The Journal of agriculture and horticulture, 1 juillet 1927, vendredi 1 juillet 1927

[" \u201c+ .4, He JOURNAL + += 0 JAGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 1 Volume 31 July Ist 1927 Number 1 7 d \u2018 Na pres PLY Jeu PE Ja de iP = 2 A zh ñ a % \u201c * x age # \u201c fer + + \u201cx % EE « TT $ der | se UE! oe hive x i Pog F # LE a # 4 à \"1 Ë + J 2 or # À 3% # : 77 * 2 1 a x 4 © wr <3 AH pa 2 746 2 | 2 7 % 24 3 + as a 4 ¢ WA 3 74 Se 73, Hv aR 15 54 # = be.on oy $ Ce se ac 1 a yor.Et vi owen foal iH ex ny A AY = = ir BE à anses #5 S53 oe « ce xy 524 Nad % oe + Te 24 \u20ac 2 pe Ca Def &- Cd 5} 6 LE 2 \" pi Ls a ws 4 AX > Lid aN \u201c # } LAKE MACDONALD \u2014 IN THE LAURENTIANS PUBLISHED BY THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF THE PROVINCE OF QUE BEC.Lu 2 IT THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Because of the infinite care taken in its manufacture, *En-ar-co Motor Oil is called \u201cthe oil of a million tests.\u201d Its consequent high quality makes it the cheapest Motor Oil in the long run.o__ #7 n © Its Tested ~ Test 1t Lengthen the life of your engine by using *En-ar-co Motor Oil.Not only does *En-ar-co give perfect lubrication, preventing friction and heat, but it reduces engine troubles and therefore cuts down repair bills.Fill up with *En-ar-co Motor Oil.*Products of CANADIAN OIL.COMPANIES, LIMITED This Rousing Success of the Canadian-built Chrysler Today the Chrysler Cor- boration of Canada, imited, operates two blants at Windsor, Ont.\u2014(1) the chassis manufacturing plant shown below and (2) the body building plant at left.FREE Magnificent Tea Set.13 pieces.(Value $4.50).Given away Free with MIKADO TEA and COFFEE GREEN, BLACK or JAPAN 2110 5 ESA SSé SOS ABS = ON SALE EVERYWHERE ASK FOR p E> Nein Ls SR IT TO YOUR DEALER MERE GLOBE TEA CO.309, Notre Dame West, Montreal Tel.Main 5036.is Building Prosperity for Canada and Canadians ANADIANS have shown such ATTENTION / A complete garden for A $1.00 including 20 pack- pages of vegetables and today.Write for our big 3 catalog of watches, ete, Chrysler \u201c50\u201d SIX BODY STYLES $1045 to $1220 the Canadian people\u2019s recogni- so miles and more per hour « Chrysler \u201c60\u201d SIX BODY STYLES $1470 to $1770 60 miles plus\u2014uwith ease « Chrysler \u201c70\u201d NINE BODY STYLES $2010 to $2590 70 miles plus Chrysler Imperial \u201c80\u201d ELEVEN BODY STYLES $3635 0 $5225 80 miles plus\u201492 H.P.-« All prices f 0 b.Windsor, Ontario (freight only to be added) including all taxes and complete equipment.THE CANADIAN-BUILT emphatic preference for Canadian-built Chryslers that production each year has increased 100% or more, resulting in the record total increase of 491% in three years.Keepingstep with this ever-rising demand, the Chrysler Corporation of Canada, Limited, in January, 1927, took over a second plant giving 300% increased faci- lities\u2014and finally making it possible for Chryslers to be built largely of Canadian materials in Canadian factories by Canadian operatives.This expansion is directly due to tion of outstanding merit and value in Chrysler cars.The Chrysler management therefore doubly welcomes the opportunity to show its appreciation by helping to create a greater and more prosperous Canada.It is a source of deep pride and satisfaction for Chrysler thus to have a hand in the expansion of Canada\u2019s many and varied industries which develop materials for automobile manufacture \u2014 a source of inspiration to build so soundly that present success shall increase and multiply to the permanent benefit of Canada and Canadians.CHRYSLER CORPORATION OF CANADA, LIMITED, WINDSOR, ONT.WALTER P.CHRYSLER, Chairman of the Board CHRYSLER CHRYSLER FOR CANADIANS \"\u201cALLEN Novelties, St.Zacharie, Que.Ladies ! Sensational low priced, newest style, washable, Pure Rayon Silk.In beautiful designs and checked colorings of light shades.Perfect finish.Just the thing for street and afternoon wear.Direct from factory to wearer, enables you to get this amazing value.Sizes 34 to 44 inch bust.Colors : Lt.Green and White, Lt.Yellow and White, Lt.Brown and White.SEND NO MONEY Just send size and colour desired.Pay postman on arrival $3.49, (plus a few pennies postage charges).NS Money back if dissatisfied.CORONA DRESS MFG.CO.Dept.BC-12, Box 2875, Montreal Buy your dresses direct and save half. A THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE m j 1 G Frost & Wood Binder apleasuretorun under any crop condition 2 Delays in farming cost money.That's why thousands of money-making farm owners guarantee dependable operation of their trucks, tractors, stationary engines and other engine-driven farm equipment as well as their personal cars by installing Champion \u2014 the better spark plug.season with colors flying high \u2014 a season in which most trying conditions were encountered.There were light crops, heavy crops, tangled and down crops\u2014and from all parts of the West come splendid reports of the work of the Frost & Wood Binder ! BS It is the remarkable combination of sturdiness W and light draft, of durability, easy and efficient operation and few repair requirements that makes the Frost & Wood a favorite.It cuts, elevates and ties under adverse conditions.It is easy to draw, easy to run and a pleasure to own.Now is the time to figure out just what binder will cut your crop this year.You want a machine that will save you money, last you longer and take less money to keep going.Investigate the B Frost & Wood.Ei The Rear Drop Sheaf Carrier The rear drop sheaf carrier is easy to operate, positive in its action and deposits the sheaves on the ground the instant it is tripped.And dependability is not the only benefit they enjoy\u2014they also obtain maximum power, greater engine efficiency plus a notable saving in gas The Quality and oil.Write today for descriptive literature or see the GOES IN Follow the lead of pro- nearest Cockshutt Frost & Wood Agent.before gressive farm owners The FROST & WOOD COMPANY the N and millions of motor- Limited e ame ists by making Cham- SMITHS FALLS, ONTARIO GOES ON pion your choice.MONTREAL QUEBEC SAINT JOHN TRURO CHARLOTTETOWN CHAMPION SPARK PLUG COMPANY OF CANADA, LIMITED WINDSOR, ONT.CHAMPION Spark Plugs SOUFFLERINE A guaranteed cure for D A HORSE HEAVES, COLD, BROKEN WIND.Certificates in our hands prove the real merit of \u201cSOUFFLERINE\u201d.Don\u2019t delay to learn about, write at once.5 Ib-box $4.80, 10 lb.$9.00 Sent by mail C.O.D.MAINLAPBERT, P.O.Box 1597, Montreal.As Sturdy as CONFEDERATION Such the new GOW STANGHION in \u201cU\u201d Steel JUTRAS Can be put up in very kind of stable Every 0c Packet of WILSON'S A ÿ Champion X \u2014 Exclusively for Ford cars, trucks and tractors \u2014 packed in the ed Box 80¢ Champion \u2014 for trucks, tractors and cars other than Fords \u2014 and for all stationary engines \u2014packed in the Blue Box 907 I A CANADIAN-MADE PRODUCT catalogues and prices fev a ts 6 a ase ss + + + # 0 + + + + = 6» FLY PADS wot Lu y x Q .ser MORE put LE | Name.EMH LNE STICKY FLY CATCHER / J | Address.Clean to handle.Sold by all A 01a Druggists, Grocers and AR General Stores 4 MANUFACTURED BY oN Delco-Light Makes Life Easier and Pleasanter \"THE woman on a Delco - 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71,931 Number 1 EDITORIAL COMMENT CANADA\u2019S DIAMOND JUBILEE On this first day of July, Canada as an united nation is celebrating her sixtieth birthday.\u201cFrom sea to sea\u201d, as our national motto reads in translation, this Diamond Jubilee of the Dominion will be ushered in with pageants, picnics and other forms of rejoicing, while at Ottawa, the Capital City, the world\u2019s greatest carillon will ring out for the first time from the great Victory Tower of our federal parliament buildings its message of our pride in our nationhood.These birthdays offer a splendid chance for stock-taking.Serving as they do as milestones, they bring to us an opportunity for measuring our progress as a nation.And the record of this young and growing country is one of which we need not be ashamed.Agriculturally, industrially, commercially, nationally, our advancement in the sixty years that have elapsed since the Fathers of Confederation first brought into being the Dominion of Canada is something that should be inspiring to every true Canadian.Our contributions to the world\u2019s \u2018wheat market, to the world\u2019s paper market, to the world\u2019s supply of metals, to name only three of the fields in which we have made ourselves internationally famous, are out of all proportion to our population.And in each of these fields - the growth of production has come mainly in the years that have seen us an united people.But it is in the fields of morals and of citizenship that we have our greatest potentialities.Canada\u2019s record in the Great War did for Canada\u2019s people what her wheat exports have done for her trade.It has made for us a niche in the world\u2019s hall of fame.But it was not a record that was the result of chance.It was the natural outcome of a love for a country that has been good to us, and that has handed on to us a heritage that stretches back far beyond the confines of the sixty years of Confederation.For Canadian ideals of service and of citizenship have their roots, not in the years of our great industrial and commercial growth only, but as well in the vears of toil and hardship that saw the opening up of a vast wilderness, that saw the transformation of this wilderness into the state of cultivation where it rejoices and blossoms as the rose.It has been our privilege recently to spend some time reading in our Canadian history of the days that lie before Confederation, of the advent of our pioneering forefathers to the districts that are now looked upon as Old Canada.We wish that all Canadians might have the opportunity of reading for themselves this story of our own country.It would give them a greater love for their native land, we suspect.It would perhaps make them more tolerant.And it would undoubtedly be a great inspiration.For, in the light of what has taken place in Canada in the past sixty years, let us say, in education, in the building of roads and the improvement of systems of transportation generally, in industry, in farming, in the art of living, it is difficult to be pessimistic concerning the future of this great country.And at this time we feel like calling to the attention of our readers a paragraph from a resolution passed at the close of the last session of our federal parliament : \u201cIt is the earnest wish of Parliament that the Diamond Jubilee Celebration shall commemorate appropriately and enthusiastically the accomplishment of Confederation and the subsequent progress of the Dominion.We trust that this commemoration will lend added inspiration to the patriotic fervour of our people, and afford a clearer vision of our aspirations and ideals, to the end that from sea to sea there may be developed a robust Canadian spirit, and in all things Canadian profounder national unity.\u201d QUEBEC\u2019S POTATO CROP There is a prevailing impression that the Maritime Provinces are Canada\u2019s gréat producers of potatoes.The fact is that, year after year, Quebec leads all provinces of Canada in the production of this commodity, more than equalling the total potato production of the three Maritime Provinces put together.Last year, for example, out of a total Dominion potato crop of some 48 million hundredweight, Quebec came first with 14,682,000 cwt., while the combined production of the Maritimes was 13,808,000 cwt.Yet we venture to say that it is easier to find New Brunswick potatoes on the Montreal market than to find Quebec potatoes that are sold as such.What is the matter ?Are Quebec potatoes inferior?We think not.The bulk of Quebec\u2019s potato crop is produced in the Lower St.Lawrence district, the climate and soil of which are as well suited to potato growing as any in Canada.The varieties grown are those in greatest demand by buyers.The trouble, in our estimation, is that Quebec\u2019s producers of potatoes are not yet fully alive to the advantages of a co-operative system of grading, advertising and selling their product.It is in this that the Maritime growers excel.When they send out their potatoes to market they make certain that their stock is sold as Maritime stock\u2014having first taking precautions through grading to see that the product offered is of such quality and uniformity that it will make for repeat orders.In short, they have through a period of years hammered away at the task of educating the buying public to ask for their potatoes by name.It seems to us that the time is ripe for the introduction in a large way of more orderly marketing of the Quebec potato crop.Something is already being done by the Federated Co-operative, but this is a thing that cannot be built from the top down.The process is too slow.What is needed is a realization on the part of our potato growers themselves of the need of a better system of marketing their crop.When the growers of each district are sufficiently interested to build a warehouse to which their products may be brought for grading and shipping in quantity, the Federated Co-operative or other marketing agency will be in a better position to help them.This is a day of standardization, of marketing in quantity on grade.The merchant in need of potatoes, of cheese, of oranges, will buy from the source that can guarantee uniformity of grade.It makes the matter of purchasing so much easier for him ! And the producer or group of producers who realize this fact and act upon it are the men who will secure the cream of the market\u2014and who will make the greatest net profits from their projects.Two things are mainly essential in his profitable handling of Quebec\u2019s potato crop.The first is the production of good, disease- free stock\u2014and this our growers can easily effect if they follow persistently the most approved spraying practices.And the second is the selling of their product in quantity and on grade.When these two things are taken up as they should be in this province, Quebec\u2019s potatoes will really be heard from\u2014and Quebec\u2019s potato growers will find greater profits in their business than they do today.- poems 2 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE He JOURNAL AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE ISSUED MONTHLY BY THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC For rates of Advertisements, address THE CANADA PUBLISHING CO.Limited, 73 St.James St., - - Montreal NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS Subscribers and members of agri- culturel societies, of farmers\u2019 clubs and of the Provincial Dairymen\u2019s Association, who do not regularly receive either the English or the French Journal of Agriculture and Horticulture are requested to address their complaints to the Secretaries of their respective Societies, who will transmit them to the Secretary of the Council of Agriculture at Quebec.++ On My Way ASTURE time again and a land rich in the teeming verdure of freshed green, filled with the unfolded scent of leaf and blade, sweet with the song of singing birds.Long I have watched its coming upon the hillside, for there I could see the swollen buds soften the harsh bareness of the woods and cushion the naked frame work of the limbs.Like a great oriental carpet of precious price dropped down by lavish hand the mottled plush of coming leaves grew each day to a deeper and a fuller wealth upon the multiplying hills.If there was something of weariness in the creeping pace, a trying most too strong for patience to endure, it could not altogether break, for hope was there each day upon the mountain side, To the farmer man has come once more the almost strange relief of free and empty cattle stalls.Instead is seen the pleasant sight of feeding beasts upon the country side, caring for themselves.Even to him, and such as he, who knows the work behind the scene that takes the charm somewhat away, there is a pleasure that is good and a freedom that is appreciated in these days.Relaxation, though never entire, is greater now than at any other time of year.For it is the rare and romantic month of June, of apple-blossoms, brides and roses.The beginning of tourists, and for the husbandman the simple wish and ardent hope that needed summer is at hand.Amid the forging meadow lands and pasture fields lie swarthy acres that only the cheer and warmth of high unclouded sun can raise to life, \u2018And when I drive along the road to town, I am quite aware of two things at least.One is that my old buggy waggon rattles badly, and I wonder how long it will be before I am compelled to put it in the hands of the village blacksmith.The other thing that draws my attention is the honk and hoot of motor horns, They come and go continually, and although it is a wide highway I yield it to them almost completely, and jog along close to the ditch.Even then it would seem as if some of them begrudged me this much, they come to unpleasantly near, but of course business is very urgent and the hurry is great so that the farmer's outfit was scarcely noticed.I am not educated either as to makes of cars or the identification discs they carry.I know the plates for my own province and that is about all.I do wonder where all these people manage to get so much money as car after car rolls by whose purchase price would be as much or more than all the acres, including stock and barns, of many of our farms, yet they seem to be numberless, Sometimes I feel I would like to be a tourist for a couple of weeks anyway, and trade my old horse-drawn vehicle for one of these cushioned machines.Just to be amongst those for whom so much of the cleaning up, arranging, and putting the house in order is done.Henry Knox says that when he reads the paper and all about the attention that seem to be given to those picnicers he has a feeling a bit like the son had who was in the field when the prodigal came home; although he lives here every day of his life there never seems to be anything special done for him.Gus Pond doesn\u2019t see it that way at all.The Sunday cake may be made especially for the visitors, but when the time comes to cut it we all get a taste of it.But Henry only grunts at that reckoning and says that some people\u2019s taste of it belongs to that unknown quantity that can only be found by algebra, provided you are good at figures.Whoever was right or wrong in this little argument, I found myself taking sides as we do in all matters of differences.I was with Henry in his feeling that whatever the benefits either to individual or community, there were many such as himself and me that would never be the poorer did the sightseers not come.Yet if they find pleasure in the hospitality of our stopping places, or are impressed with the grandeur of the unlimited expanse of our beautiful country, or are refreshed and made glad with the beverages for which our province is famous, then hearty welcome to them.I cannot help but feel the truth of this evident fact though, that of all the occupations that men follow none afford so little in actual money returns as farming.I wish seme honest, unbiased economist would discuss this same subject and tell us why.There has been astonishing progress in even the past quarter of a centruy in nearly every line of industry, but farming, though improved somewhat in methods, fails yet to reach the profitable plane that other lines of business have.Is it our fault, as many are ready to say it is?Have we failed to lay our hands upon new and advancing things?or is it that the theoretical perfection that has been arrived at in our profession is quite an impossibility in actual practice ?There are other things besides money\u2014that essence of wealth.That I know well, as most men do.Perhaps my economist will reckon as best he can the priceless things that belong to me and my work, the things whose value lies within the man, not in gold or silver.My great freedom, my independence, abounding nature and my love for Nature\u2019s things.H.H.The Study of French HERE is virtue in reiteration, and in spite of T the fact that results have not been as encouraging as they might be, it is well that Dr.G.W.Parmelee, director of Protestant Education in the province of Quebec, has reiterated the importance of a study of French.More attention should be paid to oral French than ever before, he told the members of the graduating classes of the School of Teachers at Macdonald College, when he delivered an address at the closing exercises of the school.At the same time, Dr.Parmelee emphasized the necessity of teachers impressing upon their pupils the importance of learning French outside of school, along with the training given at school.The alertness of the French-speaking boy and girl in acquiring English, and their determination to speak it everywhere and at all times, is as old a story as the English-speaking pupils\u2019 disregard for French, and their reluctance to air what knowledge they may have of the language.One of two pupils who were returning together from the closing exercises of some school on Thursday evening, observing from the train at St.Henri station a printed warning against walking on the grass, asked her companion how to pronounce \u201cg-a-z-o-n.\u201d \u201cOh,\u201d was the reply.\u201cI have left my French behind me at school, and, believe me, it is going to be a closed book until I go back in September.\u201d This reflects a state of mind common amongst English- speaking pupils, to whom the study of French is irksome and irritating\u2014a drudgery to be dropped directly school is closed.On the other hand.French- speaking pupils are constantly and in all places \u201cpicking up\u201d a knowledge of English and ever putting it to practical use, until practice makes them as fluent in English as they are in their mother tongue, If the doctrine that Dr.Parmelee and others like him are preaching bears fruit, the habit of French- Canadian children in this respect will spread amongst English-speaking pupils.As a means to the same end the Ontario educational authorities, at the inspiration of Premier Ferguson, Minister of Education, will, during the summer vacation, send a number of English-speaking teachers of the French language in Ontario schools to the city of Quebec for a course of practical study which will perfect their knowledge of oral French The outcome is bound to be beneficial to students in the sister province, French is rightly coming to be considered one of the most important subjects of study in the school curriculum.Apart from its intellectual value, the practical advantage of a knowledge of French is patent to everybody, and it should be a matter of pride with all English-speaking pupils not to be outstripped by their French-speaking school companions in bilingualism.French was the language of Canada\u2019s pioneers; it was the language of those who, in 1775 and again in 1812, helped to preserve Canada to Great Britain.French is the language of diplomacy the world over, and what gives it highest importance here is its recognition as one of the official languages.The educational authorities, in the province of Quebec particularly, are doing everything in their power to promote the study of French, and the counsel that Dr.Parmelee addressed to the teachers may be taken to heart and followed by parents to the extent of impressing upon the minds of the children the importance of learning French \u201coutside of school\u201d as a practical addition to their class studies.Montreal Gazette.For one word a man is often deemed to be wise, and for one word he is often deemed to be foolish.We ought to be careful indeed what we say.\u2014 Confucius.A storm scene near Laprairie A NS - 4 mda meron Te Wy ERT gp \u201d ~ - eme im ree pT ~ \\ \u2014\u2014 a FT TT TTT Re Te Ta See etme M THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 3 Canadian Farming Since Confederation By Dr.J.E.Lattimer, Dept.of Farm Economics, Macdonald College.HE development of agriculture in this Dominion is a remarkable confirmation of the old adage that truth is stranger than fiction.The record of this development, though not without its shadows, has been on the whole fairly bright, and in some phases sufficiently brilliant as to be almost increditable.Fifty or sixty years is not a long time even in the evolution of a youthful country, yet things change with such rapidity during recent years that some conditions prevailing half a century ago appear now very strange and remote.There were some conditions prevailing sixty years ago, however, which resemble closely those of today.In the late sixties of the past century those engaged in the farming business were looking back on more prosperous times.The Civil War in the United States and the following period of inflation had furnished a market for the products of Canadian farms at what Adam Shortt has termed \u201cCrimean prices\u201d.Prices which had been ruling high for a decade were declining\u2014not unlike recent experiences.The treaty of reciprocity, which had allowed free entry of natural products to the market of the United States from 1854, was abrogated by the United States in 1866, and farm products were to a certain degree excluded from that market.Present conditions in this regard are verysimilar.The imposition of protective duties on farm products necessitated the development of other markets.This hastened the bringing together of the scattered provinces.Sixty years ago the crying need for the farming industry was markets.It still is.Only today this need is much more urgent, as we shall later see.Again, when Canada extended only to the Great Lakes, as it did in 1871, one-quarter of the people born in this country were living in the Republic.The drift of Canadians to the United States was at that time a necessity.The way to expand on this continent was to go west, and for a Canadian to go west sixty years ago it was almost essential for him to go to Michigan, Wisconsin or the Dakotas.Sixty years ago declining prices, the loss of an attractive market for farm products in the United States, the loss of a substantial proportion of the Canadian born to that country and the imperative need of developing more distant markets, were problems which were very similar to those confronting us today.Though these problems sound familiar, how marked the difference in other ways in that comparatively short space of time ! It is today interesting to note some of the data tabulated in 1871 in the first census of the Dominion, For instance, it is recorded there that the production of home-made linen in the previous year (1870) was 1,771,140 yds., of which Quebec is credited with 1,559,410 yards.Home-made cloth totaled 17,641,917 yards, the provincial figures being\u2014 Quebec 3,339,766 yards Ontario 1,775,320 \u201c N.S.1,476,003 \u201c N.B.1,050,828 « The figures are quite sufficient to show that the country was at that time still to a large degree in the pioneer stage where there was little specialization or division of labor in comparison with that now existing.Much of the work that is now carried on in large centres of population was at that time done on the farm, at the small \u201cmills\u201d near at hand and in local villages.In 1871 there was only one city in the Dominion with over 100,000 people, and one could count all the cities of over 30,000 on the digits of one hand and then have the little finger unemployed.The populations of the larger cities in 1871 were\u2014 OCCUPIED, IMFROVED AND CROPPED LAND 1871-1921 (1n millions of acres pk 1 La eer] Acres 1192160 -71 -14 1911555 -49 Io 190120-30-\u20ac3 189107 -29~5 1881 5-22-4 1871.2-17-36 ROUTE IL I ED [ôe-upié Impropved Cropped 4 | En 0 50 100 150 200 *Data from Census Reports and Canada Year Book et > Wm r\u2014\u2014 an Montreal 115,000 Quebec 59,699 Toronto 59,000 St.John 41,325 Halifax 29,582 Hamilton 26,880 Ottawa 24,141 The home market was negligible when compared with that of the present day.The total production of wheat in 1870 was only some 16 million bushels in round numbers, yet upwards of two millions of that amount was exported.Dairy products, the estimated value of which was some 15 million dollars in 1870, contributed over four million dollars to the export trade.The population of three and a half million did not provide a home market which could.consume the surplus products of the 367,862 farms which the four provinces then contained, even though the aggregate production was not large.It is not difficult to understand why aggregate production was not large at that date.Farms were very small considering the improved and cultivated area, the grain binder not yet invented and farm tools and machinery generally lacking in capacity in the light of present conditions.It is rather more difficult to understand why when production was as low in the aggregate such a proportion was available for export.The solution of this question is that at that date many lived on the farm but not from the farm revenue.Many of those who followed other vocations than farming provided themselves with more or less of their food requirements.For this reason a greater proportion of the food products consumed at home escaped tabulation than at the present time.It is only by a realization of the difference in farm organization that an understanding of the development of the past sixty years is possible.OCCUPIED.IMPROVED AND CROPPED LAND PER FARi# 1871-1921 Yes i ' 192 III 191 : i 1 A \\ 190 : i ; | ] 1 1.89: ! \u2019 ! Occupied wa 188 / ' Improved EI ) Cc qa mm 187 ( I T T L 1 À 1 0 50 100 150 200 250 *Dz=ta from Canada Year Book 1925 The organization of the farm was on more of a self-sufficing basis than at present.Farms produced much of the food, fuel, clothing and shelter necessary for the farm family sixty years ago.Great diversity of products characterized the era.Most farms had herds and flocks and grew a wide variety of crops whether the soil was adapted to the growth of them or not.Varieties were numerous even in the farm orchard.Recently research is making it ever more clear that soils and environment favor particularly some line of endeavor.Transportation development makes it more and more possible to depend on other localities for certain lines.Today few farms supply much of the fuel, shelter, clothing or food required.These requirements come through the market to the farmer very much the same as they do to any other class of people.Under such circumstances farms turn more and more to the production of what can be sold and less and less attention is given to what little can be used at home.The change in the past sixty years in this country has been great in this respect.It is only wheñ we consider the great change in that time that the figures of production during the life of the Dominion become intelligible.To consider some of the developments which lend themselves to statistical computation we may compare the census reports of 1871 and 1921, which cober the greater part of the period.1871 1921 Population 3,689,257 8,788,483 Acres of land occupied 36,046,401 | 140,887,903 Acres improved.17,335,818 70,769,548 Acres cropped.11,821,216 59,635.346 No.of farms.367,862 711,090 These figures show that while the number of farms scarcely doubled, the total area occupied was WHEAT PRODUCTICN CANADA 1871-1926% (In millions of bushels) 1926 1921 1911 Q 100 200 300 400 500 *Data.from Mominion Bureau of Statistics multiplied approximately four times, the improved area became four times as great and there was fiv times the area cropped.: This was made possible by a considerable increase in the size of the farms as the following figures show : .1871 1921 Average acres per farm 98 198 Average acres improved per farm 47 99 Average acres cropped per farm 32 70 The charts show how this development has taken place by decades.What has been the production resulting from this development ?The following figures and chart, dealing with the wheat crop, are of interest in this connection : a Total Value Value per bu.$16,993,265 $1.02 per bu.38,820,323 1.20 \u201c \u201c 31,667,529 S18 « « 36,122,030 65 « \u201c 104,816,825 T9 $ « 242,936,000 81 « \u201c 339,419,000 85 \u201c 316,994,700 67 \u201c<< 320,862,000 1.22 «\u201c « 1925 411,375,700 bu.459,149,200 1.12 *\u201c 1926 405,938,000 bu.442,673,000 1.09 «\u201c \u201c #\u2014Data from Canadian Year Book 1925.The export of wheat shows also a striking: development during this interval.In 1871 the exports of wheat and flour amounted to some three and a half million dollars.In 1923 the value of these articles exported was $322 million, or some 90-times as much.During the five years from 1921 to 1925 inclusive\u2014sometimes referred to as a period of: de- pression\u2014 the exports of wheat and flour from Canada averaged annually in value $315 million.Exports of these articles for the five years averaged over a million dollars for every working day.Year Production 1871 16,728,872 bu.1881 82,350,269 bu.1891 42,228,372 bu.1901 55,572,368 bu.1911 132,077,647 bu.1921 300,858,100 bu.1922 1399,786,400: bu.1928 474,199,000 bu.1924 262,097,000 bu.Progress in this line of farming has been most rapid during the present century.Extension of transportation facilities made this possible.Another factor of importance has been the price received.During the decades from 1881 to 1901 little progress was registered.This was not entirely due to lack of transportation.It was a period of declining prices.Of the 50 years between 1871 and 1921 the first 25 years was a period of declining prices, while the last 25 was a period of rising prices.The low point was reached in 1896.In that year the exports of wheat from Canada amounted to 9,919,542 bushels valued at $5,771,521, an export value of 58 cents per bushel.During that same year the exports of butter amounted to 5,889,241 pounds valued at $1,052,089\u2014an export value of almost but not quite 18 cents per pound.There was not much expansion in farming during the decade between 1891 and 1901.The area occupied increased by only four and a half million acres, less than two and a half million was added to the improved area while the number of farms of 10 acres and over increased by 24,628 during the decade.If the farms below 10 acres are included, there was an actual decrease in the total number during this decade.There was a decline in the value of farm land in the province of Ontario from $655 million in 1883 to $554 million in 1896, or a decrease in 13 years of over $100 DAIRY PRODUCTION CANADA 1871-1925 (By value in millions) 2 DER 3 60 266 300.00 %* Dota from Canada.Year Book 1925 4 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE million or over 15 per cent.In England the annual value of land fell from 48 and a half million pounds sterling in 1879 to 37 million in 1893 or a decrease of almost 24 per cent.The opening up of newer areas can scarcely help bringing tragedy to some.The transition period is always more or less painful.Such things as growing pains are not unheard of.It appears that something of this nature has influenced the farming industry.The opening up of the western wheat region reduced the acreage devoted to this crop in the older provinces.At the same time it enabled the farms in the older provinces to develop other lines of farming while depending on the newer areas for growing the wheat.The farmers of the older provinces turned their attention to other lines in which the comparative advantage was more certain.The dairy industry runs wheat growing a close second nationally.In 1871 the dairy industry in the Dominion was rather a humble industry.Still in the four provinces then included there were 1,231,209 cows reported.In 1925 there were 3,830,175, or almost exactly three times the number.Yet the value of dairy products was estimated at $15 million in 1871 and $233 million in 1925.This works out to a value of $13.60 per cow in 1871 and $66.13 in 1925.This would be very gratifying indeed if it were true.And with certain important qualifications it is true.Great as has been the advance in the dairy industry during the past half century, these figures can hardly be taken without some explanation unless one is willing to have his audience walk out on him.The explanation is largely in the fact that the dairy products of the earlier date were practically all home-made, a great proportion consumed at home, and hence escaped entirely statistical computation.Further, a great deal of the product which now helps to swell the total of the annual value was consumed on the farm and no small amounts of it was wasted.Again the price of butter has advanced much more than has the price\u2019 of wheat in the interval.In 1871 exports of butter amounted to some 15 million pounds valued at slightly over 3 million dollars or 20 cents per pound.In 1925 exports of butter amounted to 24 million pounds valued at almost 9 million dollars or over 35 cents per pound.The quantity of all dairy products is, for reasons which we have already noted, not available.The value of all dairy products has heen estimated and the following chart g ves this progress by decades since 1871, With all the necessary qualifications there still remains a very striking record in the increase in value of dairy products.While the number of dairy cows was trebled, the value of dairy products increased by some fifteen times.This, with all necessary qualifications, is something well worth consideration and record.The development of fluid milk markets and increased avenues for disposing of the product since half a century ago have contributed to this advance.Yet an important point is that cows are better and are cach producing more.This is progress which is sound.It is similar in other lines of farming though lack of space prevents detailed discussion.We might draw attention to the fact that today more apples are being produced from fewer trees and fewer acres than some time ago, as commercial orcharding develops.Each unit producing more is apparent in practically every line.Even the hens are taking it up, and in the more salubrious climate west of the Rockies one hen has demonstrated possibilities by laying 351 eggs in 365 days, requiring only two weeks holidays in the year.Though there remain great possibilities of improvement along this line, we question if the hen referred to has not reached the utmost limit, as at least two weeks holidays per year is a recent plank in the labor platform.The remarkable fact in connection with the increase in production since Confederation is the comparatively slight increase in the number of farms during the interval.While the number of farms has approximately doubled, the amount produced has increased many times.Obviously improved varieties, better methods of culture, superior equipment and improvements in the technique of the industry have contributed to this development.The point which we wish to stress here, however, is the change in the aim of production from what was desired for consumption to that which meets the demands of the market.This is the change which has come from specialization in all industry.The increase in production from this specialization is admitted.This change entails the increased importance of the problem of marketing, as the modern farmer purchases most of his consumption goods the same as those in other vocations.This change has been pronounced during the past century.And the end is not yet.For this reason the farm revenue must of necessity be greater than a few decades ago, Comparable figures of farm revenue are not availabie prior to 1901, and at that date, as already noted, farm prices were very low.Since that \u2018time the total value of field crops is available.These figures together with the number of farm are as follows : Year Number of farms Value of field crops 1901 511,073 $194,953,420° 1911 .682,329 384,513,795 1921 711,090 931,863,670 1925 \u2014 1,153,394,900 These figures will bear some study.From 1901 to 1911 the value of field crops doubled.During that decade, however, 171 thousand farms in round numbers were added to the total number.During the next decade the value of field products more than doubled while less than 29 thousand new farms were added.Most remarkable of all is a comparison of the 1911 figure with that of 1925.During this interval few new farms were added.The year 1925 is quite far removed from the abnormal period of inflation.And in 1925 the value of the field crops of -the country was almost exactly three times the amount of 1911, These figures speak rather eloquently in themselves, The record of the development of agriculture in this country since Confederation is interesting and illuminating.Perhaps the most interesting and encouraging feature in even a brief survey is the favorable showing of the past five years.Ths shows that production and prosperity by no means ceased with the year 1921, and this fact is important in any consideration of future progress.Hearings on Lenroot Bill EARINGS on the tentative regulations of the enforcement of the Taber-Lenroot Bills known as the Federal Import Milk Act passed by the Last Congress of the United States were held at Boston, Mass., on June lst.and at New York, on June 3rd.Those in charge of the hearings at Boston were\u2014 Dr.P.D.Dunbar, chief of the chemistry branch at Washington, assisted by L.D.Cronen, solicitor for the department of agriculture, and George H.Adams, chief of the Boston station of the federal food branch.At the New York hearing Dr.Dunbar and Mr.Cronen were assisted by Mr.Worton and Mr.Brise- ly, both Federal officers, Naturally there was much interest manifested in the regulations, and the milk industry was represented by 30 or more representing exporters from Canada and importers from the United States.Those present from Canada were\u2014Dr.J.H, Gris- dale, deputy minister of agriculture, Dr.George E.Hilton, veterinary director general, Ottawa; George G.Publow, superintendent of the dairy school at Kingston, Ont.; J.E.Bourbeau, director of dairying of the province of Quebec; S.E.Chagnon, live stock branch, Quebec.The National Dairy Council was represented by W.F.Stephen, secretary; F.E.M.Robinson, member of the executive, representatives of the C.P.R.were:\u2014Messrs.Dougall, Branscombe and Coleman, This act largely governs the importation of milk and cream from the Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, at the present time.One of the most difficult points to settle was that of the taking of temperatures and also taking of samples for bacterial content.The tentative rules stated port of entry, but it was shown this would not work satisfactorily in all cases.It was pointed out that there were three distinct classes of shipments\u2014that of cream and milk going over by trucks to be processed by plants on the other side of the border; milk and cream going over in baggage cars, and car loads of milk and cream iced.In the case of truck shipments it was considered that this could be done at a plant on the other side; with milk and cream in baggage cars, samples could be taken in transit; but in the case of car loads of milk or cream iced the samples could be taken at destination.Dr.Dunbar suggested that samples could be taken at such points either above or below the international border as would make them representative of the milk at the tiue of its entry into the United States.This would give sufficient leeway for differing conditions.This places the burden of showing that the milk and cream does not fulfill the requirements at the time of crossing the border on the department in cases of criminal prosecution.In the cases of physical examination of herds, as many of the United States cities require this to be done by Veterinaries it was agreed that this should be required.As to inspection of dairies, this would be done by men accustomed to such work, but all those persons making such inspections must be duly accredited by Federal, State or Provincial authorities, but they need not necessarily be public officials.The question of pasteurization received much consideration.The tentative rule required a temperature of 145 degrees Fahrenheit, but it was shown that Boston and New York required also 142 degrees, as a minimum temperature of 145 degrees was apt to injure the cream line and to destroy certain qualities in the milk especially beneficial to babies.The bacterial content allowed by act is as follows: Raw milk, 300,000 per cubic centimetre; raw cream, 750,000; pasteurized milk, 100,000, and pasteurized cream 500,000.An exception to this is that milk or cream with a bacterial count of 1,200,000 is permitted if the farm producing it is within a radius of 15 miles of the condensery in which it is to be processed.The milk or cream must be at a temperature of 50 degrees at time of importation.Violations of the act are punishable by a fine of not less than $50 or more than $2,000 or imprisonment for not more than one year, or both.Appropriation for the enforcement of the act is $50,000 a year.Canadians who attended the hearing are quite agreed that there is nothing in the regulations to prevent Canadian dairymen shipping to the Un'ted States.The proponents of the Bill were represented by Judge Millar of the Dairymen\u2019s League, and Mr.Bransen, of the New England Milk Producers\u2019 Association, Confers on Lenroot Bill Inspection O discuss ways and means to meet the regulations required by the Lenroot Bill, on milk and cream exported firom Canada to the United \u2018States, Dr.J.H.Grisdale, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, met a number of interested representative men in his office at Ottawa on June 14th, There were present Dr.George Hilton, Veterinary Director General, Dr.J.A.Ruddick, Dairy Commissioner, Mr.E.S.Archilbald, Director of Experimental Farms, Mr.Geo.B.Rothwell, Dominion Animal Husbandman, Dr.-J.A.Grenier, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, and Mr.S.E.Chagnon, Department of Agriculture, Quebec, George H.Barr, Dairy Commissioner, Toronto, Harry C.Taylor of New York, Alp.Trudel, Quebec Dairies of Montreal, R.Smith, Exporter, and J.W.Duval, Newington, Ont., F.E.M.Robinson of Richmond, Que., and W.F.Stephen, Secretary, representatives of the National Dairy Council.It was agreed that the Canadian authorities would be required to make the necessary inspection of pasteurization plants, of which there were several hundred.dairies, stables and herds.Representatives of Ontario and Quebec thought the Federal Department could use their creamery inspectors for this work at little extra cost.As regards inspection of dairy cows, several of the States regulations now in effect require that this be done by accredited veterinarians and the same would apply in this case.It was thought there should be a small charge to be paid by the dairymen.In regard to this inspection of dairies and stables, this could be done by well qualified dairymen, or by the inspectors of large plants accustomed to such work, but in all cases these inspectors would be responsible to the Federal Department of Agriculture.It was the opinion of those present that the cost of this inspection should be paid by the owners of plants.Application must be made by the dairymen for such inspection and forms will be provided for that purpose.It is estimated that there are from 15,000 to 17,000 farmers in Quebec and Ontario besides several thousand in Western Canada, that now produce milk and cream for the United States market.It is expected that the regulations on this Bill will be issued shortly which will enable this inspection to be made before late fall months.The early issuing of these regulations will allow Canadian dairymen to fix over stables, erect milk and ice houses to meet the regulations.The regulations will require all cattle to be healthy, and stables and dairies to score fifty points.Very many dairies in Canada can now meet the requirements of the regulations, but there may be some that cannot do and these will have time to renovate and clean up before the winter months.The regulations, it is expected, will not be more severe than those now imposed by our Canadian cities.Send by the National Dairy Council of Canada.w Lu _ A ar iy +.THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 5 Ormstown Show THE Ormstown Show this year was the largest in the history of the organization, there being a total of over thirty-eight hundred individuals entered.Probably the most notable increases in numbers of stock were in the Ayrshire, Jersey and Horse classes.Here we find increases of -ap- proximately one hundred head in each of these three groups.So many animals were present that the housing capacity was taxed to the utmost, every nook and corner which offered any shelter being made use of.With prospects for a show as large as experienced this year, there will in all probability be increased accommodation provided for coming years.The weather was typical of that usually experienced at this show, but in spite of rain on the opening night and the morning of the second day, the arena was packed to overflowing on Wednesday night and an exceptionally large attendance was found all day Thursday.The comparat:ve entry figures for stock other than Poultry \u201cfor the years 1926\u2014'27 may be of interest and are as follows : 1926 1927 Horses 381 486 Holsteins 178 181 Aryshires 249 330 Jerseys 46 149 Herefords 12 25 French Canadians 83 94 Sheep 172 225 Swine 141 156 THE JUDGING BY BREEDS Aryshires.The Ayrshire show was probably the outstanding feature of the cattle exhibits this year, there being over three hundred head entered, resulting in large classes all the way through.The stock on the whole were of excellent quality and the competition keen in most of the groups.Probably the outstanding classes were the aged bulls and aged cows.Though representing several types, all were high class animals, and to place them to the satisfaction of all was no easy task.The first prize winnings in each class are as follows : FIRST PRIZE AYRSHIRES Bulls.Aged Bull\u2014E.C.Budge on Penhurst Mischief Star, 2 yr.Master.Sr.Yearling Bull\u2014W.W.Skinner on Bois de la Roche Marquis.Jr.Yearling Bull\u2014Peter Dickson & Son on Blossom Lodge Lucky Sir John.Sr.Bull Calves\u2014R.R.Ness & Sons on Burnside Masterstroke.- Jr.Bull Calves\u2014E.C.Budge on Star Boy.Sr.& Grand Champion\u2014E.C.Budge on Penhurst Mischief Star.Jr.Champion\u2014W, W.Skinner on Bois de la Roche Marquis .old uBll\u2014R.R.Ness & Sons on Beauty's Dry Cows Aged Cow\u2014W.W.Skinner on Ridgehaugh Sprightly 2nd.2 yr.old Heifer-\u2014R.R.Ness on Honeyholm Lady Jean.Sr.Yearling Heifer\u2014Gilbert McMillan on Alder- wood Betty.Jr.Yearling Heifers\u2014E.C.Budge on Mable 3rd.Sr.Heifer Calf\u2014W.W.Skinner on Bois de la Roche Springhtly.Jr.Heiter Calf\u2014W, W.Skinner.Cows in Milk Cows 5 yrs.and over\u2014W, W, Skinner on Jessie of- Ellersie.4 yr.old Cows\u2014McMillan, G.on Springburn Lady Cherry.3 yr.old Cows\u2014Budge, E.C.on Thorncroft Trinket.2 yr.old Heifer\u2014W., W.Skinner on Bois de la Roche Colombe 5th, Junior R.0.P.\u2014R.R.Ness on Bar Flourish, Senior R.0.P.\u2014R.R.Ness on Burnside Blossom Andrietta Sr.and Grand Champion\u2014R.R.Ness on Burnside Blossom Andrietta, Jr.Champion \u2014 E.C.Budge on Thorncroft Mabel.Holsteins.The Holstein Show was a very strong one with keen competition between the herds of J.W.Innes, D.A.McPhee and Raymondale Farms.The outstanding class of this breed was probably the agéd bulls in which the entries of McPhee and Innes met for the first time.The ringside opinion was about equally divided between these two animals, the \u2018atter a winner at the National Dairy Show 1926, the other a well known Canadian show bull.J udge Rett!e; after a good deal of deliberation, decided \u2018on the Innes entry.This bull had in his favor an exceptionally well proportioned and strong quarter while his rival was perhaps showing a bit stronger in the back.The top animals in all of the classes were outstanding individuals in perfect bloom and well shown.The bulk of the winnings went to the Innes herd with Raymondale- Farms in close second.The first prize winners and their exhibitors are as follows : FIRST PRIZE HOLSTEINS Bulls Aged Bull\u2014J.W.Innes on Sir Abbekerk Sylvian Lad.2 yr.old Bull\u2014Raymondgle Farms on Oaklea perfection Pontiac, Sr.Yearling Bull\u2014J.W.Innes on Major Mercena Sylvius.Jr.Yearling Bull\u2014J.W.Innes on Sir Posch * Jermina.Sr.Bull Calf \u2014Raymondale Farms on Brookholm Inka 13th.Jr.Bull Calf\u2014Salley, P.J.on Brookholm Banos- tine Jewel.Sr.& Grand Champion\u2014J.W.Innes on Sir Abbekerk Sylvain Lad.\u2018Jr.Champion\u2014J.W.Innes on Major Mercena Sylvius.Dry Cows Aged Cow\u2014D.A.McPhee on Dora Walker.2 yr.old Heiter\u2014J.W.Innes on Aaggie Sylvia 3rd.Sr.Yearling Heifer \u2014 Raymondale Farms on Raymondale Fobes Inka, Jr.Yearling Heifer\u2014J.W.Innes on Winona Lenox DeKol, Sr.Heifer Calves\u2014J.W.Innes on City View Aaggie Korndyke.\u201cJr.Heifer Calves\u2014J.W.Innes on Dixie Meg Posch.Cows in Milk Cow 5 yrs.old & over\u2014J.W.Innes on Hilda Aléartra DeKol, 4 yr.old Cow\u2014Raymondale Farms on Pattsie Keyes Colantha.3 yr.old Cow\u2014Raymondale Farms on Sally Francy.2 yr.old Heifer \u2014 Raymondale Farms on Pietje Echo Jewel.Sr.and Grand Champion\u2014MePhee, D.A.on Dora Walker.SUMMARY OF 1st, 2nd, 3rd, PLACING AND CHAMPIONSHIP AWARDS, DAIRY CATTLE ORMSTOWN SHOW \u2014 1927.| 1st.| 2nd.| | | 3rd.!Cham- | | plons | .EXHIBITOR.| Female Female Male Female Male Female \u2014\u2014\u2014mremme, Male Male ARYSHIRES.Skinner, W.W.pt NS OD pm \u2014 \u2014 CO BND pe \u2014 \u2014 CF pr vu bot a Msë& Chas.Montgomery, G.H.Braeburn Farm Stewart, Clark, Wm.Henderson, Ness, D.T.Brownlee, R.T.HOLSTEINS.Innes, J.W.\u2018Raymondale Farm McPhee, D.A Salley, P.J.Nw Co Cn CO a ND Cp NAD 0 Helm Bros.Sangster, Graham, H.Elder, A JERSEYS.Ruiter, Chas.Pringle, J.Maxwell Estate Kerr, K.Snaden, H.J.\u2014 \"CY ND CO = \u2014 CN nN totem bud pt \u2014 pb | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | \u2014 eme ee er em ee - pat 1927 Jr.Champion\u2014J.W.Innes on Winona Lenox DeKol.Jerseys.With an increase of some one hundred head over the 1926 entries, the Jersey show was a strong one.\u2018The Ruiter herd took most of the top prizes in the \u2018male classes while Pringle won the majority of the female firsts.Maxwell Estate put up a good showing and are particularily proud of thelr winnings since practically all of the stock shown by them represent their own breeding.The detail of the first prize winnings are as follows : FIRST PRIZE JERSEYS Bulls Aged Bull\u2014Pringle on Rower\u2019s Golden Maids Prince.2 yr.old Bull\u2014Ruiter on Brampton\u2019s Foreward Volunteer.Sr.Yearling Bull\u2014Ruiter on Bontillieres Sweep.Jr.Yearling Bull\u2014Kerr on Brampton Spotted Boy.Sr.Bull Calf\u2014Ruiter on Pinehurst Winston Noble.Jr.Bull Calf \u2014 Ruiter on Pinehurst Dainty Volunteer.Sr.and Grand Champion\u2014Pringle on Rowers Golden Maids Prince, Jr.Champion\u2014Ruiter on Pinehurst Winston Noble.Dry Cows Cows 3 yrs.and over\u2014Maxwelton Farms\u2014on Three Fern\u2019s Beauty.2'yr, old cow\u2014Pringle on Starlight\u2019s Fluffy.Sr.Yearling Heifer\u2014Ruiter on King\u2019s Pinehurst Mandy.Jr.Yearling Heifer\u2014Maxwelton Farms on Max Sultan\u2019s Helen, Sr.Heifer Calf\u2014Pringle on Bowlina\u2019s Oxford Fern.Jr.Heifer Calf\u2014Pringle.Cows in Milk 4 yr.old Cow\u2014Pringle on Rower\u2019s Golden Lass.3 yr.old Cow\u2014Ruiter on King\u2019s Pinehurst Elf.2 yr.old Heifer\u2014Pringle on Brampton Fern Marie.Co Sr.and Grand Champion\u2014Pringle on Starlight\u2019s Fluffy.Junior Champion\u2014Ruiter.A summary of the winnings in the dairy cattle classes is given in the accompanying table which shows the number of first, second, third prize and championship ribbons awarded to the various breeders in their respective breeds.Horses, Sheep and Swine.As previously noted there were marked increases in the number of horses entered this year.The draft horses on the whole were in better fit than in 1926, due probably to the more favorable conditions on \u2019 the farms, Last year\u2019s show came at a time when \u201d most of the draft stock had been in harness right up to the.show time.The bulk of the winnings in the Clydesdale classes went to R.R, Ness and Sons and D.A.MceCormick.The sheep show, in the opinion of Mr.Gardhouse, the judge, was about on a par with that of previous \u2018years, June at best is not an ideal time to show sheep, and this, combined with the wet weather of this spring, no doubt had some influence on the condition of the stock in the pens.However, there were some increases in total entry numbers and on the whole they made a very satisfactory showing.In the swine show there was perhaps not the same improvement noted that was seen in some of the other classes of stock.While there were some very fine individuals present, there were also a number which were hardly in bloom.In fact, quite a number of the animals seemed to be rather gaunt, in which condition of course they could not appear to advantage, The winnings were pretty evenly distributed amongst the breeders entered.A summary of the first, second and.third.prize ribbons awarded in the Clydesdale classes and in three breeds of swine are given in the table following : ; (Continued on page VI) 6 STALLIONS INSPECTED AND RECOMMENDED BY THE QUEBEC DEPARTMENT OF A.Anctil, St-Pamphile.T.Caron, Village-des-Aulnaies.L.J.Bois, St-Jean-Port-Joli.L.J.Bois, St-Jean-Port-Joli.A.St-Onge, ; Deschaillons.F.Bernier, Lotbinière.H.Bergeron, Lotbinière.So Desrochers, Ste-Croix.A.Bergeron, St-Agapit.M.A.Powers, St-Sylvestre.G.Nadeau, St-Sylvestre.J.A.Morin, Parkhurst.O.Laflamme, Ste-Agathe.F.Robitaille, Ste-Agathe.J.Richard, Ste-Emélie.THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE L\u2019Islet.King, Gregory, Favori, Hasard de P.J., Lotbiniere.Jean Bertini, Paul Bazola, Harry, Prince Mégantic, Brow Jolap, Indigo, Prince, Champlain, Brompton Boy, Prince, Ismaél du C.R.Maskinongé.E.Pratte, Louiseville.G.Desresiers, Ste-Ursule.A.Lemire, Maskinongé.Z.Mailloux, St-Ignace-du-Lac.J.Rinfret, Maskinongé.C.Robertson, Leeds Village.J.Dumas, Ste-Julie.A.Bégin, Richardville.E.Fortier, St-Ferdinand.E.Tourigny, Plessisville.A.Poirier, St.P.-Baptiste.E.Brunelle, Ste-Sophie.E, Brunelle, Ste-Sophie.8.Gauthier, Farnham.A.Hébert, N.-Stanbridge.T.Ouellet, Frelighsburg.R.Boomhower, Stanbridge-Est.D.Corriveau, Pike River.A.Lafrance, Pike River, E.Fontaine, Dunham.A.Lapointe, St-Liguori.N.Allard, St-Alexis.P.Villemaire, Ste-Julienne.N.Jean, Ste-Julienne.Louis Tell, Raban, Frank, Philip, Mercure, Mégantic.Silvercrest, Daniel, Arn.Monogram, King, Maximar, Compton Boy, Brompton Kraft, Louis du C.R., Missisquoi Farnham Swing, Mackinley, Héros du C.R.John Dewey, Jacques du C.R., Lord Richelieu II, Burgess, Montcalm.John, Marquis, Javelot, Crack, Montmagny.E.Vohl, St-Pierre.U.Fournier, - Cap St-Ignace.N.Fournier, Cap St-Ignace.Pierrot, Tom, Pronto, AGRICULTURE FOR THE YEARS 1927 Percheron.Belgian.Percheron.Percheron.Crossbred.Canadian.Crossbred.Canadian.Percheron.Percheron.Crossbred.Crossbred.Belgian.Crossbred.Canadian.Crossbred.Crossbred.Crossbred.Percheron.Percheron, Percheron, Crossbred.Percheron.Percheron.Belgian.Canadian.Belgian.Canadian.Crossbred.Belgian.Canadian.Crossbred.Canadian, Belgian, Standardbred.Crossbred.Canadian.Canadian.Belgian.Canadian.Crossbred.Percheren.Montmorency.0, Vézina, St-Pierre.Foch, U.Laberge, L\u2019Ange-Gardien.Julien du C.R., R.Cété, L\u2019Ange-Gardien.Maxime, C.Taillon, Chiiteau-Richer.Pit, W.Côté, Rivière-aux-Chiens.Latin, Montréal.A.Trottier, 1091 Dorchester-Est.Young Man, Napierville.\u2014&plervirte.E.Grégoire, Napierville.C.Guay, Napierville.M.Bernier, Gentilly.J.W.Beauchesne, St-Pierre-les-Becquets.P.McDonald, Ste-Eulalie.U.Arsenault, St-Wenceslas.J.O'Grady, Ste-Brigitte.E.Roy, Ste-Perpétue.A.Lemire, St-Léonard.J.A.Belisle, Grand St-Esprit.O.Labarre, ; Grand St-Esprit.G.Pellerin, 8t-Grégoire.A.Forest, St-Grégoire.J.E.Proulx, Nicolet, O.Provencher, St-Sylvére.G.Lanlel, St-André-Avellin.A, Bisson, St-Emile-Suffolk, A.Gatien, St-André-Avellin.S.Arthurs, Thurso.F.H.Berndt, Thurso.F.Nadon, Buckingham.F.Nadon, Buckingham.J.Conroy, Blanche.J.8.Dowe, Beechgrove.J.S.Dowe, Beechgrove.G.Fraser, Beechgrove.G.Fraser, Beechgrove.J.H.Brown, Shawville, r.r.2.J.A.Pennick, Shawville.P.Richardson, Shawville.P.Cassidy, Campbell\u2019s Bay.R.Labine, Fort Coulonge.M.Belland, Barry River.T.Robert, Deschambault.F.Gauvin, St-Raymond.M.Boutet, Lac Sergent.L.Mattz, Neuville.L.Matte, Neuville.Colbert, Bob, \u2018Nicolet.Frank Attila, Bronze Frisco, Savard, Gris, Tom, Galopin II, Rasta fr, Bercini, Prosper Day, Horatio, Bob Weakly, Banker, Willie, Papineau.Grégoire, Punch, Junot, Commodore, Relic, Lambert, Koutactie, Gaston Gabrine, Pontiac.On Guard, Destiny, Galena Boy, Despot\u2019s Bride, Lousssau, Billy Bergen, Royal Range, Gentry de Forest, Sir Marque, Corbeau, Portneuf.Isidore du C.R,, Tom, King du C.R., Marquis, Woodow, Percheron.Canadian.Percheron.Crossbred.Percheron.Standardbred.Percheron.Crossbred.Canadian.Standardbred.Crossbred.Crossbred.Crossbred.Percheron.Percheron.Standardbred.Percheron.Percheron.Standardbred.Crossbred.Crossbred.Crossbred.Crossbred.Percheron.Belgian.Standardbred.Crossbred.Percheron.Belgian.Clyde.Clyde.Percheron.Clyde.Canadian.Standardbred.Clyde.Standardbred.Standardbred.Crossbred.Canadian.Crossbred.Canadian, Percheron.Percheron.Québec.J.Couture, Loretteville.Elégant, Canadian, J.Couture, Loretteville.Elégant II, Canadian.C.E.Parent, Charlesbourg-ouest.Elm Vale Pride, Clyde.A.Bastien, Québec.Ensign Tige, Standardbred.Ferme Expérimentale, Cap Rouge.Albert du C.R, Canadian.Ferme Expérimentale, Cap Rouge.Laurent, Canadian.Ferme Expérimentale, Cap Rouge.Luc, Canadian.Ferme Expérimentale, Cap Rouge.Léo, Canadian.Ferme Expérimentale, Cap Rouge.Jeff, Canadian.Ferme Expérimentale, Cap Rouge.Keller, Crossbred.Richelieu.J.Parent, St-Aimé.Tom, Crossbred.P.Daigle, St-Louis-de-Bonse- cours.Brillant, Percheron.F.Lemoine, Ste-Victoire.L\u2019Oiseau d\u2019Or, Crossbred.P.Ethier, Ste-Victoire.Pierre, Crossbred.L.Ethier, Ste-Victoire.Belgian, Standardbred.C.H.Tuckher, St-Robert.Woodrow.Percheron.J.O.Duhamel, Sorel.Direct Pointer, Crossbred.A.Duhamel, St-Roch.Coq, Crossbred.Richmond.C.H.Cleveland, Danville.Peter Graves, Standardbred.0.M.J.Ingall, Danville.Royal Purple, Standardbred L.C.Morrill, Asbestos.Perfection 2nd, Percheron, J.Haslett, Richmond.Abo, Percheron.J.Haslett, Richmond.Mar Cule, Percheron.J.Haslett, Richmond.Cairnbrogie Stemp, Clyde.J.Haslett, Richmond.Prince Charmant, Canadian.Willy Couture, Bromptonville.Philippe, Percheron.Rimouski.P.J.Desrosiers, Pte-au-Père.Bold, Crossbred.F.Desjardins, St-Anaclet.Poney, Crossbred, A.Coulombe, St-Fabien.Tom, Crossbred, J.Chénard, Ste-Cécile-du-Bic.Brillant, Percheron.J.Michaud, Sacré-Coeur.Billy Bone, Belgian.Rouville, A.Halde, Mont St-Hilaire.Espoir, Belgian.O.Giroux, St-Césaire.Pruno, Percheron.O.Giroux, St-Césaire.Harpin, Percheron.H.Tétrault, St-Mathias.Raboine, Percheron.D.Tétrault, Marieville.Pit, Crossbred.New Ayrshire Secretary \u201cA T a recent meeting of the Executive Committee of the Ayrshire Breeders\u2019 Association the position of Secretary-Treasurer rendered vacant by the resignation of Mr.W.F.Stephen was offered to Mr.Frank Napier, now on the staff of the Breeders\u2019 Gazette in Chicago.Mr.Napier has accepted the offer and will assume his new duties about July 1st.Mr.Napier is no stranger to Canadian live stock men, as he was formerly live stock representative for the Canadian Countryman.He will be warmly welcomed back to Canada by his former wide circle of acquaintances and we look for the Ayrshire Association making rapid gaine under his guidance.me Sl Zod ia Gi 000 Be a. acer == EN THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE.AND HORTICULTURE The Grading, Preparation ano Sale of Vegetables UCCESS or failure in vegetable gardening depends on the gardener\u2019s ability to give consumers what they want, when they want it and the way they want it.Briefly let us consider the eight rules of success : 1.Find out what the market wants in the way of varieties, grades and packages.2.Produce quality vegetables.3.Produce as cheaply as possible.4.Use every care in maintaining quality during the marketing process.5.Market efficiently\u2014more efficiently than competitors.6.Prepare produce attractively for market.7.Build up a reputation for good quality and dependable pack.8.Watch the Southern plantings and Canadian markets.The consumers want certain varieties, and it is important that we grow what they want.Growers cannot afford to run experimental, testing and introducing stations.Why pay the government to do this and then run another on your farm ?Quebec wants pink tomatoes and red onions.Do you grow the best variety and smoothest strain ?Then, too, buyers are looking for smaller sizes in squash, cabbage and other vegetables, as their customers live mostly in apartments where there are no storage facilities like the old-fashioned earth- floored cellar, and everything has to be used as it is bought.No one wants to eat cabbage every day, and smaller varieties like Golden Acre and Copenhagen cabbage are wanted for this apartment trade.Kitchenette hubbards are preferred to the old large- sized warted types; and medium white potatoes command a premium over the pink varieties or large rough samples.It pays to purchase the right varieties and the best strains.Erie cauliflower growers in New York State test samples of seed the year before they purchase their association requirements.Several seed houses now sell tested strains, and nearly every seedsman stamps the germination test on his seed.Watch the newest strains.Golden Plume (Wonderful) celery has been the winning variety of the Celery King Contest at the Annual Convention of the Vegetable Growers\u2019 Association of America held this year in Cleveland, Ohio, and won by Mr.James Little of St.Catharines, Ont., while another Canadian grower, Mr.G.Y.Bycroft of London took the second prize.PRODUCE QUALITY VEGETABLES: The buyer not only wants a good variety, that is suitable for the market, but he wants fine specimens of that variety.Plan your production to reduce to a minimum the small inferior fruit, spindly asparagus, bitter lettuce and woody, coarse celery and carrots.Bear in mind it costs just as much if not more to harvest, grade, pack and market inferior produce as it does to handle high quality.The market will always pay for quality, and your reputation is a valuable salesman, PRODUCE CHEAPLY: Produce as cheaply as possible and study your costs.Many growers who keep an account of their operating expenses are surprised at their figures at the end of the year.With these in mind they have eliminated certain practices and sometimes crops.Attend the national conventions and look over the labor-saving machines.Garden tractors, gang seeders, three row cultivators, vegetable washers and tying machines are all helpful to:eliminate hand work and lower the costs.I have been surprised to see the modern equipment on many vegetable gardens in the various States.They have also studied their fertilizer requirements and know that certain crops will not tolerate acidity.Do not lessen your profits by failing to use quick forms of available nitrogen, but do not apply sulphate of ammonia on small onions, celery and asparagus, for instance, if you want to produce fine produce, as these will not tolerate acidity.On the other hand, however, sulphate of ammonia is the best form for potatoes, as the slight acidity aids in the control of common scab which detracts so much from the appearance of the tubers.MAINTAIN QUALITY : Next use care in maintaining quality during the marketing process.Plan a succession of plantings to maintain a supply, and attend to the growth of each, especially later in the season to hold the quality, Remember that the buyer wants it in prime y W.J.Tawse, Horticultural Dept., condition.David Stone Kelsey of Springfield, Mass., the famous corn grower, never permits an employee to strip an ear of corn or pile one bag on the other after picking until they have cooled.He has established a name for supreme quality, as he never lets his grocer sell corn left from the previous day.He picks it up in the morning, when he delivers the next day\u2019s supply, and takes it home for his cows.The secret of marketing any crop is to grow the best strains of a variety and pick them at the proper time.Quick growth ensures tender, crisp, succulent produce which, if properly handled and kept fresh, attracts buyers.FLAVOR : There are very few market gardeners who appreciate their greatest asset, the quality, and the wish it creates in the purchaser for more of a well- grown, quickly handled, and finely prepared vegetable.Flavor has been lost sight of by commercial growers and is only appreciated by tlie suburban gardener.Few know for instance the sweetness and quality of freshly-gathered corn.It is only in ; the last few years that the restaurants and hotels have commenced to pay special attenfion to the serving of vegetables, and there are many interesting articles in their trade magazines on preserving the flavor and quality of vegetables to tempt their patrons to eat more.\u201cStandard Box, Farm Produce\u2019 used for all vegetables in the New England States.High class hotels and restaurants of our large.cities no longer purchase fresh string beans and green peas, as they cannot secure competent labor to prepare such vegetables, and are at a loss to maintain a sufficient supply of the grade and quality required.We find they have to use canned products put up in canning centres where the growers use the -best seed obtainable, often supplied by the canner, and where even the culture of the crop and kinds of fertilizer are looked after by field men from the companies.Canners report a tremendous increase in the use of their goods, and growers producing the product are finding it a very profitable business.It takes a very keen grower to make money on the wholesale market, as generally he only-receives 14 of the ultimate sales price.Some day an enterprising group of market gardeners will handle their vegetable products as the dairies and bakeries do theirs.They will get their product to the table in as fresh and alluring condition as other foods.This is where some of the best restaurants are educating the eating public, and such national advertising as Aylmer Soups, Campbells and Hienz products, etc, are creating an increased desire for fresh, fine- flavored vegetables.A further and a stronger reason why gardeners should make direct.contacts with the consumer is the necessity of \u2018bringing their fresh-gathered, stringless, full-of-flaver vegetables to the notice of the consumer in contrast to that from the refrigerator cars.A great many splendid growers produce a quality product but are poor salesmen, as they regularly haul their loads to the city markets, dump them mountain high on the curb and then at the end of Macdonald College.the week wonder why returns are low.Why cannot the vegetable producers in this country co-operate and \u2018sell through a central selling agency where the salesmen devote their whole time to marketing and have no crops or help to worry about ?WATCH YOUR COMPETITORS\u2019 PAGK : Market efficiently, and watch the pack and methods of competitors.Wholesale houses do nat like local supplies because they come in loose :rather than properly packed in containers.A few cents spent on labels and proper packages will be more than repaid.Quebec apple growers a few years ago never thought of boxes, yet to-day they are turning to them and even beginning to use a half box for apartment trade.How many market their cabbage in crates to meet competitors or use new, clean onion sacks for their onions?The writer has been greatly impressed on the New England, Rochester, Cleveland and Detroit markets with the uniform packages used and the neatness of the packs.The great success of the road-side market.has clearly demonstrated the value of directly meeting the consuñer, and in many cities we find grower- owned and managed markets.The St.Louis gardeners bought their land for $145,000 in 1915 and built their first buildings at a cost of $54,337, and the venture paid so well that they built a new market in 1923 at a cost of $151,000.They charge their members an annual rental, and each man\u2019s space is available up to a certain hour each morning, when it may be rented to other growers.The success of your selling depends on a suitable market, where the produce can be kept fresh and the grower is protected during bad weather.Detroit has a municipal market which is a model for other cities; every grower has his name with his address above his space, which is sufficient for two trucks.I noted many there from places sixty to eighty miles away.In wet or cold weather they pull down the steel roller doors and are very comfortable.Produce should be prepared attractively after you have grown a fine sample.Celery and asparagus are very attractive when tied with vegetable tapes.The red tape stands out and looks better to the buyer than common string.Proper washing removes the soil, and careful trimming improves the appearance.Remember green crowned carrots are not attractive any more than are greened potatoes.Proper hilling will protect the crop and improve the appearance and quality.Plan to build a reputation for good quality and a dependable pack.The writer believes many reputations are made by building a compost pile.Never market inferior produce.It pays to let it rot for manure.Grading saves the consumer time and helps The grocer\u2019s sales.It enables the buyer to procure just what is wanted and no more.Purchasing agents for large retailers and chain stores cannot buy highly perishable products from the growers because of the lack of grades and standard packages.One buyer I talked to at the convention in Cleveland, bought for a chain of 12,000 stores, and used as an example of a graded commodity 15, 000 cars of potatoes.It is easy to buy standardized products, but very difficult to handle ungraded perishables in bulk.Grading lowers the cost of marketing by reducing to a minimum the quantity that must be handled or stored.It removes the culls, dirt, spoiled and useless specimens, which the consumer will not buy and the buyer has to allow for in purchasing his products.Consumers want more quality products, and to increase quality production requires that the .premium be placed upon quality.This is not possible without accurate grading and standardizing.Build a reputation for grade and pack.Use clean containers and try careful grading on the same plan as your competitors.Then study the crop reports.Remember that the earliness and success of the Southern plantings will affect your plans.If they freeze, hurry your early stuff and watch your plantings, as a light crop prospect in early potatoes for instance will result in high prices here.Onion growers should study the supply to the south of us and the crop in Spain.It also pays to study the requirements of your local markets for certain crops, or a section of the trade may want well-graded supplies in a special container. 8 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Tomatoes at Macdonald College\u2014ear!y Successful marketing begins with successful growing, and your choice of varieties is a very important one.You may supply a large city or a series of towns or summer resorts, but always remember that your greatest asset is the original flavor in the fresh-gathered vegetable, Concentrate your energies on it and plan to save it.Your business depends on acquainting the consumer with the wonderful health-giving properties of vegetables, and then by a regular dependable service supplying the demand created.The old-fashioned market garden with its numerous crops is rapidly giving way to the specialized truck farm on which a comparatively small number of individual crops are grown on an extensive scale.The whole trend of the vegetable industry during the last ten or twelve years has been towards specialization and the production of important on stakes, main crop on the ground.crops on a large scale in certain rather well-defined locations.The concentration of population in the large industrial centres has to a great degree eliminated the personal equation between producer and consumer, and has more definitely commercialized the production and handling of vegetables on a large scale.The trends have also been toward reduction in the number of varieties grown, greater uniformity in production practices, and the establishment of definite standards of grade and pack to meet the market requirements.These changes have brought closer co-operation among the growers and a more definite working understanding between the growers and the dealers.Possibly no change will mark a greater advance in vegetable marketing than co-operation with the dealers, as they know what the consumer wants and the way it should be packed for their trade.PLANT DISEASE POINTERS By Dr.B.T.Dickson, Macdonald College.Late Blight of Potato.HERE are two blights of potato, known according to the part of the potato growing season in which they mainly occur.Early blight is found mostly in July; the spots which it causes are dry and brown, and in each spot concentric rings resulting from the growth of the fungus can usually be seen.The spots are not large but they may be numerous and they may run together, thus involving considerable areas of the foliage, and thereby reducing the yield, since a good crop depends upon healthy foliage.Late blight is most noticeable in August and September, as a rule, but in a cool wet summer it will show up in July.In any case it is sure to be present in July even if not in noticeable amount, and it is from July infections that the later season development in quantity occurs.The earliest spots are on lower leaves or stems and are first water- soaked and then dark brown in colour.If the weather turns dry the spots dry up, but if it is cool and wet they increase in size and the fungus begins to grow out from the leaf surface on the under side, giving it a mildewed appearance.This pale-violet, mou'dy effect is due to the presence of hundreds of branches of the fungus, each bearing many spores.When splashed by rain or dashed by wind onto other leaves, the spores germinate, each giving rise to eight smaller spores which in turn infect the new foliage in an hour or two.If the weather continues cool and wet the whole plant becomes infected and soon is reduced to an ill-smelling mass.This is so characteristic that one familiar with the odour can smell a badly diseased field at a considerable distance.Growers not familiar with the disease and its cause usually say that the wet weather is the cause, thus thinking that nothing can be done about it.The weather is certainly the factor which determines whether it is to be a blight year or not, for in most years when the rainfall for June, Ju'y and August is above the average and the temperature below the average those years are late blight years.At the time of writing, this season is promising trouble and growers are urged to look to their spraying program in order to safeguard the erop.The disease is usually planted in the field in tubers which had small, and not easily seen, lesions containing the fungus in a dormant or resting state.As the young shoots develop some become infected and these then become the centres from which the disease spreads during blight seasons.The potato foliage appears to be most susceptible to attack from about blossom time onwards.It is therefore best to begin control just prior to blossoming; in fact, it is often recommended that control measures begin when the plants are 8 to 10 inches high.The disease can be held in check by the thorough use of Bordeaux mixture, beginning about mid- July and spraying every two weeks to the middle of September.Much depends on weather, but one rule is absolutely essential to follow\u2014spray before rain\u2014 it is too late after, for in an hour or so of rain the new infections have been established.It follows that since the coating of Bordeaux is a protective coating it must be put on thoroughly and must cover all the foliage on both sides.The néw foliage developing in the interval between sprayings will be unprotected until the next spray and is therefore liable to attack.The Bordeaux used may- be either a 6-4-40, 5-4-40 or 4-4-40 m'xture, and it will require about 50 gallons per acre for the.first spray, 75 gallons for the second and probably 100 gallons per acre for the remainder.Later in the season a short account will be given of tuber rot, but it must be noted here that tubor rot starts from spores falling from the foliage.If there are no spores on the leaves there will be no tuber rot from late blight.It is therefore essential to control the disease on the foliage not only to obtain a good yield but to be able to keep that y:eld in storage later.Blackleg of potato.Plants affected with blackleg are prominent in July, especially in wet soil.The disease is caused by bacteria which multiply at such a tremendous rate under moist and fairly warm conditions that they plug up the conducting tissues in the potato stems, The upper part therefore suffers from lack of water and as a consequence ceases to grow, turns pale green or yellowish and shows signs of wilting.The bacteria gradually kill the whole tissue of the J qe pee base of the stem, turning it black and soft.A gentle tug at the top of such a plant will pull away the part above ground.If young potatoes are forming at the time of attack, the bacteria can pass along the underground stems of the potatoes and enter the young tubers at the stem end.There they may set up a soft tuber rot and in course of time infect the whole hill.Plants affected with blackleg should be entirely removed and destroyed since the bacteria can live over winter in decaying parts in the soil.Recent work in Minnesota shows that the seed-corn maggot is an efficient carrier and distributor of the bacteria causing blackleg.The larvae inoculate the seed pieces at the same time that they are living upon the tissues.The eggs are deposited on or in soil near the seed pieces or young plants, If there are no blackleg bacteria in the soil thc hatched larvae cannot carry them to the seed piece and hence the importance of removing completely diseased plants when they occur, Fire blight of apple.This is another bacterial disease depending largely upon insects and rain for the spread of the bacteria, They overwinter in cankers on susceptible trees like Alexander, Yellow Transparent, Fameuse and Wealthy, When the humidity is high and the temperature around 65°F to 85°F the bacteria multiply excessively and ooze out of the cankers in sweetish, sticky drops which are visited by insects.Under such humidity and temperature conditions growth of the apple is succulent and succulent parts are very susceptible.Rain and aphids wash or carry the bacteria to twigs and set up twig blight.Pollinating insects carry the bacteria to the blossom thus setting up blossom blight.The central idea is therefore the elimination of the \u201chold-over\u201d cankers, for if the source of the bacteria be removed the spread of the disease is effectually checked.Oat smuts.The weather at seeding this year was such that it is probable there will be more smut in oats than usual, and records are already coming in of very heavy infection in oats to the south, notably the Carolinas.Cool wet weather favours the growth of the smut fungus, which can attack the seedling oat plant only in its early stages of development.If the grain is protected by a coat of disinfectant dust or if it has been treated with formalin there is usually a high degree of control.Experiments with hull-less oats in the department of Plant Pathology at Macdonald College have shown a reduction from 50% smut to almost none by the use of copper carbonate dust, etc.It pays to disinfect grain, especially in such seasons as this, July Among the Borders and on the Lawns By M.H.Howitt HE cool greens of summer have replaced the spring gaiety of color, and the well placed shade trees on the lawn will be much appreciated, Even the smallest of pools or water pieces proves gratifying, and nature seems to assure us that the spring rush is over.Consequently the garden items this month deal with the general routine of upkeep only.Although the weather is sometimes quite contrary, one must expect a dry spell this month and, therefore, there must be no slacking in the use of the hoe.Conserve the moisture and very little watering will be required.The spring flowering shrubs will have finished blooming and may be pruned.All they require is a thinning consisting of the removal of the oldest and weakest woad and crossing branches.These shrubs form their flower buds for the following spring soon after blooming, so the pruning should not be delayed too long for best results.Do not prune, however, for pruning\u2019s sake, as most shrubs with the exception of the mock orange (which soon becomes very dense) will do very well naturally.By all means avoid shearing the top or sides, and remove the pruned branches at a joint well inside the mass or at the surface of the ground.One of the worst practices is removing the lower branches and exposing the main limbs, Shrubs will become \u201cleggy\u201d rapidly enough under natural conditions.Shrubs that are growing in semi-shaded places will benefit from fairly severe cutting back to increase branching.Remove all forming seed heads as soon as the blossoms have fallen.This will conserve the vitality of the shrubs and improve their appearance, This applies to perennials\u2019 and annuals as well; many will flower again if the flower remains are promptly removed.If it is desirable to save seed, select the Æ \u2018 4 SAR A » Z| Summer = = >; > Summer > = a + az = n = = >>En>>> m>>>35> If you want your car to run smoothly and powerfully, using less gas and oil, if you want fewer repairs and greater satisfaction\u2014 O O you will find real help and guidance in our ook, \u2018Correct Lubrication\u201d.Write Imperial » Oil Limited, 56 Church Street, Toronto, for a free copy of this useful book.> = n TOTAL COST FROM HALIFAX >>> > 5 n Special Study of MARKETING and AGRICULTURE in the old land Full Opportunity for Sight-seeing | Tour Leaves Halifax Jan.8, 1928 ADDRESS INQUIRIES TO à CANADIAN NATIONAL RAILWAYS (Oakland __ «©ldsmobile ____ tOverland _ __ Packard6____\u2014 \u2018Packard 8 _ > - J IMPERIAL OIL LIMITED IE T Marketers of Manufactured by J i yr-Knig! t 4 GARGOYLE MOBILOIL Ww.J.Blagk, Director Colonization, Agri- F Willys-Knight 8] A Fe .in Canada VACUUM OIL COMPANY culture and Nour Resources, Montreal, i Les ONS SR EES Sp or any C.IN.nt a \"Pierce-Arrow _ _ iBtar Pa A A >0>35>>>>5>5>5>5>25>> »> PEP E> > THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE IX I Used the Worid Over On os: [i sincel TS .888 .Fr with Utmost Satisfaction Fairbanks-Morse home water plants, 120 gallons per hour and up (electric or engine driven) will pump water from cistern, spring, lake, stream, shallow or deep well.Quickly and easily installed.Cost but a fewcentsa daytooperate.(/) Other Fairbanks-Morse xD products are windmills, pump jacks, pumps, feed grinders, and Fairbanks scales, Write for full particulars, EY \u201cT HAVE used a Melotte Separator twice daily for 27 years, with excellent results\u201d \u2014so writes Mr.T.A.Best.A All over the world Melotte ownersareagreed uponthe wonderful service it gives.Easy term payments if you wish, Liberal allowance on any make of machine.«Z* Engines Made by the makers of huge engines of hundreds of horse power.Smoothrun- ning, trouble-free.2, 3 and 6 h.p.AIRBANNS -MORLE Ausomadic prone waTER PLANT SETA AT R.A.LISTER ER CANADA) - The Canadian Fairbanks- 113 St, Paul Street, g 7 341 Worse Co.Limited = Quebec, Que.g nd Les Saint John Quebec Montreal ; , \u201d 7 a] Ottawa Toronto Windsor /, /) 27 (7) 117200 Winnipeg Regina Calga Fairbanks-Morse é y - Please ni Vancouver Victoria 61 Light Plants - n AA Lights can be oper- / / \u201d - FREE lune \u201c3 au R EF ated direct from .rated catalogue A 4 z generator & from = =O ery.60 sup- > ofMelotte Separators, \u2019 B batt: Yandy Sup.- for farm machinery.\u2019 Name\u2026.cccrrscrcrserrecennsencene ; CREAM SEPARATOR._-~ PAT rv Address.coeeeiierrenninieeeneee insets oeens 7 e 24 A GOOD INVESTMENT 3 You are deeply interested in the increase production of your farm.You must then keep 4 yourself well posted as to the best means to do it.The Journal of Agriculture contains valuable information in every issue and it costs ealy 2 SILK 6 Pairs nos: 25c $1.00 per annum, Send your subscription to Mr.O.Lessard, secretary of the Council of Agriculture, First you buy 6 pairs for $3.75, and for an additional 25¢ we Parliamentary Building, Quebec, Que.On request we send a sample copy.send you 6 pairs extra ladies first quality, form-fashioned, 22- inch silk, famous Triangle Brand.A hose that will give you satisfactory wear all year round.Money refunded cheerfully if you can buy the same hose at less than $1.00 a pair.Colors : Black, Nude, Silver, Camel, Peach, Sizes 814 to 101%.SEND NO MONEY Just your name and address, giving size and color.Pay postman on arrival $4 for 12 pairs (plus a few pennies postage $ charges).Money back guarantee.HOSIERY MILLS Box 2523, Dept.AB-9, Montreal Buy Hosiery Direct from the Mill at an Enormous Saving.Goodyear Announces the new balloon Far in advance of any previous tire.It 1s the world\u2019s greatest tire N entirely new Goodyear Balloon\u2014the greatest tire ever offered.Exclusively Goodyear\u2019s\u2014another Goodyear triumph! Its first big advantage is long, slow, even wear.The second big advantage is traction.Safe and sure-footed, the sharp-edged, diamond-shaped blocks in the tread\u2019s centre seize and grip and hang on.The third advantage is appearance.This tire will grace the highest-priced car and improve the appearance of the lowest- priced car.These are major benefits\u2014made possible only by this Farm Light! T\u2019S the always-ready, always- ee reliable Coleman Quick-Lite Lantern.Carry it anywhere\u2014use it wherever you need good light and lots of it\u2014in your barns, garage, milk house, feed lots, J chicken house\u2014anywhere on the § place.Gives a flood of clear, steady, pure white light \u2014bright- er than 20 old-style oil lanterns.@ The Coleman makes and burns oN own gas from motor gaso- > line.Has mica chimney\u2014 WW is storm-proof and insect- proof, Safe\u2014 can't spill à.if tipped over.Two popular models: with built- in pump, Price $10.50; with separate pump, Price $9.50.Dealers everywhere sell _ Quick-Lite Lanterns and mps.If your dealer 2 can\u2019t supply you, write for full informatian.Address Dept.816 Made in Canada By The Coleman Lamp Co., Ltd.Queen St.East and Davies Avenue ] District 8 ÿ TARONTO, - ONTARIO (2616) eman SHOWING ELONGATION DIFFERENCE BETWEEN OLD STYLE CORD AND SUPERTWIST CORD ELONGATION 18% 25.0% ELONGATION INCREASED 8.1L advanced, new - type, semi-flat tread bristling with road- gripping edges and by the amazingly durable and elastic Supertwist Cords of which the casing is made.Supertwist Cords are 619, more elastic than old-style cords.They give the tire longer life because they stretch and recover instead of breaking under shocks.(See chart for difference in stretch.) Selected from more than 80 separate and individual designs \u2014this tire has been tested for a year under the harshest kind of conditions.We proved its traction, its wear and its strength for 5,400,000 tire miles on Goodyear\u2019s test fleet before releasing it to you.This great tire is available from all Goodyear Selected Dealers.It is the newest reason why more people ride on Goodyear Tires than on any other kind, 1867 THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE 7 DIAMOND JUBILEE SERIES 1927 \u2014\u2014\u2014 eer \u2014] \u2014 ITH all their faith and all their W foresight, the Fathers of Confederation cannot have even imagined, sixty years ago, the world influence that their new-made country was destined to exert in the twentieth century.Their chief concern was to keep the Provinces together, to preserve their integrity, to bind them, with tracks of steel and cords of understanding, into a great nation.But the effect of their accomplishment, of the unification and opening up of this vast territory, hasbeen felt to theendsof theearth.The Canadian Pacific, at first a means of bridging the Continent, has spanned the world\u2014and spanned it for Canada! Its ships, laden with the silks, the spices, the fabrics The text in the book reproduced above is from \u201cHakluyl\u2019s Voyages\u2019 in the Everyman's Library.Published by J.M.Dent & Sons, Toronto and London.of the Orient, transfer their cargoes to its trains, which race across the continent to reload their precious freight into fresh vessels bound for Great Britain or Europe under the same Company flag.In every port and commercial city of the world are to be found Canadian Pacific representatives seeking and obtaining business for Canada, to be handled by Canadian ships and trains.\u201cThe regular sailings of the ships are supplemented by those of cruising vessels carrying passengers on pleasure or education bent, and flying the House Flag in every quarter of the globe.This traffic enhances the trade of Canada, gives employment to more than 80,000 workers, jconsumesa huge volume of supplies, mainly of Canadian origin.But more important even than this is the world outlook that it gives to the Canadian people, the influence that it gives to Canada in world affairs.Where the Canadian Pacific goes, there goes Canada, her men, her standards, her ideals. A Bank half a century older than the Dominion itself~ equipped through experience, resources, organization , and connections to serve helpfully all Canadian business BANK OF MONTREAL Established 1817 Total Assets \u2018in excess of $7307600.000) Montreal AYRSHIRES he Ideal Cow for Quebec i Whether your milk goes to make icheese or butter, or to the city [milk trade, you will never have any complaint about the quality, if you keep Ayrshires.The Ayrshire is the 4% cow.4538 cows tested in the R.O.P.averaged 4.09%.For information write to\u2014 Secretary, CANADIAN AYRSHIRE BREEDERS\u2019 ASSOCIATION HUNTINGDON, Que.\u201cI have used a Goodyear Klingtite Belt for four season\u2019s threshing.In appearance it is a new belt yet, showing practically no wear.Its pulley-grip is wonderful, even in adverse weather conditions.I noticed this in particular when we were threshing with the thermometer standing at 12 below zero.\u201d \u2014E.L.Collins, Corinne, Sask, You will get your threshing done a whole lot easier, faster and at lower cost with a Goodyear Klingtite Belt.This belt is scientifically designed and built for farm power duty.It holds the pulleys in a powerful, slip- less grip.It runs loosely, favoring the engine bearings and making the most of fuel.It is weather-proof, trouble-proof.Eliminates re-setting - because it does not shrink and is subject to only the minimum of stretch.Requires no dressing; needs no breaking-in, Goodyear Belts are made in endless typeforenginedrivesandin cut lengths for lighter drives.They are sold by Goodyear Farm Service Stations.Goodyear means Good Wear GOODE YEAR ADE BELTS THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE XI CRANE.4dutomatic WATER SYSTEMS q less frequently at farm homes which have Running Water \u201cShow me a farm family that is habitually ailing and doctoring, and nine times out of ten I'll show you a farm home without running water,\u201d says a prominent agricultural authority.No question about it! The business-farmer of today who is a loving husband and a fond parent is recognizing that running water is the finest kind of health insurance.It protects growing boys and gitls.It adds years to the life of his wife by cutting down drudgery that drains her strength.It gives his home the comfort and convenience of city bathing and sanitary facilities.When you learn for how little money you can have a plentiful supply of faucet-controlled water for the kitchen, bathroom, laundry, barns, and troughs, you will wonder why you ever did without a Crane Automatic Water System.\u201cThen, when you discover how extremely simple and accessible are all the mechanical parts, and how unusually well-built and everlastingly dependable the entire outfit is, your last doubt will vanish.Why, the complete tool kit is one little wrench that fits the palm of your hand! Every detail of both the deep and shallow well systems is carefully engineered and precisely manufactured, as you would naturally expect of Crane and its 72-year reputation.The Crane line of highly perfected water systems meets practically every requirement of well, power, and capacity.Crane Deep Well Systems In a wide range of capacities.Built to meet your needs dependably, and at lowest cost y fy Crane Shallow Well Systems 200 gallons an hour capacity.Big storage.76 h.p.motor.$ Complete, f.0.b.factory 144 Write for an illustrated booklet and the name of the nearest Crane Water System dealer CRANE CRANE LIMITED, GENERAL OFFICES: 1170 BEAVER HALL SQUARE, MONTREAL CRANE-BENNETT, LTD., HEAD OFFICE: 45-51 LEMAN STREET, FONDON, ENG.Branches and Sales Offices in 2r Cities in Canada and British Isles Works: Montreal and St.Johns, Quebec, Canada, and Ipswich, England wri À CRANE VALVES À \u201cmeme XII THE JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE Ie WY Full Value in Every Imperial Product INCE 1881\u2014the year in which Imperial Oil Limited was founded\u2014the number of satisfied Imperial customers has steadily grown.An ever-increasing demand has re- suited in constant growth of our manufacturing and sales facilities.We have grown from one refinery and a few scattered branchstations tosix refineries and 1556 branch stations.The sole reason for this remarkable growth was the excellence of Imperial products, proved in use by hundreds of thousands of regular customers.Imperial Royalite Coal Oil\u2014crystal pureand clean-burning to the last drop\u2014is the one grade of coal oil made by us.We make it to meet the exacting requirements of lamp and incubator use.The high quality that makes Royalite best for lamps and incubators naturally makes it the best and cleanest fuel you could use in a tractor.Its use eliminates excessive carbon, fouled spark plugs and other troubles you get from ordinary coal oils and by-product distillates.Because of our large production we are able to offer this same highest grade of coal oil for tractor use at no extra cost, Use Imperial Royalite\u2014it costsnomorethan unknown, untried coal oils\u2014gives you more for your money.IMPERIAL OIL LIMITED FIs | A 7 Imperial Premier Gasoline Imperial Ethyl Gasoline Imperial Royalite Coal Oil Imperial Marvelube Motor Oils Imperial Marvelube Tractor Oils Imperial Polarine Motor Oils Imperial Polarine Tractor Oils Imperial Polarine Transmission Lubricants Imperial Polarine Cup Grease Imperial Capitol Cylinder Oil Imperial Prairie Harvester Oil Imperial Granite Harvester Oil Imperial Castor Machine Oil Imperial Thresher Hard Oil Imperial Mica Axle Grease Imperial Cream Separator Oil Imperial Eureka Harness Oil der "]