets to New Canadian brides, also to babies of newcomers.Au- brey-Riverfield had current news read, and Howick branch listened to a story of the influence of the Women\u2019s Institute on lonely newcomers.City Girl: \u2018\u2018And I suppose at dusk, when the sun is stealing over the Rockies in purple splendor, you cowboys, are huddled around the campfire broiling venison and listening to the weird, eerie, unnatural howlings of the coyotes.\u201d Rattlesnake Gus: \u201cWell, ma\u2019am, not ezzackly.Usually we go inside and listen to Amos and Andy.\u201d = Page twenty-seven IS YOUR SEPARATOR A MONEY SIEVE?There are thousands and thousands of cream separators in daily use that are the finest kind of \u201cmoney sieves,\u201d separating their owners from good, hard earned money.Every time they are used they waste valuable butterfat, because they are badly worn or were improperly designed and poorly constructed to begin with.De Laval the World\u2019s Best For 58 years De Laval Separators have been the standard of the world; the cleanest skimming, easiest running, most durable, and in every way the best.De Laval Separators f today give their users greater value than ever before.You can prove to your own satisfaction whether or not your separator is losing money for you by a free trial demonstration that your De Laval dealer will arrange for you.Then you can actually compare a new De Laval side-by- side with your present separator, and can tell exactly how much more it will earn for you.Pays for Itself Thousands of dairy farmers have tried this plan during the past year and: found that a new De Laval would earn its own payments.There are two complete series of De Laval Cream Separators, providing a size and style for every need and purse, Get in touch with your De Laval dealer; he can save you money.Or write to nearest office below.THE DE LAVAL COMPANY, Ltd.PETERBOROUGH MONTREAL WINNIPEG VANCOUVER DE LAVAL THE STANDARD OF THE WORLD DE LAVAL MILKERS: Faster, Cleaner, Safer ard Cheaper than any other method of milking.More in use the world over than any other make.Hundreds of production records have been made with De Laval milking.Used in the best dairies of the country for producing quality milk.Experienced dairymen call them the world\u2019s best milkers.Nothing will add greater satisfaction and profit to your business.If you enjoy reading the Journal of Agriculture, mention it to your neighbours.Kiils insects Prevents blights Conditions OES soils and 3 THINGS plants.HIGHEST TEST \u2014 BEST AT ANY PRICE King Bug Killer is a dry, fluffy, bulky powder, ready to use.Covers more per pound and therefore economical.Improves leaf growth, increases production, King Bug Killer is well above Government standard chemical analysis \u2014 surest and most profitable to use.Value beyond price Proven by thousands of notato, vegetable and flower growers.Stocked by your seedsman or merchant.If not available, we will supply direct.KING CALCIUM PRODUCTS, CAMPBELLVILLE, ONT.Use Dr.J.Woodbury\u2019s Horse Liniment and Dr.|.Wood- bury\u2019s Condition Powders for Complaints and Diseases of Your Horses and Cattle DR.J.WOODBURY'S CONDITION POWDERS FOR HORSES AND CATTLE Will purify the blood, carry off gross humors, kill bots and worms and give the animal's coat a fine glossy appearance - - - .35 per package DR.J.WOODBURY\u2019S HORSE LINIMENT FOR HORSES AND CATTLE A remedy unequalled for all kinds of coughs, enlarged glands and and cracked 35 per hottle joints, kidney trouble, bruises, sores, colie, contracted hoofs = - « «a « = = oo ea 2 = ea = = Use these preparations for which they are recommended.Criticize closely, mark § and note their effect and honestly judging them on their merits you will be Ç compelled to endorse the sentiment that no owner of stock should be without them.A er f i) N SNA À FOR SALE AT ALL DEALERS ! We k | J Manufacturers 4 RAIN F FRASIER, THORNTON & CO.LIMITED > After using Cookshire, Quebec, Canada Refore using ri sta a gp °F DE Paques + Gus 7 410 257 3 LgadiaEn cr Stl.RER « = Eka Se Se ERITEIDRE « >= 2224 f re MAY 9th, 1936 _ Page twenty-eight Our Agricultural Societies (Continued from page 9) INITIATIVES ENCOURAGED OUND WIND , SOUND LIMBS, FINE HOSS SELL HIM TO YOU FOR #2 MISTER chard, M.P.was right when he said WITH HORSE SENSE ! \u201cWhat?Team THAT horse up with my gray mare\u2014no deal, brother!\u201d Don\u2019t be fooled when you buy a storage battery\u2014use the same judgment which you would use when buying a horse! Your car is no more reliable than the battery you team it up to.Prest-O-Lite Batteries give you true economy.You do not pay too much or too little, Each battery is worked out to suit the engineers who built your car\u2014men who know batteries as you know horses.You get the right weight\u2014the right power\u2014at a price that is low for good quality.More Prest-O-Lite Storage Batteries are used as standard equipment by Canadian Car Manufacturers than all other brands combined.IS NEVER BOUGHT PRICE FIRST Rosco Galvanized Roofing is not made down to a price, but up to a rigid standard.Its mission in life is to protect your barn, ment against WARRANTS, a COUNCIL STANDARD ° \u201cra, nEavy cor stock, crops and equip- SNOW.RAIN.RUST.ROT, FIRE and LIGHTNING It is built to give lifetime service; 7-ribbed and lying a full inches.Write for FREE SAMPLE and ESTIMATES.ROSE 2 ROOFING ROOFERS\u2019 SUPPLY CO., LIMITE Montreal and Quebec TRUE SAFETY that it is customary to get into debt during prosperous years so that we can pay them off in times of economic depression.We invite the reader to study the following comparative financial statement: 1 society encourages the production of seed grain.2 \u2014 the production of wheat.1 \u2014 good farming spirit.1 \u2014 summer work.1 \u2014 the production of Cartier oats.Financial Statement of the Agricultural Societies, Comparison of the years Number of societies .Number of members.Balance in the bank .Deficit.ce ee Value of assets .Debits .Allocation regularly part .1929 1934 1935 90 91 92 23,213 26,243 27,154 $20,953 $30,963 $33,896 6,841 7,962 4,209 549,996 608,889 618,067 185,372 174,903 143,211 59,042 59,854 N.B.\u2014Fourteen reports of societies for 1935 were either not at hand or were incomplete.For these we used the figures of the preceding year.Such an interesting statement of account led us to examine more closely the report of activities of each of the ninety-two active agricultural societies in the province.We have prepared a table of the projects which they intend to follow in 1936, and from which we may be better able to judge the full farm life of our province.Here are different undertakings which our agricultural societies are organizing, encouraging or bonusing.RURAL ECONOMY Competitions organized Twenty-eight for drainage; 8 parish contests for farm improvement; 7 for alfalfa; one for good fencing; 4 for green forage, of which two are combined with competitions for turnips; 4 for pasture improvement; 4 for clearing land of stones; one for new land; 2 for mixed-grain growing; one for silage corn growing; one for Swede-turnips; 4 for farm management; 10 for standing crops; one for seed production: 3 competitions for the clubs of wives of farmers.3 competitions for the growing of oats.2 competitions for ornamentation and beautifying.1 competition for fallow ground.6 competitions for worked land.2 competitions for barley production.1 competition for seed grain.1 competition for root crops.1 competition for clover.1 competition for clover seed production.1 competition seed grain exposition.Seven societies bonus the purchase of chemical fertilizers.3 purchase of grain.3 transport of lime.1 purchase of lime.1 growing of forage crops.LIVE STOCK INDUSTRY Horse section 26 societies bonus good stallions.3\u2014the purchase of foals.2\u2014bonus foals.1\u2014holds a foal competition.1 gives special encouragement to horse-raising.1 encourages the building of good stables.Cattle section 4 societies bonus the purchase of good animals.3\u2014the purchase of good bulls.3\u2014the encouragement of cow- testing.2\u2014the encouragement of record of performance.3\u2014organize competitions for dairy herds.1\u2014encourages the feeding of veal calves.1\u2014encourages live-stock shows.1\u2014bonuses herd testing.l\u2014encourages young judges competitions.l\u2014encourages competitions for farmers.Swine section 1\u2014bonuses the purchase of boars.1\u2014a competition for old boars.1\u2014a competition for pork production.1\u2014a competition for the building of piggeries.2\u2014bonus good boars.Sheep section 1\u2014bonuses the showing of lamb.1\u2014organizes a sheep show.Poultry 2\u2014encourage poultry raising by grants.4\u2014organize competitions for the use of poultry yards.2\u2014for the construction of poultry houses.l\u2014encourages the co-operative marketing of poultry. MAY 9th, 1886 OLD CHUM! THIS POCKET POUCH _IS A GREAT IDEA- YOU SAID PIPEFUL / THIS POUCH ALWAYS KEEPS ME FRESH, SPILL-PROOF AND GOOD TO MY LAST TINY SHRED.Read our advertising pages.You may find in them the answer to a long-felt need.Jutras Manure Spreader is the pioneer of the lighest manure Spreader in the country.Since near 40 consecutive years, thousand of customers use it with the most entire satisfaction.\u201cGet Your Own Spreader This Year.\u201d = Cesena VX \\ ps If you build or remodel a barn this year write now for more particulars on our complete line of stalls, stanchions water bowls, manure carriers, hay forks, etc.The only ones made in Quebec.Our prices will surely interest you.® Free Catalogue \u2014 Write for Prices and Terms.THE JUTRAS COMPANY LIMITED Victoriaville, Que.Dept, J.A.5 4 Other encouragements 2\u2014for stock-raising.1\u2014bonus for the construction of manure sheds.2\u2014are organizing expositions of animals.2\u2014are encouraging the truction of farm buildings.2\u2014are encouraging the repair of farm buildings.1\u2014bonus for the construction of silos.1\u2014bonus for the construction of barns.HORTICULTURE cons- 11 societies are organizing family garden competitions.3 are distributing garden seed.3\u2014potato competitions.2\u2014are encouraging the co-oper- ative buying of garden seeds.4\u2014vegetable competitions.2\u2014small fruits competitions.2\u2014are organizing strictly horticultural shows.1\u2014a potato show.1\u2014a bonus for kitchen garden vegetables.1\u2014certified potatoes.1\u2014encourages the purchase of apple trees.OTHER PROJECTS Fifty expositions will he held.1 society is constructing a poultry pavillon.2\u2014are improving buildings.1-\u2014a parish exposition.1\u2014has formed a committee to promote agriculture in the country.1\u2014a school exposition.1\u2014a recreative evening party.1\u2014is working to pay off its debt.We cannot hope to give all particulars in this report.Perhaps these statistics will be useful to the committee formed at the last meeting of the Council of Agriculture to prepare the programme for the coming meeting which will be held in Quebec in a few weeks.In fact, a project of renovation of the Council of Agriculture which a special committee named last year had been asked to prepare was adopted at the meeting on the 18th April.It was presented by Mr.G.Bouchard and was explained by Professor Gustave Toupin.By virtue of this new project, the Council of Agriculture will retain the number of its members, but it must be more representative of the different branches of our national economy.The executive of the Council will be composed of nine members.Committeês, six in number, will be formed to study closely the different specializations of Agriculture.These committees will be permanent.The officers and members of these committees will be elected at a meeting that will be held soon.exposition \u201cIt doesn\u2019t pay to take chances with doubtful baking powder,\u2019\u2019 she says.\u201cI always use MAGIC.It never fails.\u2019\u2019 x 2.Measure 4 cup butter or other shortening.Melt over hot water or low heat \u2014do not cook.1.Sift 134 cups sifted flour with 1 cup sugar, 214 teaspoons Magic Baking Powder, 124 teaspoons cinnamon, 14 teaspoon salt, 14 teaspoon mace, 4 teaspoon each nutmeg, cloves, allspice, ginger.4.Add melted butter to ¥4 cup milk, mix well with beaten egg yolks.5.Pour liquid into dry ingredients.Beat with \u201c\u2018up,over,under\u201d\u2019 motion.3.Separate 2 eggs.Beat whites until stiff, then beat yolks without washing beater.if 6.Now add the beaten egg whites to the batter, \u201ccut and fold\u201d them in lightly.Mix them in well without beating.AA: 7.Next turn this mixture into a tube or loaf pan which has already been greased and lightly dusted with flour.8.Bake in moderate oven 350° F.for about 50 minutes.Cake is baked when it begins to shrink from side of pan.9.Turn out on cake cooler.Leave upside down.When cool, cover with Sea Foam Frosting (page 16, Magic Cook Book).IT TAKES LESS THAN ir WORTH OF MAGIC for this delicious cake.Magic Baking Powder safeguards your cakes.Assures fine, fluffy texture, delicious flavor\u2014every time.That\u2019s why Canada\u2019s leading cookery experts use it.Inferior baking powder too often results in failures \u2014wastesingredients.Don't takechances.Use Magic and be sure.Less than 1¢ worth makesa perfect cake! from alum or any harmfut ingredient.MADE INCANADA ALT Tn egy Na yg ey ANTES 2 EEE pt Pr 5 re Ts re Faye thirty FAGG O Dont expect to Warm up on INFERIOR Coffee Only RICH, FULL-FLAVORED COFFEE can speed up your circulation .bring new life to brain and muscles TX fine, full-flavored coffee when you feel \u201cdead on your feet.\u201d You\u2019ll notice a difference inside of six minutes! Science says that's because your circulation speeds up twice as fast after you drink rich, full-flavored coffee.More blood goes to the brain and all the tissues.Your mind is twice as alert.Muscular fatigue is relieved.But if your coffee is nferior, science says it won\u2019t work this way.Weak, flat coffee does not stimulate your circulation.You can be sure of getting plenty of stimulation from Chase & Sanborn Coffee\u2014because it\u2019s made from the choicest coffees in the world\u2014skilfully blended and roasted.That means you can count on it, day after day, for richer, fuller flavor.If you want to get going faster, mornings and afternoons, stick to fine, full- flavored Chase & Sanborn Coffee.It\u2019s priced so reasonably that everyone can afford it.Buy a tin tomorrow! In pound and half- pound vacuum tins.Roasted and packed in Canada The Home Garden (Continued from page 11) destroy weed growth.The soil should be cultivated after each rain as soon as it is dry enough to work.This is to disturb germinating weed seeds and to prevent the formation of a crust or surface baking.Cultivation may be done by horse drawn implements in the farm garden and by wheel or hand hoes in the urban or city garden.A number of insects and diseases attack garden crops.Since, a rule, the injury is not noticed until it is too late, a careful inspection should be made from time to time.Preventive measures, such as spraying and dusting are important, Bordeaux dusts and sprays are the most generally used controls for plant diseases and when necessary should be carefully applied.If insects attack the leaves, arsenical dusts or sprays should be applied.Combination sprays and dusts are often used for the control at the same time of both insects and diseases.Sucking insects such as green flies or aphids are controlled by spraying or dusting with nicotine compounds.The time to harvest vegetables in order to have the highest quality is largely determined by their stage of growth.Quality in vegetables is of great importance to the home gardeners and it varies wide- lv according to the kind of crop grown, weather conditions, and cultural care given during the growth of the particular crop.Peas, sweet corn and snap beans lose their quality very rapidly af- er harvesting and should be prepared for the table as soon as possible after removal from the plants.High temperatures hasten the ripening processes and also the processes responsible for deterioration.Harvesting should not be delayed until they have reached\u2019 full maturity, as there is a considerable lowering of the quality by this delay.Unfortunately with these vegetables there is no definite rule to follow in harvesting for the higest stage of table excellence.Experience is of most value in this connection.The root crops, such as radishes, carrots, beets and turnips, should be harvested when comparatively small for the best quality.There is a definite relationship between size and quality; the smaller the roots (within reason) the higher the quality.During periods of hot or wet weather, head lettuce will become worthless in a short time and it should be harvested as soon as heads are firm and compact.Cauliflower will also deteriorate rapidly and the heads should be cut as MAY yth, 1936 RHEUMATISM 75¢ Box Free to Any Sufferer New York, a treatment has been found that hundreds of users say \u201cbrings splendid Over in Syracuse, results.\u201d Many instances have been reported where only a few days\u2019 treatment brought quick relief where everything else had failed.It helps to drive off the poisonous clogging waste matter from the system by acting on the liver and stimulating the flow of bile, thus promoting regular and effective bowel evacuation and seems to neutralize the uric acid and lime salts deposits which clog the blood, embarrass the kidneys and cause stiffness, swelling, etc.Pain and soreness often seem to melt away and vanish.The treatment, first introduced by Mr.Delano, is so good that his son has opened an office in Canada and wants every Canadian who suffers from Rheumatism or has a friend so afflicted to get a 75c package\u2014just to prove what it will do\u2014before a penny is spent.Mr.Delano says: \u201cTo relieve Rheumatism no matter how severe, stubborn or long standing the case, and even after everything else has failed, I will, if you have never previously used the treatment, send you a full size 75c package, if vou will cut out this notice and send il with your name and address.If vou wish you may send 10 cents in stamps to help pay postage and distribution.\u201d Address F.H.Delano, 1878R Mutual Life Bldg., 455 Craig St.W.Montreal, Canada.I can only send one package to an address, p E L ANO\u2019 REE iii NOUERO R { AUTOMATIC CONTROL sSesdecc 10 \u2014 SELF- 5 OILING FIT | DON'T DISCARD YOUR WINDMILL | | No matter what | old mill may be, make your we can fit it | with a new Brantford Self-Oil- ing, Self-Regulating head.| Brantford Windmills are now | made by | | BE LIMITED 4 | Let us put your windmill in | working order again the | cheapest way.BEATTY BROS.LIMITED, | 6465 Durocher St.Montreal.} | Send me your free Windmill Ca- | talogue.| Name.' Address.363 F MAY 9th, 1936 soon as they are of good size and well blanched.Fall cabbage and celery wil stand light frost but should be harvested before severe weather sets in.Potatoes should be dug before the rainy days of autumn.A few of the parsnips may be left in the ground all winter and harvested in the spring, although it is advisable to have a small quantity in storage for use during the winter.In conclusion.The successful garden is well planned.It is heavily fertilized, fall plowed or dug and worked into a fine seed bed before planting.It includes a large variety of vegetables.It furnishes by succession plantings an adequate supply of vegetables in the best eating stage from early spring until frost.It produces sufficient quantities of high quality crops for canning and storage.It furnishes not less than two vegetables, and potatoes every day during the entire year.It gives returns for labour far greater than any similar area not in garden.It is kept free of weeds by shallow cultivation, just as they are coming through the ground, using horse drawn tools where possible to reduce hand labour.Rearing the Chicks (Continued on page 15) allowing them to begin laying under the bushes nearby.The late hatched pullets are put into winter quarters by September 30th, even though they have not started to lay.The houses containing the cockerels are handled the same as those containing pullets (except for the nest).The cockerels can be pen-fattened in their colony houses, or crate-fattened.All houses are now clear of birds and are cleaned, scraped and sprayed thoroughly ready for next season\u2019s chicks.But first they must be moved to a new location where there have been no birds for at least two seasons.We find the best time to move them is after the ground freezes and we have about 2 inches of snow.We level them as soon as we move them.I have touched on the important points to be watched in rearing and have left the colony houses ready for us in the spring.Here's hoping for a good fall and winter production! Rastus and Miranda were strolling through the cemetery, when Miranda called to Rastus, \u201cOh Lordy! come here see what that says! \u2018Not dead, but sleeping.\u2019 \u201d Rastus: \u201cSleep on, big boy, you ain\u2019t fooling nobody but yourself.\u201d orp V-8 Trucks ha -h.p.V-8 en The oe for heavier loa ear axle and fu the power he needs trips.Full-floating r strain and wear of smooth, safe stops 1 quality features M simple.safe and gre This year.For most economical, built.Try one on Y the-job\u201d test W Truck will do wit New models for 1936 chromium-plate sun visor cigar light 2-ton and Commercial Models rom high speeds ake Ford V-8 Truck a V-8 Trucks ar most reliable an ithout obligation.h your own loads.on your d radiator shell, grille and See them and the | kinds of farm hau T on all ve been PROVED BY THE PAS nds 0 on give o ine in the 2-ton and 80-h.p.in w ds on spot radius-rod drive st rque-tube an duty Quick-action safety br with heavy loads- s ideal farm units .+ - your heavy far erformers.T8 e IMPROVED FOR T d best performing farm trucks 4 1 ler invites you .Your Ford dea > ge a Make this test and see what a own farm.© ° Ce De Luxe Trucks.v-8 pret Por and two horns.ton and 1% we te 2 windshield frame.: i i Ww, ash tray.ventilating rear windo Ford dealer's.rcial Models at your 936 Ford v-8 Comme er and ing jobs.e farmer 3 for faster.longer e needs oe akes assure | : These and many other economical, reliable.P oa and 1%-ton TRUCKS Page thirty-one Ay Ea .They are now the : HE FO Ford has ever | o make an \u201con- 1936 Ford v-8 = : They have « ie Also dome light.and twin windshield wipers: 4 as At, SR mr TL TER TERS Page thirty-two The Perfectly Balanced McCORMICK-DEERING No 7 ENCLOSED-GEAR MOWER Offers You Perfect Cutting Qualities Below: Figs.1,2, 3, and 4 indicate the location of the roller bearings.A\u2019 is removable plug for refilling gear case with oil; \"B,\u201d clutch lever; \u201cC,\u201d pole socket under which pole is securely bolted and protected from weather; *'D,\" foot- lift lever; \u2018\u201cE,\"\u2019 balancing spring; \u201cF,\u201d '\u2018safety-type\u2019 tilting lever; \u201cG,\" lifting lever with automatic latch pawl; \u2018\u201c\u201cH,\"\u2019 removable flywheel shield.WE International Harvester engineers set out to build the McCormick-Deering No.7 Enclosed-Gear Mower they built a new mower from the ground up.They designed an automotive-type transmission with smooth, hard, broad-faced gears; a transmission case; an automatic lubricating system; a roller-bearing main axle; and rawhide oil seals to keep all the oil in and all the dirt out.These features were combined with time-proved McCormick-Deering construction, and built into a per- fectly-balanced, silent-operating, light-draft mower that will last longer than most men will need it.McCORMICK- DEERING HAY TOOLS The old reliable McCormick-Deering Self-Dump Rake.The McCormick-Deering Side Rake.Makes loose, fluffy windrows that air- cure the hay.Regularly equipped with two caster wheels.Available in two types; for hay or beans.INTERNATIONAL HAMILTON When you look into the McCor- mick-Deering Mower gear case you will begin to realize just how different this mower is.You won't find an old-style set of gears with a cover over them\u2014the No.7 mower transmission is all new.In fact, in this mower, even the ratchets and clutch are enclosed and run in oil.Back- flash and lost motion are eliminated by keying the mower wheels securely on the axle shafts.Every detail of design is worked out to produce not only the longest-lived and quietest mower on the market, but one with the most perfect cutting qualities.The nearby McCormick-Deering dealer will show you the new No.7 and give you an opportunity to check every feature.Or we will send you complete information on re- uest.You will enjoy reading about this modern McCormick-Deering Enclosed-Gear Mower.Sizes range from 4% to 7-foot cut.HARVESTER COMPANY of Canada, Ltd.| CANADA MAY 9th, 1936 Federal Assistance for Fairs (From \u201cThe Canadian Ayrshire Review\u2019) Grants will be made to a limited number of exhibitions in Canada subject to conditions as hereunder specified and provided the following suggestions and recommendations are applied in principle and practice.(1) Basis of Grants:\u2014 (a) To earn maximum general grant of $3,000 in the case of class \u201cA\u201d fairs and $4,000 in the case of winter and spring shows, a minimum expenditure of $6,000 and $5,000 respectively is required covering the utility classes of live stock and poultry, seed grain, fruits, vegetables, dairy, honey and maple products, where competition is offered.Note: \u2014 In arriving at expenditure, the following are to be excluded: \u2014 Classes for horse races, sporting events of all kinds, amusements, and all expenditures for such purpose; dogs, cats, rabbits, cavies and pet stock of any kind; pigeons ,bantams, and other so-called fancy breeds of birds and poultry where the utilitarian aspect is secondary.(b) In addition, each fair will be eligible for a further grant up to $500 to be applied specifically to the support of boys\u2019 and girls\u2019 club work and junior activities generally, the basis of such support to be arrived at by each agricultural society or board in consultation with a representative of the Dominion Department of Agriculture and a representative of the Provincial Department or exension service responsible for the administration of club work in the Province.(c) A further grant of $500 will be made towards the cost of providing satisfactory judges.(2) Payment of Grants.(a) Fifty per cent of the maximum general grant will be paid just previous to the opening date of the fair.At the completion of show, a return, certified by the Fair Secretary and the Auditor of Exhibition Accounts, shall be made to the Department, of the expenditure in prize money in the classes specified in 1 (a).In the case of those fairs which fail to expend in prize money the minimum stipulated, the balance of the grant will be determined on a percentage of expenditure basis.The final payment of the general grant will be made only after the Live Stock Commissioner is satisfied that the various regulations have been complied with.(b) The grant for the support vf boys\u2019 and girls\u2019 club work and junior activities generally will be made after the receipt by the Live Stock Commissioner of a statement of the amount earned.(¢) The grant to assist in providing judges will be paid before the opening date of the exhibition.After the exhibition has been held a certified statement is required giving the names and addresses of the judges who officiated, together with a statement of cost to the exhibition of remuneration and expenses.(3) Range of Competition.A fair may be open to competition by exhibitors in Canada and other countries desiring to compete, or if indicated by Provincial policy, competition may be limited to an area acceptable to the Federal Department.(4) Age Limits for Cattle.It is felt that the continuous showing of a high class individual year after year in the breeding classes is ultimately a detriment to the breed, the individual animal, and the owner.Therefore, the individual in the pure bred cattle classes six years of age or over, shall be represented in competition by his or her progeny only with the following exceptions: (a) Dairy females: and (b) Dual purpose females (as specified in section 9 and sub section 3).(c) Bulls when three of their progeny under two years of age are on exhibit.(d) R.O.P.bulls in the case of dairy and dual purpose breeds.(5) Championship Awards \u2014 Horses and Cattle.Any animal which is eligible to show in the individual classes shall be eligible to win a grand championship.Article 6 of these regulations concern Horses and have not been reproduced here.\u2014 The Editor.(7) Group Classes, Dairy Cattle (unsexed animals not eligible) :\u2014 (a) Senior Get of Sire \u2014 Three animals, previously shown in individual classes, two years of age and over (subject to age limit specifications ~\u2014 see sections 4) not more than one of which may be a male, not necessarily bred or owned by exhibitor.Junior Get of Sire \u2014 Three animals, previously shown in individual classes, under two years of age, not more than one of which may be a male, all bred and owned by exhibitor.Note: \u2014If deemed advisable by the Fair Board to have only one Get of Sire class, this must consist of three animals (subject to aye limit specifications \u2014 see section 4) not more than one male, not necessarily bred or owned by exhibitor. eee a cat eli For Aid in Emergency .TELEPHONE When a valued horse meets with an accident, it\u2019s mighty handy to be able to call the vet by telephone.Its the same with cows or any other stock.Prompt relief measures check illness and suffering and save you many a loss.Whether the emergency seems big or little\u2014tele- phone and make sure.Read our advertising pages.You may find in them the answer to a long-felt need.> RECT ATH @ ABsoRBINE @ The only way horses can thank you for using Absorbine to reduce bone spavins, wind puffs, sprains, splints, curbs and strains is by work- ing\u2014right through the treatment.Nothing like Absorbine for easing sore, stiff muscles taking away pain of swollen tendons, reducing swellings.Won't blister or remuve hair.Antiseptic too.$2.50 a bottle at all druggists.W.F.Young, Inc., Lyman Bldg., Montreai ABSORBINE (b) Progeny of Dam \u2014 Two animals, previously shown in individual classes, either sex, (subject to age limit specifications \u2014 see section 4) not necessarily bred or owned by exhibitor.(c) Junior or Breeder\u2019s Herd \u2014 Provision shall be made for a Junior or Breeder\u2019s herd as follows: one bull and at least three females, previously shown in individual classes, all to be under two years of age, females to be bred and owned by exhibitor.(d) Two Heifers (optional class) \u2014 Two years of age and under, previously shown in individual classes, bred and owned by exhibitor.Note:\u2014At least 25% of the total money available to each breed must be offered in classes (a), (b) and (c).At the option of each fair directorate a class for two heifers may be added, in which case at least 30% of the prize money available to each breed must be offered in classes (a), (b), (¢) and (d).(Article 8 \u2014 Concerns Beef cattle \u2014 The Editor).(9) Production Qualifications (Individual Dairy or Dual Purpose Classes) :\u2014 (1) Any female under four years of age having none of the undermentioned qualifications shall be awarded only 809% of the prize money won ;\u2014 (a) From an R.O.P.qualified dam.(b) By an advanced registry or selective registration bull.(¢) By an R.O.P.sire.(d) Which has herself qualified in the R.O.P.(2) Any female four years and under six years of age not having an R.O.P.record to her credit shall be awarded only 80% of the prize money won.(3) No female six years of age and over shall be eligible to show unless she has at least one R.O.P.record to her credit.If she has less than two records, she is eligible only for 80% money won.(4) Any bull having none of the undermentioned qualifications shall be awarded only 80% of the prize money won:\u2014 (a) From an R.O.P.qualified : dam.of the prize .(b) By an advanced registry or selective registration bull.(c) By an R.O.P.sire.(d) Which has himself qualified.Note: \u2014An affidavit is required from the secretary declaring that prize money in excess of 80% of the amount won has not been paid on account of any animal which is ineligible for 100% of the prize money.Page thirty-three GET THE NEW BADEN CHICK PRICE LIST Rare opportunities for buyers of high class chicks, sired by R.O.P.Government approved cockerels from 200 egg or over hens.Rush your orders to avoid disappointment.second generation Sexing by experts.BADEN ELECTRIC CHICK HATCHERY BOX 6, - - - BADEN, ONT.EVERYWHERE IN CANADA YOU CAN SEE PROOF OF GOODYEAR\u2019S LONG MILEAGE Your nearby Goodyear Dealer has proof of Goodyear\u2019s big mileage .proof obtained from tires on cars in your locality.Visit his shop and see these tire-prints of Goodyears .Goodyears still on cars owned in your locality .still giving safe service after many thousands of miles of use.Note for yourself how the deep, rugged diamond blocks of the famous Goodyear centre-traction tread grip the road, give sure traction and protection, prevent skids, facilitate quick starting, acceleration and stopping.Let him demonstrate the triple proof : the carcass test .the non-skid test .the long-mileage proof .upon which Goodyear\u2019s reputation for long, economical service rests.Goodyear is the only tire that provides this triple proof before you buy.See it for yourself! MORE PEOPLE RIDE ON GOODYEAR TIRES THAN ON ANY OTHER KIND ay dog NB ay rt AY pe SF dee ce | Ang rn a tn ++ ie re = = { + F k # Nw AY N MAY 9th, 1986 Page thirty-four \u2014\u2014= mie : a able producer.vears of steady work.18 Rideau St.guesswork in that respect.out the assertion that the Ayrshire is a consistent profit- Address: AYRSHIRES CONSISTENT PRODUCING COWS The Kind That Pay The Ayrshire cow returns the most quality milk for feed consumed and keeps at it year after year.R.O.P.reports alone bear The Ayrshire\u2019s claim to efficient production is the result of years of careful effort on the part of her breeders who have been largely practical farmers not concerned with outstanding individual accomplishments so much as with a uniformly high level of production for their entire herd.Cows that will produce 10,000 lbs.or more of 4% milk per year on twice-a-day milking schedule over a long period of time have been the resulting up lifetime production records of 100,000 lbs.of milk, i producing a calf each year, and returning a considerable : profit to their owners.Many of these cows are pil- depend on getting clean, hardy cattle of proven producing blood lines when you purchase Ayrshires.AYRSHIRE BULLS] are Herd Improvers The uniformity of type and productivity that has been bred into Ayrshires for generations makes them very desirable for crossing on grade cattle.farms, the purchase of Ayrshire hulls has been followed by herds of straight backed, deep bodied, capacious heif- | ers \u2014 the kind that grow into heavy producing cows with .well attached, well balanced udders that stand up to many The fact that owners of grade Avrshives have been able to get the highest prices for their cattle and have found their cows capable of producing the best quality milk are undoubtedly reasons why so manv have reported success through using a pure bred Avrshire bull.Improvement Begins With the Purchase of an Ayrshire Bull.There is no Breeders of Ayrshires have been leaders in R.O.P.test- | ing and accreditation of tuberculosis free herds, now | followed by blood-testing for Bang\u2019s disease.You can On hundreds of Before you buy write for a free copy of the Canadian | Ayrshire Review and study the facts about Ayrshires.\u2018CANADIAN AYRSHIRE BREEDERS ASSOCIATION Ottawa, Ontario : The management must acquire on its entry sheet or otherwise for identification purposes :\u2014 (a) Name of animal.(b) Registration number.(e) Date of birth.(d) Names and registration numbers of sire and dam.(e) Class and section.For individuals in dairy or dual purpose classes for which production of credentials is required, the following additional information must be acquired and checked by the management :\u2014 (f) Production credentials possessed by sire.(g) Record credited to dam, if any.(h) If entry a female, details as to records credited to her, if any.Only such entries as the management is unable to check are to be referred to the Live Stock Branch for verification of records.In each case, the name of animal, registration number, date of birth and names and registration numbers of sire and dam must be supplied.(10) Closing Date for Receiving Entries.Fair Boards must arrange to set the date for closing of entries at least twenty-one days prior tu opening date of show to allow for necessary clerical work in their office and the forwarding of entries to the Canadian National Live Stock Records for checking and the return thereof.(11) Checking of Entries and Awards.(1) Entries.All entries for horses, cattle, sheep and swine shall be submitted by the fair management of Accountant, Canadian National Live Stock Records, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, for checking as set forth in clause (a) hereunder.(a) The fair management shall make a carbon copy of all entry ledger sheets, by classes, on a form similar to the form approved by the Department, a sample of which is being supplied to all fair managements.These entry ledger sheets shall be forwarded to the Accountant, Canadian National Live Stock Records allowing sufficient time to permit checking to be done and report made to the fair management prior to opening date of the show.In addition to sample entry ledger sheet, a sample entry form is being supplied each fair management, Note: \u2014You will observe space has been provided for A.R.and R.O.P.qualifications for cattle and identification for all breeds where such is in force.Fair managements should instruct exhibitors to give this informations when making entries.(b) Each fair management shall forward to Accountant, Canadian National Live Stock Records, a copy of their prize list at time of forwarding entry ledger sheets for checking.(c) Each fair management shall instruct prospective exhibitors to have all pure bred animals registered and transferred to their ownership on the records of each particular breed organization previous to making of entries.= Exception :\u2014Entries for foals of the current calendar year shall include date of birth and sex of foal and names and registration numbers of sire and dam.The dams of all such foals must be registered in name of exhibitor at date of birth of foal.If, however, any foal for which entry is made was not born the property of the exhibitor, then such foal must be registered and transferred to the ownership of exhibitor.(d) Fair managements are requested to carefully study the sample entry ledger sheet and arrange that the entry ledger sheets as used by them ghall supply all information called for on the sample entry sheet.(e) The Canadian National Live Stock Records will make notations on entry ledger sheets submitted and will return same to the fair management.Each fair management shall immediately proceed to take the necessary steps to have the entry or entries affected corrected.No change or alteration shall be made in the notations as placed on entry sheets by Canadian National Live Stock Records.(2) Awards: \u2014 (a) Each fair management will be supplied by the Canadian National Live Stock Records with sufficient forms on which to make returns of awards.These returns must be typewritten and made, in duplicate, as soon after the close of the show as possible.The amounts of prize monies won by each entry, in each class, must be shown.Each class must be indicated by a heading worded similar to wording as in prize list, such as \u201cBull, three years or over;\u201d \u201cBull, two vears old and under three;\u201d \u201cCow, three years, dry,\u201d etcetera.(b) Names and registration numbers must be given for animals comprising get of sire, progeny of dam, herds, groups or pens.In the get of sire classes the name and registration number of sire must be given and in progeny of dam classes name and registration number of dam.Geldings shown as get of sire in breeding classes need not be registered.(c) Make return in triplicate in cases where a breed organization makes a grant whether or not the grant is applied towards the total prize money offered for the breed or for one or more specials.The triplicate will be forwarded by the Canadian National Live Stock Re- se mms rer renee AS 1) eben lhe es der cars 8 8 he.Se mds AS ca ea MAY 9th, 1936 Page thirty-five cords to the Secretary of the breed organization and will be the basis on win ve secenry wit || QRMSTOWN EXHIBITION OF THE (d) For Holstein cattle, make REPUTATION 21! returns to Mr.G.M.Clemons, The Largest and Best Live Stock Show in the Secretary, Holstein-Friesian As- .sociation of Canada, Brantford, Province of Quebec Ont.EE 1» aresing ot Animals + JUNE 9, 10, 11 and 12th.SEPARATOR annem sete Prize Lists Now Ready each and every animal as it enters the ring in each class for those ENTRIES CLOSE MAY 19th.T* is performance that counts\u2014and breeds where the respective breed Renfrew's reputation for perform- ance, extending over a quarter cen- organization regulations have pro- R.R.Ness.Howick, P.Q., W.G.MeGerrigle, Ormstown, P.Q., { tury, is your guarantee when you vided for some definite form o resident Sec'y.-Treas.buy this machine.In getting the identification.Such checking shall\u2019 ! best you save money in the end.Let determine that the identification Renfrew's own representative in of the animal shall correspond to your district demonstrate this ma- such markings as are shown on the | chineand itswonderful performance.certificate of registration or as F A R M E R S \u2026\u2026 advised by the Canadian National Live Stock Records.THE FAMILEX PRODUCTS CO.after many months of re- In get of sire and progeney of search and practical tests is now proud to be able to offer to dam classes, the certificates, of Farmers \u201cFLY STOCK\u201d.registration should be produced in the ring to establish that the animals exhibited are by the same sire or out of the same dam.(4) Substitutions :\u2014 \u201cFly St ock?\u201d Fair managements may permit This wonderful insecticide will keep your cattle and barn free from flies.It kills.\u2014 It is efficient \u2014 and LOW in PRICE.This is the ow substitutions if the animal enter- WILL BE THE SEASON'S BEST FLY KILLER ; ed has died or becomes sick before .ce » .Mado in opening date of show or if an ex- Write now for more partons FLY STOCK \u2014 give the popular hibitor has brought an animal number of head of stock.sizes.other than the one entered and his reason for such substitution is satisfactory to the fair manage- THE FAMILEX PRODUCTS COMPANY ment but in all cases the fair man- There is no better or cheaper insecticide on the market.MADE IN CANADA BY CANADIANS, agement must immediately notify 570, ST.CLEMENT ST., - - MONTREAL THE RENFREW MACHINERY the Canadian National Live Stock COMPANY 220 + LIMITED Records of the substitution and SUSSEX, N.B.ST.JOHNS, QUE.REGINA, SASK.withhold prize money until confirm- ation is received as to ownership and identification.This is very essential to avoid double checking 2 C a { | by Canadian National Live Stock res pA Records thereby causing delay in ® \u2018 their certification to the Depart- J/ F4 Ze 7k ] ment for payment of grants.MA J} atcnioras (5) Sheep and Swine Groups and Pens: \u2014 RE NY In those exhibitions where = af Ww I awards are limited and where regulations do not require all animals to be shown in group or pen classes to be also shown in individual classes, then the fair manage- Your costs will be lowered by feeding ment should provide in their re- Blatchford\u2019s Chick Mashes Vi-tal-ized with 222 gulations that exhibitors, at time gi Never be a household of making entry, give the names 1.ay recto chick losses.Dead chicks add to the | i ion numbers of an- mr ) .drudge, and regisirat oo .© 2.By Eliminating Leg Weakness.Rickety chicks never Dirty jobs abolish\u2014 imals to be shown in he o make a profit \u2014 they simply increase expense.What about the kitchen pens so that these may be checke 3.By Speeding Healthy Growth.Slow-growing chicks stove?by the Canadian National Live make culls, low-priced broilers, late layers or just Use Sultana polish! Stock Records and reported upon plain loafers se P \u2019 as to ownership and identification.Your chicks NEED ALL 4 VITAMINS \u2014 A, B.D.and GC.: , It certainly does not help to have an overdose of one vitamin and a shortage © (12) Boys\u2019 and Girls Club Work of others.They should be supplied in balance.They help materially in causing : 1 1 i rmer Activities: \u2014 a chick to get full value of all the nourishing elements of the feed.The first For a beautiful shine, easily and Junior Fa ae .thing that will strike you when looking at a flock of a few hundred chicks 2.applied (a) The exhibition society shall being raised on Blatchford\u2019s Chick Mash Vi-tal-ized with Y-O is the pep and \"4 \\ PP .t f thi vigour of every bird and the remarkable evenness in growth.They all develop place the managemen o 18 soundly, completely \u2014 progressing evenly every day.S U L 1 A N A junior section in the hands of a Try a bag\u2014you will be surprised at the better results given because of Y-O committee that must include in its \u2014 the patented SEALED VITAMIN product.STOVE PO LISH membership at least one represent- At Feed Stores or write Blatchford\u2019s, West Toronto, Ont.ative of the Provincial Department Mr.LUCIEN ST.DENIS, Quebec Sales Manager, imi M al 4 .8368 St.C d, Vill , Montreal, .Sultana Limited, Montre and at least one representative of erard, Villeray, Montreal, Que PE ES Sv Tastee Ta 4 ee tarda TR Gomi Me.© tr Page thivty-six Fertilize WITH FERTILIZERS .SPECIALLY MADE FOR \u201cStandard '* chemical AND SUITED TO THE fertilizers \u2014 a product SOIL.OF QUEBEC of the latest technical knowledge and skill \u2014 SPECIALLY ADAPTED TO THE SOIL OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC are a powerful restorer This Year to promote \u2018the healthy, vigorous growth of all plants APPLY \u201cSTANDARD\u201d Fertilizers of organic or saline properties lost through years of cultivation.Prompt service fair and square treatment LARGE OR SMALL for the garden ORDERS GIVEN THE the farm SAME CAREFUL and all ATTENTION.plants Write for particulars and prices to LA COMPAGNIE D\u2019ENGRAIS CHIMIQUES \u201cSTANDARD\u201d DE TROIS-RIVIERES LIMITEE Trois-Rivières, P.Q.A GRADE FOR EVERY PURPOSE \u2014_\u2014 STANDARD CL COUNCI rm .EEE MIS \u2018 SN 7 1 Hi : Fa | < y Other Products 7) ° wim 4 with FERTILATORS er.(EOE, COUNCILSTANDARD FSTATITE STEEL oument METAL CEILINGS METAL SIDINGS mu\u201d JR OO FING & SIDING CORRUGATED SHEETS Safe from the weather; safe from flying sparks; safe METAL LATH from the need of constant repairs that eat up money! CORNER BEAD Protected from lightning when properly grounded.CORNERITE \u2018That's how your barns are with STATITE, the per- VENTILATORS manent, economical steel roofing and siding.Made in CONDUCTOR \u201cCouncil Standard\u201d and \u201cSuperior\u201d brands, in sheets PIPE 6-7-8-9 and 10 feet long.Whether it's a new roof or EAVETROUGH a re-roofing job, it's money in your pocket when you GALVANIZED use easy-to-erect STATITE.Write for circular ECC.SHEETS EASTERN STEEL PRODUCTS LIMITED BARN DOOR 1335 Delorimier Avenue, Montreal STATITE NAILS MONTREAL PRESTON TORONTO ETC.SUPERIOReBRAND the Dominion Department of Agriculture named by the respective Departments.(b) A fair may qualify for an amount up to $500\u2014 1.To supplement and encouragi junior activities as organized by departmental officers in the area served by the fair.2.To improve the educational value of the fair.3.To develop new exhibitors for the future.4.To stimulate the interest of young people in the fair and through them to interest a greater number of adults.(¢) The committee shall exercise its best judgment in reference to the effective expenditure of this money and the plans for the junior section and the proportion of the grant that shall be expended shall be subject to the approval of the representatives of the Provincial and Dominion Departments of Agriculture.(d) Ways in which grant may be expended: \u2014 1.It is recommended that as far as possible the junior sections be linked up with organized junior activities.2.Transportation of club exhibits and feed for club exhibits; ae- commodation and meals for contestants.3.Maintenance of boys\u2019 and girls\u2019 camps on exhibition grounds at time of exhibition, exclusive of items relating to capital expenditure, such as erection of buildings or purchase of tents, cots, bedding, ete.4.Payment for services of a superintendant or help required to supervise contestants during period of show.5.Prize ribbons, prize money.Note: \u2014Money awards may be confined to moderate prizes for showmanship and judging contest in both open and club divisions, (13) Health and Evidence of Breeding Capability: \u2014 (a) Tuberculin Test\u2014Cattle will only be admitted from fully accredited herds, or from herds dealt with under the supervision of the Health of Animals Branch, which have passed a satisfactory tuberculin test, and those which have passed a satisfactory tuberculin test within sixty days of the opening of the exhibition.Cattle for slaughter after the close of the exhibition and untested calves entered in junior competitions may be admitted without the tuberculin test if properly aggregated.(b) Tampering with Cattle \u2014 Unnatural practices in fitting will not be tolerated, and all cattle entered for competition shall be presented in the judging ring in their natural conformation and natural physical condition.trophies and MAY 9th, 1936 (¢) Breeding Capability \u2014 In cases where doubt exists in the mind of the judge or official as to the breeding capability of an animal, the exhibitor thereof may be required to furnish evidence to the satisfaction of the official concerned.Note:\u2014Blood Test for Bang\u2019s disease :\u2014 The Department suggests to fair boards that their cattle committees consider the matter of segregating animals blood tested for Bang\u2019s.disease, if not for the year then to lay plans for such action to come into force in the near future.This question is considered of extreme importance and the Department is prepared to give counsel and advice to fair boards to assist them in meeting the situation.(14) Breed Representation.The Department is not attempting to stipulate the breeds of live stock, other than swine, nor the varieties of poultry that shall be included in a prize list, but prize money paid out by an exhibition for distinet breeds, (or varieties in the case of poultry), in excess of the number shown below will not be considered by the Department in determining the eligibility of an exhibition for a grant: \u2014 Heavy Horses \u2014 3 breeds \u2014 (Grade, draft and commercial classes for horses may also be included).Light Horses \u2014 (No stipulation other than as mentioned in section 1).Cattle\u20148 breeds (Grade female and market classes for cattle may also be included).Sheep\u20146 breeds.Swine\u2014-2 breeds (bacon breeds only).(Grade and market classes for sheep and swine may also be included).Poultry\u201420 varieties, exclusive of geese, ducks, and turkeys.The choice of the breeds should be governed by their importance from a commercial standpoint in the district served by a fair.(15) Selection of Judges: \u2014 Judges should be selected by the live stock committee of the fair board, preferably from lists of judges as approved by the various breed associations, or as named specifically by the associations for the particular show in question.(16) Documents Required by the Live Stock Branch, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.Before exhibition is held\u2014 (a) Draft of prize list in duplicate, at least two months before the opening date of the show.(b) Three copies of prize list as soon as available.After exhibition is held\u2014 (c) Affidavit, as required under section 9. FE AS 22 SCO TR LUE.A MAY 9th, 1936 Page thirty-seven (d) Certified statement of prize money paid out in live stock and other agricultural classe, as re- | ferred to in section (a).and COPOTEX (e) Certified statement of mon- C P D S T ey paid in connection with boys\u2019 ; and girls\u2019 club wor juni ti ni s ork and junior Sure death to potato bugs (Col- activities.See section 2 (b).orado potato beetle), flea beetle (f) Certified statement of names and leaf hopper as well as a pos- and addresses of i .itive protection against blight.Judges showing Experienced potato and celery cost of remunerations and expen- growers are satisfied with noth- ses.See section 2 (e).ing less than COPOTEX.ORDER YOUR Special Mating 1 Tweddle Chicks Soon For May-June Delivery ; Copper-lime dust of high efficiency and long lasting qualities that does a better job than ordinary copper-lime dusts.© Controls blight.flea beetle and leaf hopper.Few cents more than regular Tweddle stock but well worth it.Bred by the pick of our mating birds, birds that stand out for size, shape, vigour, color; and hatched from extra size eggs.These are going so fast, we doubt if we can fill late orders \u2014 so send your order in SOON.Hundreds of letters from Tweddle customers showing splendid performance of Tweddle chicks; take them for granted.Buy Tweddle Chicks and make the EXTRA money.Sired by second generation R.0.P.Govt.Approved cockerels from 200 egg and over hens.Breeders Bloodtested SPECIAL!! Good All Season \u2014 10% discount on all orders given 3 weeks in advance of shipment, TWEDDLE CHICK HATCHERY Limited, Box 6, Fergus, - - Ont.Branch, Montreal: 403 Notre Dame Street East Correspondence to Fergus, Ont.Potato News The release of April 1st, storage holdings revealed shorter supplies than anticipated.The market has risen rapidly and prices are firm: \u2014 Prince-Edward Island $1.50/90 lbs New-Brunswick $1.25/80 lbs Quebec No.1 $1.20/80 lbs Quebec No.2 $1.10/80 lbs Certified Cobblers $1.45/90 lbs Certified Green Mountains $1.60/ 90 lbs.Montreal received this week: 9 Quebec, 58 New-Brunswick, 1 Prince-Edward Island; total 68, Last year 63.Maine growers holding for higher prices.Good wire inquiry, demand active, market strong.Warehouse cash to growers, bulk per barrel $2.65-$2.75, few fine quality $2.90-$3.00 or $1.41 to $1.45 per 80 lbs at shipping point.APRIL-MAY chicks for Oct.-Nov.and later profitable markets, cockerels and pullets, both jump into their markets with the real goods, if they are Owen Sound chicks.Buy chicks now that need no pampering, that grow quickly.Sired by second generation R.O.P.Government Approved cockerels from 200 egg and over hens.Exceptional prices for splendid stock.Order now, to avoid disappointment.Price- list folder.Sexed chicks.OWEN SOUND CHICK HATCHERY, Box 6, Owen Sound, Ont.(g) Financial statement, as presented to the annual meeting of the association for the completed year.Note:\u2014Forms for submitting information required under subsections (c), (d), (e) and (f) will be supplied.Quebec Potato Record (Continued from page 5) ination of the returns per acre in recent years.Returns per Acre We have already noted that while acreaage may vary only slightly, total production might reveal wider fluctuations.Returns per acre, however, make the figures for total production look fairly uniform.This is on account of the great fluctuations in price.Fluctuations in price are supposed to promote careful use of a small crop and expanded consumption of a large crop.Lower prices per unit are expected to go with plenty, and high prices per unit provide some compensation for a small crop.Just the extent that this is accomplished in this particular crop in this province in this period is shown in the table and chart.Probably the year 1925 should be excluded from this record as this clearly reveals an abnormal situation.In that year a local scarcity was not made up for by available supplies from other convenient sources.Also, it is necessary to point out that figures for 1935 are only preliminary and in the light of recent higher prices they may have to be revised upwards.Even with these modifications it is clear that in returns per acre there is a great variation from year to year.Returns from this crop must be considered over a period of years to be of much value.There is small prospect of levelling out returns per acre from year to year.Therefore it is essential that some of the profits from a profitable season should be set aside to draw on in less fortunate seasons.The great need for this is made plain by the record of the past twelve years.i } Distributors in Quebec Province: - - - - See that your dust is made by Niagara \u2014 use a NIAGARA DRI-FOG DUSTER Ask for details about these fine machines.NIAGARA BRAND SPRAY CO.LIMITED Burlington, Ontario La Coopérative Fédérée de Québec Read our advertising pages.You may find in them the answer to a long-felt need.COCKSHUT.T FOR QUALITY The Cockshutt Frost & Wood Oil-Bath Mower A Revelation In Smooth- Flowing Cutting Power! ; La Because the gears actually run in oil this mower performs with a smoothness you never dreamed possible.The instantaneous pick-up and the positive action will be a pleasant surprise to you.See how evenly it cuts without that waste so noticeable after a poorly cutting mower has been over the land.Features that make this mower a treat to operate are one-piece axle, generous use of ball and roller bearings, high track board, extra high lift operated by foot and comfort for the rider such as you have never known on a mower.Send the coupon.For clean, quick, easy raking get a Cockshutt-Frost & Wood \u2018Peerless\u2019 Strongly appealing to practical farmers is this rake with its many quality features.Look it over \u2014\u2014 judge for yourself, Note the reversible features which provide double wear.A special descriptive folder illustrates and explains this rake, Put profits in place of drudgery with a Cockshutt-Frost & Wood Hay Loader One man with a fair-sized boy or girl and a No, 2 Cylinder Hayloader will bring in more hay in a day than three men in the old fashioned way -\u2014 and in better condition \u2014 a saving to you on every ton.This implement is a money maker.It gets your hay in while the sun shines.Fill in and send this coupon for full particulars.FROST & WOOD QUEBEC LIMITED, MONTREAL Harvester Division of Cockshutt Plow Co.Limited, Brantford, Ont.Dear Sirs: \u2014 Please send me information about Cockshutt-Frost & Wood Mowers (); Hay Rakes ( ); and Hay Loaders ( ).NAME Le ee ADDRESS .220 20020444 e La ee AR A A 4 a A 4 ARR A A A AA LA A LL Puge thirty-eight = = MAY 9th, 1936 \u201cCOOPERATIVE ACTIVITIES\u201d lent news concerning the formation of the Sherrington Co-Operative, also that of Frelighsburg, whose affiliation was signed verterday.We hope to hear that the Agricultural Co-Operative Society at Magog has definitely purchased the local creamery of which I spoke sometime ago.I hope this information will be an encouragement to those who guide themselves on the experience of others before launching into similar activities.Another co-operative society is being organized at Barnston, and it is no doubt on account of the activity of Coaticook and Compton that at various places nearby, more or less extensive steps are being taken in the same direction.We are anxious to place these facts before our readers so as to warn them against the prose of a certain group, personally interested in running down the Cooper- Te week, I believe, will bring us excel- ative Fédérée.During the course of the past week, I had the pleasure of meeting the co-operators of St.Jean Baptiste de Rouville, St.Henri de Mascouche and Ste.Theodosie.At these three meetings which were very large ones, if the weather and the roads are taken into account, an exchange of ideas took place that will, I am sure, prove of considerable benefit to all the farmers who feel the need of co-operative organizations as a means of improving the marketing of their agricultural products.At St.Henri de Mascouche particularly, the co-operative creamery which has been in existence for two years now, has shown splendid results of which the farmers are all proud.At St.Jean Baptiste de Rouville, there is already a co-operative cheese, factory not affiliated to ours, but functioning well and giving the farmers such excellent returns, that it is contemplated adding to this chief source of revenue in order to increase the volume of business transacted.It is often sufficient to add two or three new suorces of activity to secure what is necessary to pay a decent salary to the manager, and give the farmers a service they require.This meeting which was largely attended was mostly composed of members of the U.C.C.Agricultural Circle and reflected in a true manner the unanimous feeling of all the parishioners many of whom still remembered the work accomplished by the late Father Allaire of St.Hyacinthe, who taught the principles of co-operation all over the district at a time when very few places in our province knew anything about it.Some of the oldest members present told most interesting things on the subject, that was news to me, thereby proving that sowing good seed is always profitable and that the teachings of this pioneer of co-operation in our province have borne fruit.I had the privilege of meeting one of my old college chums at St.Henri de Mascouche, Reverend Father Poirier who is the parish priest, and I was given the opportunity to talk freely to a large audience.The district agronome, Mr.Anthime Charbonneau and Mr.Martin were present.The satisfaction derived from largely attended meetings is an inducement to multiply them and we have several booked for next week.The idea of having two or three speakers at a meeting in order to discuss different subjects is one worth trying, because it seems too bad to ask people to come and listen to one question being discussed, when after having come out for the evening they can just as easily listen to at least three different speakers and the meeting held at St.Jean Baptiste was certainly an ideal one, : At Ste.Théodosie, the meeting I attended with Mr.Ferron, through the courtesy of the agronome, Mr.Auger, dealt chiefly with the preliminary steps to be taken in order to form a co-operative society for a creamery, and right on the spot several farmers signed up for the formation of this co-operative.L.P.D.an \u201cHER E think it advisable to draw the attent- \\W ion of some of our readers who have not yet purchased their seed, to certain circulars that have been distributed, offering fertilizers and seed for sale at prices which will make their delivery impossible.In this regard, we may say that we were offered an order, from a certain district, at the price quoted by Messrs.XXX who were asking 25 cents per ton less than we were.We refused it but were very much surprised to receive this same order eight days later, with a note explaining that the firm in question was unable to secure the necessary ingredients with which to manufacture these fertilizers.One thing must be realized, and that is, fertilizers manufactured in the last minute rush, even if the manufacturers have at their disposal the necessary ingredients, cannot but represent fertilizers whose value is more than doubtful from the standpoint of purchase and more particularly so from the standpoint of harvest.The Canadian Industries Limited who manufacture our chemical fertilizers prepare them so long beforehand that after having been left in a heap they become solid and have to be ground and sifted over again, thereby removing all possibility of moisture.As we say in French, the effort is made, and E AND THERE\" when after having gone through the final process of sifting these fertilizers are bagged, they are so dry that they flow like the finest of sand.What can a farmer expect from fertilizers that are not prepared in a similar manner and for which he may perhaps pay 25 to 50 cents per ton less, but which may contain from $1.00 to $1.50 more of moisture?On this score, we have not the slightest reason to complain because our orders this year are far in excess of those for the corresponding period last year.But how many times has it been necessary to broach the subject, and if I am giving these details to the public, it is in the hope of avoiding considerable correspondence from people eager to secure information but apt to get caught by salesmen who are more ¢lever than honest.The same thing applies to seed.At the present time, we know of several places right in this province, where huge quantities of sced are offered for sale, the quality of which could hardly be graded as No.2.but will be offered as No.1.There are so many ways and means by which to escape the close and rigid supervision of the Federal Seed Board.The co-operation of people who are eager to keep our soil free from the infection of poor quality seed is needed, and we know there are large quantities of such seed being shipped in.The initiative we have taken in regard to fertilizers and seed is a continuation of the educational work of the agronomes.Up to the present time, it has meant keeping in this province a large share of the money that formerly went to other provinces for the purchase of seed the quality of which was inferior to ours.Let us, therefore, continue to encourage our co-operative societies who produce choice seed under the close supervision of the federal government, and we will thus accomplish a task that is both educational and profitable.Those of St.Philippe, L\u2019Acadie and Ver- chères who have commenced to produce high quality seed, have contributed through their sacrifice to purify our Quebec seed.Let us remember it and in preference, buy their high quality products, through our Fédérée.We will thus keep in our midst, for the benefit of the people who work in the best interest of the agricultural population, huge sums of money which during too long a period served to enrich strangers.L.P.D.ja MAY 9th, 1936 = Page thirty-nine FARM PRODUCE MARKETS Summary On Market Conditions Issued By The Coopérative Fédérée de Québec Receipts on the Montreal Live Stock Market, May 4th, 1936: \u2014 Cattle .__ .1.250 Calves.989 Hogs .cee 1.806 Sheep.-_ 86 CATTLE Cattle receipts were rather heavier than usual but prices held their own and were about on the same levels as those brought the preceding week.Most of the run was made up of fair to medium stears and the average price paid was from 4¢ to 5¢ with a range extending from 3¢ to 6¢ Cows and bulls were selling at steady prices, but rather slowly.Little change is expected on this market during the present week or even during the few weeks to come.Cows brought from 1.75 for canners up to 4¢ for the best, while bulls were selling from 3¢ to 4¢.It should be remembered that heavy bulls are rather hard to place at this time of the year.CALVES The demand for real good veal calves was good and prices were slightly better than what they have been in the past.What hurts this market very much is that far too many low quality calves are brought in when underweight and the presence of this class of calves has as an effect to force down the price on even the better grades.The range of prices extended from 3%¢ to 7¢ with a very keen demand for top quality calves which were very scarce.No great change is expected although there is no doubts that we may expect to see real good veals sell at a higher level than that at which they are now being sold.LAMBS AND SHEEP Spring lambs are in favor and stlil bring around $6 per head for good quality.These have to weigh at least 50 pounds and should be fat.Light lambs are not wanted and shippers would be better off to hold them back until they are of convenient weight and finish.Sheep were still selling from 3¢ to 41% ¢, but we may expect them to ease off in price during the few weeks to follow.HOGS Although receipts were rather heavier than usual, it was possible to secure 94\u20ac per pound for bacons.Favorable reports received from the export market were in good part responsible for this advance in price, as were also reports froin the West indicating a healthier feeling out there.The usual premiums and cuts were effective on all grades.Light feeder hogs of good quality were selling at a premium and are in good demand.We feel that present favorable conditions should hold good for same time to come.It should be remembered that sows are not selling so well of late and bring only from 6¢ to 6.75¢ per pound.It may be unnecessary to stress the A Word About Lambs The weight and quality of lambs produced is important in encouraging the consumption of lamb meat.Consumers are showing their appreciation of the better quality by buying and consuming more lamb meat.Lamb is a meat that depends to a great extent on its flavor and quality for popularity.Progressive producers of lambs have a special interest in maintaining the quality of lamb meat so as to secure the full benefit of the market for this appetizing product.Buck lambs do not please consumers and discourage buying of lamb meat by consumers.To encourage Canadian farmers to market only wether and ewe lambs, buyers will discriminate in price between these and buck lambs.Buyers will cut the price of buck lambs two cents per pound.Light and thin lambs do not produce good quality lamb meat.Heavy lambs are also undesirable for the market.Lambs which yield a dressed carcass from thirty-eight to forty-two pounds are most desirable.The limit of acceptable weight is forty-five ponds.The corresponding weights are from seventy- five to eighty-five pounds (live weights), with ninety pounds as the top limit at the market.To encourage farmers to market lambs of desired weight and quality, buyers will discriminate in price in favor of finished lambs up to ninety pounds weights at the market.Heavy lambs over ninety and up to one hundred and ten pounds will be cut one cent per pound, and lambs over 110 Ib., two cents per pound.There is no need for any producer to suffer loss.The remedy is simple.Castrate all male lambs and market at the proper weights and finish.Not a dollar should be lest by producers.MAKE MONEY BY:\u2014 1.\u2014 Docking all lambs in the flock early in the spring.2.\u2014Castrating all male lambs when from ten days to three weeks old.3.\u2014Feeding all lambs so that they will finish at weights from seventy-five to eighty-five pounds, not to exceed ninety pounds.4.\u2014Picking out of the flock the earliest and fastest growing lambs and marketing them.5.\u2014Marketing lambs as soon as they are ready, because prices will probably be higher early in the season than in the late fall.6.\u2014Avoiding all loss from discounts on buck lambs and light and heavy lambs.A.S.importance of finishing hogs properly before shipping them on market.The present favorable prices that prevail should be an inducement to farmers not to sell their hogs before they have reached the 200 pounds vhen they would bring the highest returns to feeders.BUTTER We have to report a very quiet market.Demand has been very light and with difficulty to dispose of stored butter and current receipts which are now increasing rapidly, prices are tending to a lower level.Monday afternoon, May 4th, wholesale prices for No.1 pasteurized, were ranging from 19% ¢ to 193 ¢ per lb.CHEESE Current arrivals of colored cheese are well taken at 10¢ to 10%¢ per lb.There is pratically no demand for white cheese.POTATO NEWS Supplies have been heavy due to dealers buying for delivery after April 15th., and farmers are anxious to sell at the present high prices before they start farm work on the land.The present prices can be maintained if shippers reduce their offering to the current demand as the supplies left to ship will not be able to carry as large stocks if the weather continues warm, as they sprout too fast.The first steamer from P.E.I.the Cape Gaspé arrived Friday with 2301 / 80\u2019s, 2000/ 90\u2019s.Montreal received this week 4 Que.72 N.B., 6 P.E.I.total 82 cars, last year 66.NEW POTATOES 3 Florida 1 Texas.The new budget has provided for the same duty on imported potatoes as the U.S.charge on Canadian Potatoes.The American market is slightly weaker this week on old and new potatoes, but with this new provision in the tariff, the market here will be governed by the supplies in Canada.Market prices P.E.I.Gr.Mts.$1.65-1.70, Cobblers $1.60 N.B.Gr.Mts.$1.45-1.50, Cobblers $1.40, Que.$1.00, $1.45, $2.00, $1.45.80 lbs.delivered in Montreal in carlots.EGGS Montreal & Quebec: Current arrivals have been easily cleared for immediate requirements.Consequently offerings for storage purposes have been limited and with present conditions, prices are well maintained to a slightly higher tendency.LIVE POULTRY Live fowls and broilers: There is no important change to note in prices; arrivals are light and easily cleared.DRESSED POULTRY Although the local demand is limited, there is a fair activity for exportation and prices are maintained steady.DRESSED PORK Montreal & Quebec: Market firm and have to report a slight advance in prices.DRESSED CALVES Montreal & Quebec: With a better demand and limited offerings, owing to lighter arrivals, prices have advanced %¢ per lb. LU ) Page forty Left; Part of a Bray breeding flock which has passed the 6 tests required of every Bray breeding bird.Right; Good looking birds, but not good enough to stay in a Bray breeding flock.They were culled out of the flock at the left! Customer Says Bray Chicks Are Better Birds Than We Advertise Ridgeview Poultry Farm, Myrtle, Ont.bought one lot of Bray chicks and one lot from \u201cthe less said the better.\u201d says says.were \u201cBETTER BIRDS D.R.DUCHEMIN.two lots of chicks last year \u2014- another source.Of the latter \u2014 well, Mr.Duchemin.But the BRAY chicks, he THAN YOU ADVERTISED.\u201d but we believe it means just We advertise Bray chicks Such à statement means à lot to us, as much to every chick buyer in the country.strongly because we know the kind of stuff they're made of.Some people feel that our chicks can't possibly be as good as we claim.But here's u customer who says we could advertise them more strongly than we do and still be on the safe side.This year.naturally, Mr, Duchemin came back for more.lle got 1405 on February 4th Five weeks later.he still had 39.Just 17, per cent.loss.Quebec Customer Says: \u2018\u201cBest Chicks Ever Received from Ontario.\u201d last month (March) we shipped 700 day-old Leghorn chicks to u customer at Chatenuguay Basin, Que.On March 23rd.he wrote us the following letter: \u201c1 received the shipment of 700 Leghorn baby chicks on March 20th, and wish to state they are the best looking lot of chicks IT have ever received from any shipper in Ontario.They arrived in perfect shape and 1 am very well pleased.\u201cHave you 300 New Hampshire pullets.as 1 want them just as soon as I can get them.\u201cPlease put mie on your mailing list for next I will be requiring 2,000 to 3,000 chicks early in 1937.\u201d vear, as March, - FE.W.Send for Catalogue and Price List Send for our catalogue and price list today.In the catalogue, you will find a full deseription of Bray methods of selecting breeding stock.selecting hatching eggs, blood-testing and incubating \u2014 all the things we do to MAKIE Bray chicks \u2018better than we advertise.\u201d or to make them \u201cthe best chicks ever received from Ontario,\u201d as the above customers have put it.And you will find our chicks very reasonably.priced.considering their quality.We believe it will pay you to investigate.before placing your order for your 1936 flock.your convenience.Mail it either Ont, or to the Bray Hatchery catalogue by return mail to our at Sher- The head office brooke, Que.coupon below is for at St.Catharines, You will receive the MAIL THIS COUPON Ne FRED.W.BRAY, LIMITED, FREE FEED 44 Clayburn Avenue, St.Catharines, Ontario.or Sherbrooke, Que.We offer you the Please send me your 1936 Catalogue and price list.choice of Two I usually keep.hens, I have.Week's FREE brovder houses and.brooder stoves.FEED or a substantial CASH DISCOUNT if you NAME.ooo A A \u201cbook\u201d your order for Bray Chicks 30 ADDRESS.o.oo A a aa aa La -.days in advance! Two important diseases of ducks in Quebec (Continued from page 13) as the supply house used by the black-fly.These birds should be taken as far from the running water as possible for the duration of the black-fly season, or until the ducklings are well grown.Where removal is not possible they may be kept in a shed and the entrance and windows should be screened by a double layer of cheese-cloth.Another method which is practical, but which is not so certain of success, is to oil the heads, necks and other parts not thickly feathered with a mixture of Oil of Citronella 1 part Liquid Petrolatum 5 parts Some owners claim success in preventing attack by smearing butter on the birds\u2019 heads.The above methods would have to be modified in places where other flocks are present on nearby farms, or where wild ducks are present in the vicinity.Then the ducklings must be kept in sereen- ed pens (preferably cool and dark) during the last part of May and throughout June and July.It appears that very young ducklings are much more susceptible than are well grown birds, so that a good rule is to have the ducklings well-grown before the end of May.If any duckling shows symptoms of disease it must be promptly removed and kept away from black- flies; this is a point which may be overlooked but which is extremely important because of the immense number of parasites in a recently infected duckling's blood.If a duckling is found dead, cover it quickly so as to prevent the escape of the engorged flies which will still be among the feathers; alternatively, throw some boiling water or fly-spray over the carcass.numerous It is difficult to make general recommendations for prevention, but each owner must take some steps to protect his young stock according to his individual circumstances.That practical control is possible has been well proved in the United States, and it is hoped that a consideration of the life- cycle of the parasite and the black- fly will be a guide to each and every owner of ducks.An interesting fact is that certain areas are comparatively free from the black- fly, S.and that the largest duck farm in Quebec is purposely located in such an area and has met with complete success.venustum, The Stomach Worm of Ducks Another parasite of ducks in this province is a small round-worm or MAY 9th, 1936 Ja TN POULTRY EQUIPMENT The reliability of Jamesway poultry equipment has become so well known that \u201cJamesway Hatched\u201d is equivalent to a guarantee of quality.The Jamesway Oil Heated Brooder sets the pace because it has everything a good brooder should have Lo an eight gallon oil tank on sturdy, high legs .raised strainer.automotive type filter .oil pipe clean-out .overflow pipe .thermostat assembly of die cast and machined parts .air intake regulator .draft equalizer .roof pipe ventilator .cast iron base, burner.lid and pipe collar .radiator type heat drum .galvanized hover and many other features that make it the ideal brooder and outstanding buy of the season.Canada\u2019s leading poultrymen use Jamesway equipment throughout, Incubators, oil and coal burning Brooders (now reduced in price) Battery Brooders, Feeders and Waters of all kinds, steel nests.laying cages, oat sprouters, oat germinators and brooder houses.Manufacturers of all kinds of sheet metal building materials.Buy from your local Jamesway dealer or write direct to Eastern Steel Products JAMESWAY $e Fa] GUELPH ST DIVISION PRESTON.ONT Factories also at Montreal and Toronto LOOK, CHICK BUYERS, \u2014\u2014 On all orders for Tweddle chicks to the end of the season, we will give you a discount of 10\u20ac: off regular prices providing you order your chicks 3 weeks in advance of shipment date.Think what that means.Tweddle chicks, sired by R.O.P.Government Approved second generation cockerels from 200 egg or over hens, breeders blood- tested.Get new pricelist effective at once, size up your requirements, order now for May-June delivery and make yourself a present from us of 10% of your order.Act quickly.Our capacity is large, but we expect it to be worked over time.So if you want your chicks when you want them, order now.Sexed chicks (done by experts).TWEDDLE CHICK HATCHERY LIMITED, Box 6, Fergus, Ont.Eastern Branch: Montreal, 403 Notre Dame East, (Correspondence to Fergus.) A SPECIAL SALE OF HEAVY BREED COCKERELS.We happen to have a surplus due to heavy buying on sexed pullets They will develop quickly for the broiler and later dressed poultry markets which are becoming so profitable.Write for prices.Regular Tweddle quality, sired by second generation Government Approved R.O.P.cockerels, heavy weight birds, Write at once, they will go quick- iy.Other regular stock of course, and sexcd chicks.Poultry Book and price- list.{French and English) TWEDDLE CHICK HATCHERY LIMITED, Box 6.Fergus, Ont.Eastern Braich, Montreal.403 Notre Dame Street East.Correspondence to Fergus.Send in your orders for May at once to avoid disappointment.When writing to advertisers, mention the Journal of Agriculture.ÿ om bral MN en ped eq pl L' en au 4 9 251 VO mn A a Ce À x - \u201c Ayrshires, all ages.MAY 9th, 1936 WINDMILLS AND PUMPS We have taken over the patterns and equipment of Ontario Wind Engine and Pump Co.and are in a position to supply repairs for same, McINTYRE & TAYLOR INC., 360 Recollet Street, Montreal.FOR SALE \u2014 Certified Potatoes Seed, Green Mountains, La COOPERATIVE AGRICOLE DE LAURIERVILLE.ONE 8 years wants to work.anteed, first Apply M.F.RABBITS\u2014RABBITS\u2014RABBITS I'LL buy and pay the highest price of the marke for immediate delivery 10,000 living rabbit, weighing from 5 pounds and over.Write to Mr.M.LEGRAND, suite 107, 460 St-Catherine St.W., Montreal who calls at your place.FOR SALE \u2014 White Chester young pigs farrowed March 12th, from old sow.OLERY LALANNE, Mont St.Gregoire, Iberville Cty., P.Q.CERTIFIED Cooperative Hatchery, Department of Agriculture offer B.P.R.one day old chicks, mention the quantity, will quote may price.CAIUS LACROIX, experience buttermaker Entire satisfaction guar- class reference furnished.77 d\u2019Artigny, Quebec.sec., Chick Hatchery, St.Michael, Belle- chasse Cty., Que.MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS - Specials this week, send today.Hawaiian or Spanish Guitar, with Case, Picks and Instrue- tion Book, $9.65 complete Violon with Case and Bow, $6.75.Accordeons, $4.50.Shipped prepaid.Deposit will reserve any Instrument, MUSICAL MAIL ORDER HOUSE, Box 3, Station \u2018B\u2019, Montreal.FOR SALE \u2014 Fine certified raspberry plants, Newman at $3.00 per hundred or $25.00 per thousand.Senator Dunlop Strawberry plants at 0.75 per hundred or $5.00 per thousand.Apply at ALFRED ALLARD, St-Francois du Lac, Yamaska Cty., P.Q.FOR SALE \u2014 Registered Ayrshires: 1 bull, 17 month old; spring calves.Sire class A, dam registered at R.O.P.Leic- ester Sheep, Yorkshire pigs.Address ZENON BERUBE, St-Donat, Rimouski Cty., Que.EARLIEST Tomatoes, better vegetable seeds, raspberries, strawberries, etc.(We correspond in English only.) EDWARD LOWDEN, Hamilton, Ontario, our list describes ORDER YOUR Tweddle White Leghorn Chicks Soon For May-June Delivery The pullets come into laying season quickly with those large.chalk-white eggs of uniform size your customers like, and keep up the performance consistently.They will enable you to make money on the early-high-priced- egg markets in the late summer.The cockerels are fine, fattened for the tourist or small-family broiler trade.good right through the season.Order soon as we anticipate a late rush on these.All Tweddle chicks grow into producers on egg or dressed poultry markets.Sexed chicks also.Sexing by Experts Use this coupon NOW, get price- list and timely bulletins on subjects of interest and value.(lle- cipes for chicken and epg\u2019 dishes.) SPECIAL!! Good All Season \u2014 10% discount on all orders given 3 weeks in advance of shipment.Tweddle Chick Hatchery, Limited, Box 6, - - Fergus, Ont.Please send me pricelist, Book, and other data, Poultry rec c 0 a 000 0e 500008000300 0 003 000 00000000 Ce abet saa eee atte eee aes Number of hens usually kept.nematode which inhabits the glands of the true stomach or provent- riculus.This parasite does not cause such losses as does the preceding one, but nevertheless is important under certain circumstances.The parasite was first found by the author in a duck from the vicinity of Ottawa in 1933.It was then described under the name Tetrameres crami, new species.Since that time it has been found to be a common and widespread parasite of both wild and domestic ducks in Canada.Recent studies in this Institute have shown that the parasite is carried by two tiny fresh-water \u201cshrimps,\u201d \u201c\u2018seuds\u201d or amphipods which are common inhabitants of rivers, creeks and lakes in North America.These amphipods, now known as the intermediate hosts of the parasite, are known by their scientific names of Gammarus fasciatus and Hyalella knickerbockeri.The first is a shrimp-like animal also called a \u201csand-flea.\u201d It is a little more than a quarter of an inch in length and, as the common name implies, inhabits sandy shores of lakes.It may be found clinging to plants in from one to two feet of water.The second one is very much smaller, being about an eighth of an inch in length.It inhabits still bays, rivers and even small creeks which contain an abundance of dead leaves and green algae.It is generally green in colour and is very active.It is probably the most suitable carrier for the parasite on the average farm.The nematodes of the genus Tetrameres are very peculiar in that the adult female loses its worm-like shape and becomes globular, and is bright red in colour.It grows to a size of one- eighth inch in length by one-tenth inch in width The male remains in the stomach cavity as a tiny colourless worm, and is not easily seen even by careful observes.The bulk and colour of the female's body makes it quite easily seen as a dark object on the wall of the stomach.Harmful infestations are readily seen on post-mortem examination when the stomach is slit pen and held up against a source of light.(See illustration.) The entrance of the female into the glandular cavity causes a process of inflammation; this, however, is quickly overcome when few worms are present.When many females infest the stomach ;he normal digestion is retarded nd the bird does not gain weight 1ormally.The result is that losses secur in market birds due to poor condition.A consideration of the newly dliscovered life-history shows means of combatting this parasite.The worms mate in the stomach Page forty-one SEILING\u2019S Hi-Quality Government Approved All Breeding Stock Blood Tested CHIC KS Barred Rocks, White Rocks, White Leghorns Whether you want day-old chicks, day-old cockerels for roasters or broilers, or pullets any age from day-old to ready-to-lay \u2014 now is the time to place your order.It will pay you to get our terms and prices before placing your order anywhere.Our free catalogue gives you all the facts.SEILING FARMS AND HATCHERY ELMIRA Box 370J ONTARIO BELGIANS We have just received the finest selection of stallions and mares that has ever been imported into Canada.After several months of travel by our representative throughout Belgium, this shipment has been chosen from hundreds of the best horses in that country, and includes animals representing the leading blood lines, as well as progeny of last year's grand champion of Belgium.This stock can be seen at Jersey Health Farms Reg'd., Isle Bizard, near Montreal, where several last year\u2019s champions at Canadian shows also can be inspected and purchased, This wonderful selection is for sale, Be sure to see our complete stock of horses before you buy.Mares ranging from $350.00 up.Stallions from $600.00 up.JERSEY HEALTH FARMS REG\u2019D.Isle Bizard, Que.Near Montreal WELL ! weLL! THATS A BREAK FOR US.HERE'S THAT WE'LL GROW BIGGER NEW FEED/ LIVE LONGER AND LAY MORE BIG £GGS THEY SAY IT'S JUST THE THING FOR DEVELOPING | 7 WON'T THE BOSS BE HAPPY WITH A FINE BUNCH OF BIG, STRONG PULLETS THAT, WITH ITS LOW WILL MAKE HIM À PROFIT PROTEIN AND UGH THE YEAR HIGH FIBER ALL THRUSH ™ RT Company bb TY LALIT) ALR Peer od 24 gr NS a.vu.+) 3 À Vad Beige a FN a Q - it pe eR ie il ape ie .vi ac 0 ig / anh Pa ri wo ep . \u20145 .ie Choice- 90 1bs, und up See Butcher\u2014110 lbs.to 160 lbs.11e Bo 1s.to 8 jos.ane C\u2014ä lbs.to 6 lbs, 15e I Good -\u201480 Ths.up to 89 hs.The Heavy\u2014169 Ibs, to 200 lbs.10%e C\u2014-6 lbs.and up .19e C\u20144 lbs.to 5 lbs 14e ; Medium-\u201450 lbs.up to 79 Ibs.6%e Extra heavy, 200 lbs.to 250 C\u20145 lbs, to 6 lbs.17e C \u2019 .Ë Common 60 Ths, up to 59 lbs, 5e Ibs.Ve C\u20144 lbs.to 5 lbs.168¢c Roosters 12¢ We do not handle live poultry at our Quebec Branch.See above for prices paid in Montreal, From the above prices.we deduct n commission of 5% to our affilinted cooperatives and 8% to individual shippers.\u2014 .* .Returned Prices for Week Ending April 28th, 1936 inclusively \u2014 Montreal and Qubec Fresh Butter\u2014No.| Pasteurized 19% \u20ac No.1 Unpasteurized 1935 ¢ No.2 1S7Re VERY EMPORTANT: No commission or \"warehouse charges are deducted fromour prices of butter.Fertilizers Recommendations pe \u2026 GRAIN CROPS F.O.B.MONTREAL, BISLOETL, QUEBEC or LEVIS 2-12- 6 300 to 600 lbs.per acre on heavy soils; ) 2-12-10 300 to 600 lbs.per acre on very light soils.FERTILIZER MATERIALS For heavy soils the Fertilizer Board recommiends 20% Super- | Nit Phos.Pot.Weight Cash Credit phosphate at 500 lbs, per acre.Acid per sack Price Price EARLY POTATOES ; _ 4- 5-10 800 to 1200 lbs.per acre with manure.Co Superphosphate (Granular 2000 125 1bs $19.00 320.50 ATE POTATORS 1 Superphosphate 167; 125 Ibs 16.50 18.00 2-12-10 800 to 1200 1bs.per acre with manure; Muriate of Potash 50 200 lbs 38.06 40.00 4- 8-10 1000 to 1800 lbs.per acre without manure, ÿ A : as : ?5 CORN (ensilage) Sulphate de Potash IN 200 lbs 50.00 52.00 2.19.& 500 lbs.per acre on heavy soils with manure Sulphate of Ammonia Zor, 200 lbs 35.00 37.00 2-12-10 500 Ibs.per acre on light soils with 12 tons manure.Nitrate » Sod: 157, 100 Ibs 46.00 18.00 SWEET CORN Nitrate Ae Soda ne a 198 he on \" 29.00 2-12- & 600 to 12300 Ibs.per acre with mnaure.or Stable-Phos.0 =a Ibs A \u201ca.4-8- 10 800 to 1400 Ibs.per acre without manure.TOMATOES MIXED FERTILIZERS 2-12-10 600 to 1200 lbs.per acre on light soils with § tons manure ; Co 2-12- 6 600 to 1200 Ibs.per acre on rather heavy soils with { tons manure Nitro- Phosphoric Potash PEAS AND BEANS (In Pod) gen Acid 2-12-10 600 lbs.per acre on light soils without manure.o 1 0 125 Ibs $23.00 $25.00 2-12- 6 600 lbs.per acre on heavy soils without manure.= .0 125 1b 26.00 28 00 CABBAGE, CAULIFLOWER and CUCUMBERS - 12 ! * 5 : : 4- 8-10 800 to 1200 lbs.per acre with manure and top dressing with quick 1 S to 125 Ibs 25.50 27.50 acting nitrogen: 100 lbs.per acre at a time.6 N 10 1251bs 29.00 31.00 _ TOBACCO (General) 4 - - 125 lbs 30.00 39.00 #7 * 7 1500 to 1800 lbs.per acre without manure and 1000 to 1500 Ibs.' à ï Se su.De.with manure.u 16 6 LL 125 lbs 23.50 25.50 PASTURES and HAY 5 s T (Special for Tobacco) 135 Ibs 30.00 22.00 6- 6 300 to 500 lbs.per acre (In Fall) 2-12- ñ 500 lbs, per acre (In Early Spring) i special prices for straight 20 tons cars of Sulphate of A\\mmonin er Nitrate it mas ve sometimes advantageous to add a nitrogen fertilizer of Soda on application.Fertilized Pastures are more palatable, more nutritious and.when properly grazed, have twice the stock-carrving capacity of i For any tern payments, apply to the Coopérative Fédérée de Québec.unfertilized.| COOPÉRATIVE FÉDÉRÉE 130 St.Paul St., East Tel.HArbour 4111 DE QUÉBEC ' Montreal [ \\ A \" ROIS TUE MAY 9th, 1936 and the female becomes engorged with eggs, thus becoming imprisoned in the gland cavity.The eggs are laid into the stomach cavity when they contain active immature worms.They pass out with the droppings and if they fall into water containing the amphipods they may be swallowed by these creatures.The eggs hatch in the intestine of the amphipod, penetrate the wall and crawl into the body cavity.Here they moult and grow; in twenty days they become fixed in a cyst in some part of the body and again moult.In about thirty days they are able to infect a duck, and owing to the fact that infested amphipods are sluggish and rise to the surface of the water, they are easily caught and eaten by ducks.Thus the worm again reaches the stomach; here it moults again and remains in the mucous lining for some days.Once more it moults, this time into the adult parasite which penetrates the gland cavity, mates, and again commences the cycle.Owing to the inaccessible position of the worms in the stomach, medicinal treatment would not be satisfactory.Prevention of harmful infestations is practical if means can be employed to prevent ducks from infesting and later eating the amphipods.Attempts to destroy the amphi- pods in the water by means of chemicals have not proved satisfactory.Hence it remains for the owner to watch for harmful infestations, and if they occur in his flock, to keep the ducks away from the water when they are very voung or when they are being kept for breeding stock.As a rule.worm parasites only cause disease when the balance of life is upset, and prevention of parasite disease is merely a process of readjustment.In the case under consideration, it is not easy to imagine that a flock of domestic ducks on a body of water represents abnormal conditions, since we know that huge flocks of wild ducks inhabited small bodies of water in the past.We must then consider that the other hosts, the amphipods, are now more numecr- ous than they were in uncivilized times.We find strength for this argument in the fact that amphi- pods are an important part of the diet of many fishes, and everybody knows that our fish populations have been reduced to an alarming extent.Is this not a case where the natural enemies of the amphipods have been destroved so that the amphipods have increased to such an extent that they are always present in numbers to become carriers of the Tetrameres parasite?The above thought may lead to a natural wav of control of this parasitic disease.Introduce and protect a number of fish in the water used by the farm ducks and perhaps the life-cycle of the worm will be so weakened that heavy infestations, and hence disease, will not occur.In controlling malaria by keeping the adult \u201ccarrier\u201d ducks away from the water in the early summer, the infestation by this worm parasite will also be reduced, because again the adult duck is the carrier.Farms that produce ducks on a large scale need not hesitate to place their birds on water for a period of two weeks before marketing for slaughter in order to improve their feathering.Note: - This Institute will welcome enquiries relative to parasitic diseases of poultry or other live-stock, If any owner of ducks desires to have his adult birds blood-tested this month, in order to eliminate or isolate the \u201cmalaria carriers\u201d, he js invited to write to this Institute for instructions and material.Applications should only be made by those whose ducks have been infected during previous years, This service will be rendered free of charge.\u2014 BE Page forty-three \u2018@ THOUSANDS @\" of SATISFIED FARMERS You need only to ask the owner of a barn roofed with NU-ROOF and you will hear of its quality and durability.NU-ROOF is Pedlar\u2019s masterpiece of design and construction \u2014 a high quality roof that nails through the corrugations between the ribs, through special \u201cdiamond\u201d nailing spots.This is an exclusive feature with NU-ROOF that assures a tight and lasting job.The sheets come in lengths up to 10 ft.and cover 33\u201d when laid.Send dimensions of your building for free estimate of complete roof and our illustrated folder.A card will bring an immediate reply.TTR ug avy crt We supply Nu-Roof in both \"Council Standard\"\u2019 and ordinary galvanized The PEDLAR PEOPLE Limited grade.24 Nazareth St, - - - - Montreal CITY;FRIENDS \u2019 Re ™ [7 mm iE Ÿ.\"or \u201care w a \u201c E used to enjoy the visits of friends and relatives from the city.But there was one thing about them that puzzled us.They'd take little side glances at the mouldings or window frames on the house\u2014or at the weather-beaten sides of the barn\u2014and then say, \u201cWell, times are pretty tough, I guess\u201d.Fipally it dawned on us that during those lean years, we had let the place run down till it was no wonder people thought we were having a tough time of it.Times are not exactly \u201cgood\u201d, even yet, but they're lots better than they were, so we got busy and painted every building on the place.And I don\u2019t know ofa thing we have done on the farm in years, that has given us more happiness, or a greater feeling of contentment.And, while I don\u2019t think our visitors realize it, they stay longer than they used to.So it must be that the pleasant surroundings help us enjoy, all the more, the peace and quiet of the countryside.CANADIAN PAINT, OIL AND VARNISH ASSOCIATION Tractors - Trucks - Wagons - Equipment Cut down wasted time and money due to break-downs and repairs \u2014 keep all your farm equipment running smoothly and economically with Red Indian \u2014 \u201cthe Oil of Endurance\u201d.These wax-free, pure lubricants have the rugged stamina of their namesakes \u2014 they do not thin out or break down no matter how fast the speed nor how high the temperature.PLAY SAFE\u2014use Red Indian Oils and Greases \u2014in daily use on thousands of farms and under the most gruelling conditions they are giving loyal service \u2014 thorough satisfaction \u2014 absolute protection.GREASE: In 1, 5, 25, 50 and 100-1b.containers.CANNED OIL: In 24-qt.and 6-gal.cases.For prices, consult your nearest Red Indian Dealer \u201ca.or Service Station.{ ./HEÈ Olt OF ENDURANCE MECOLL -~ FRONTENAC OIL COMPANY An All-Canadian Company IARATHON BLUE THE POWER GASOLINE LIMITED 5 "]